LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

By
A. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Jasim M.
• Types of bus bar
1. Slack bus (|V|∠𝛿 are given but P and Q are calculated).
2. Load bus (P and Q are given but |V|∠𝛿 are calculated).
3. Generator or P|V| bus (P and |V| are given but 𝛿 and Q are calculated) .

• Solution techniques of power flow problems

1. Gauss-Siedel method
2. Newton-Raphson method
3. Decoupled Newton-Raphson method

The following table shows the procedures of these methods.

In this table, symbols of
k is the counter of iteration.
i is the counter of bus number.
j is the counter of summation.
n is the total number of buses.
• The procedures of using solution methods of load flow problems
Step Gauss-Siedel Newton-Raphson Decoupled Newton-Raphson

1 Calculation of Ybus matrix Calculation of Ybus matrix Calculation of Ybus matrix

2 Initial assumption of |V|∠𝛿 at Initial assumption of |V|∠𝛿 at load and 𝛿 at P|V| bus. Initial assumption of |V|∠𝛿 at load and 𝛿 at P|V|
load and 𝛿 at P|V| bus. bus.
3 For load bus find For load bus find For load and P|V| buses, find
(𝑘+1) (𝑘+1) 𝑛 𝑛
𝑉𝑖 ∠𝛿𝑖 (𝑘) (𝑘)
𝑛 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + δ𝑗 ) 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
1 𝑆𝑖∗ (𝑘) 𝑗=1 𝑗=1
= ∗(𝑘)
− 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖 𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑖 (𝑘) (𝑘)
𝑄𝑖 =− 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )) 𝑄𝑖 =− 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ))
𝑗=1 𝑗=1

4 Find ∆𝑃𝑖
(𝑘)
= 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑃𝑖
(𝑘) (𝑘)
, ∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑄𝑖
(𝑘)
Find ∆𝑃𝑖
(𝑘)
= 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑃𝑖
(𝑘) (𝑘)
, ∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑄𝑖
(𝑘)

5 Find all elements of Jacobian matrix [𝐽] as follows Find only 𝐽1 and 𝐽4 of Jacobian matrix as follows
(𝑘) (𝑘)
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
(𝑘) (𝑘) 0
𝐽 𝐽2 𝜕𝛿 𝜕𝑉 𝐽1 0 𝜕𝛿
[𝐽] (𝑘)
= 1 = =
𝐽3 𝐽4 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄 0 𝐽4 𝜕𝑄
0
𝜕𝛿 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
6 −1 −1
(𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝛿 (𝑘) 𝐽1 𝐽2 ∆𝑃 (𝑘)
∆𝛿 (𝑘) 𝐽1 0 ∆𝑃 (𝑘)
Find = × Find = ×
∆𝑉 (𝑘)
𝐽3
(𝑘)
𝐽4 ∆𝑄 ∆𝑉 0 𝐽4
(𝑘) ∆𝑄

7 (𝑘+1)
𝛿𝑖 = 𝛿𝑖
(𝑘)
+ ∆𝛿𝑖
(𝑘) (𝑘+1)
𝛿𝑖 = 𝛿𝑖
(𝑘)
+ ∆𝛿𝑖
(𝑘)
Find (𝑘+1) (𝑘) (𝑘) Find (𝑘+1) (𝑘) (𝑘)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 + ∆ 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 + ∆ 𝑉𝑖
Then, calculate active and reactive power of the slack bus using the following equations.
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝑗=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = − 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝑗=1

Calculate line flows using flowing equations

∗
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖 × 𝐼𝑖𝑗
where 𝐼𝑖𝑗 = 𝑦𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑗
𝑆𝑗𝑖 = 𝑉𝑗 × 𝐼𝑗𝑖∗
Calculate line losses as follows
𝑆𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 + 𝑆𝑗𝑖
EX/For the given system, solve power flow problems using decoupled Newton-Raphson method by
performing one iteration.

G1 G2
V1=1∟0ᵒ
0.5+j1 pu
26.925∠ − 68.2° 11.18∠116.6° 15.81∠108.42°
Slack bus 1 2 Load bus
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 11.18∠116.6° 29.065∠ − 63.4° 17.885∠116.6°
15.81∠108.42° 17.885∠116.6° 33.615∠67.2°
2+j1 pu 3
PV bus 1.5+j0.6

Solution/
From Table of the procedures for solving this problem using decoupled Newton-Raphson method,
Step 1. Calculation of Ybus matrix is already given in this EX.
(0) 0 0
Step 2. Assume 𝑉2 = 1, 𝛿2 = 0 & 𝛿3 = 0
Step 3. For load and P|V| buses, find
𝑃2 = 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 cos θ21 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 + 𝑉2 2 𝑌23 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃22 + 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 cos θ23 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3
𝑃3 = 𝑉3 𝑉1 𝑌31 cos θ31 − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 + 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 cos θ32 − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 + 𝑉3 2 𝑌33 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃33
𝑄2 = − 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 sin θ21 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 − 𝑉2 2 𝑌22 sin θ22 − 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin θ23 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3
𝑃2 (0)
= 1 × 1 × 11.18 × cos 116.6° + 1 2 × 29.065 × cos −63.4° + 1 × 1 × 17.89 × cos 116.6°
=0
𝑃3 (0)
= 1 × 1 × 15.81 × cos 108.4° + 17.89 × cos 116.6° + + 1 2 × 33.615 × cos −67.2° = 0
𝑄2 (0)
= −1 × 1 × 11.18 × sin 116.6° − 1 2 × 29.065 × sin −63.4° − 1 × 1 × 17.89 sin 116.6° = 0

As remarked (k=0) and i=2 for the 2nd bus and i=3 for the 3rd bus

(𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘)

Step 4. Find ∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑃𝑖 , ∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑄𝑖
(0) 0
∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃2 = 0.5pu
(0)
∆𝑃3 = −1.5pu
(0) 0
∆𝑄2 = 𝑄2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑄2 = 1pu
Step 4. Find only 𝐽1 and 𝐽4 of Jacobian matrix as follows
𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2
∆𝑃2 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 ∆𝛿2 𝜕𝑄2
= & ∆𝑄2 = ∆ 𝑉2
∆𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 ∆𝛿3 𝜕 𝑉2
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3
𝜕𝑃2
= 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 sin θ21 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 + 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin θ23 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3
𝜕𝛿2
𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃3
= − 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin θ23 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 = − 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 sin θ32 − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2
𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝛿2
𝜕𝑃3
= 𝑉3 𝑉1 𝑌31 sin θ31 − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 + 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 sin θ32 − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2
𝜕𝛿3
𝜕𝑄2
= − 𝑉1 𝑌21 sin θ21 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 − 2 𝑉2 𝑌22 sin θ22 − 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin θ23 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3
𝜕 𝑉2
 −1
(0)
∆𝛿 (0) 𝐽1 0 ∆𝑃 (0)
Step 6. Find = ×
∆𝑉 0
(0)
𝐽4 ∆𝑄

∆𝛿 = 𝐽1 −1 × ∆𝑃
0 −1
∆𝛿2 26 −16 0.5 −0.015
0
= =
∆𝛿3 −16 31 −1.5 −0.056
∆ 𝑉 = 𝐽4 −1 × ∆𝑄
−1
𝜕𝑄2
∆ 𝑉2 (0) = ∆𝑄2 = 26−1 × 1 = 0.0384
𝜕 𝑉2

(𝑘+1) (𝑘) (𝑘)

𝛿𝑖 = 𝛿𝑖 + ∆𝛿𝑖
Step 7. Find (𝑘+1) (𝑘) (𝑘)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 + ∆ 𝑉𝑖

(1)
∴ 𝛿2 = 0 + −0.015 = −0.015 Radian
(1)
& 𝛿3 = 0 + −0.056 = −0.056 Radian
1
& 𝑉2 = 1.0 + 0.0384 = 1.0384 pu