PHILIPPINE ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL STUDIES, INC.

DILIG, FRANCINE ABIGAIL J.

DCAT - 3

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MIDTERM ACTIVITIES

Activity 1:
1. Does revolution happen in the country today? Yes, or no? If yes, how can you
characterize it?
● Yes, Revolutions are indeed happening in various countries today. These
movements are often characterized by resistance against corrupt governance,
economic inequality, religious discrimination, foreign interference, and the
desire for secession. Revolutions are complex and multifaceted, driven by
various factors, including political, economic, social, and cultural grievances
They can bring about significant changes, but also involve risks and
uncertainties.

2. Why did the Early Filipino Revolts occur?

● The early Filipino revolts against Spanish colonization, spanning from the 16th
to the 19th centuries, were pivotal moments in Philippine history. Filipinos
resisted Spanish colonization due to exploitative policies, forced labor, and land
confiscation. The encomienda system, which granted Spanish colonizers control
over indigenous lands and labor, sparked widespread discontent. Monopolies,
trade restrictions, and excessive taxation burdened Filipinos. The Spanish
authorities' abuse of power and corruption exacerbated economic woes.
Suppression of indigenous culture and imposition of Christianity led to
resentment. Religious conflicts and forced assimilation fueled discontent.
● Conclusion: The early Filipino revolts resulted from a complex interplay of
factors, including resistance to Spanish rule, economic grievances, cultural and
religious tensions, and political disenfranchisement. Understanding these
motivations illuminates the country's struggle for independence and self-
determination.

Sources:
● 1. Agoncillo, T. (1990). The Revolt of the Masses.
● 2. Constantino, R. (1975). The Philippines: A Past Revisited.
● 3. Ileto, R. (1999). Filipinos and Their Revolution.
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3. Identify at least three heroes of the Early Filipino Revolts and identify their roles during
the aforementioned time line of the Philippine history
1. Lapu-Lapu (1491-1542)
● Role: Leader of the native warriors who defeated Spanish conquistador
Ferdinand Magellan in the Battle of Mactan (1521).
Contributions:
● - First Filipino to resist Spanish colonization
● - Successfully defended Mactan Island against Spanish invasion
● - Symbol of Filipino bravery and resistance

1. Andres Malong (1660-1661)

● Role: Leader of the Pangasinan Revolt against Spanish rule.
Contributions:
● - Led a major uprising against Spanish authorities
● - Fought for Filipino rights and self-governance
● - Inspired future generations of Filipino revolutionaries

1. Diego Silang (1730-1763)

● Role: Leader of the Ilocos Revolt against Spanish rule.
Contributions:
● - Established an independent government in Ilocos
● - Promoted economic development and trade
● - Advocated for Filipino rights and representation

Other notable heroes:

1. Lakandula (1500s): Allied with Spanish conquistadors but later led a revolt
against them.
● 2. Francisco Maniago (1661): Led a revolt in Pampanga against Spanish rule.
● 3. Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897): Led the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule.

● Timeline:
● - 1521: Lapu-Lapu defeats Magellan in Mactan
● - 1660-1661: Andres Malong leads Pangasinan Revolt
● - 1762-1763: Diego Silang leads Ilocos Revolt
● - 1896-1898: Philippine Revolution led by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio
Aguinaldo

4. What are the main objectives in establishing the propaganda movement?

● The Propaganda Movement’s Objective - reforming the colonial rule, promoting
the Filipino Rights, and to have national unity laid to the groundfloor of the
philippine revolution and eventual independence
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Activity 2:
1. Explain the causes of the 1896 revolution and its significant events.
➢ The 1896 Philippine Revolution marked a pivotal moment in Philippine history, shaping
the country's struggle for independence. The revolution resulted from centuries of
Spanish colonial rule, characterized by exploitation, oppression, and cultural suppression.
Filipinos sought freedom, justice, and self-governance. Andrés Bonifacio's Katipunan
secret society sparked the revolution with the Cry of Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896.
This event ignited widespread uprising against Spanish rule. Emilio Aguinaldo's
declaration of independence (June 12, 1898) and victories in Imus, San Mateo, and Tirad
Pass demonstrated the revolution's momentum. Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, José Rizal, and
other leaders played crucial roles. Their sacrifice and vision paved the way for Philippine
independence.

➢ Conclusion

➢ The 1896 Philippine Revolution's causes – colonial exploitation and oppression – led to
significant events, including the Cry of Pugadlawin and declaration of independence.
These moments shaped Philippine history and inspired future generations.

2. Enumerate and discuss Filipino uprising against the American colonizers.

● Philippine-American War: The conflict began on February 4, 1899, after the U.S.
annexed the Philippines following the Spanish-American War, leading to a full-scale
war led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The Filipino forces shifted from conventional warfare to
guerrilla tactics as U.S. dominance grew. The war ultimately resulted in significant
casualties, with over 20,000 Filipino combatants and potentially 200,000 civilians lost
due to famine and disease.
● Moro Resistance: The Moro people in the southern Philippines engaged in the Moro
Rebellion, resisting U.S. control until 1913, reflecting ongoing cultural and religious
motivations against colonialism.
● Motivations: The uprisings were fueled by a strong sense of nationalism, a desire to
preserve Filipino cultural identity, and socio-economic grievances against American
land policies and corporate interests.
● In summary, the Filipino resistance against American colonization was characterized
by the Philippine-American War and varied local uprisings, driven by profound
national aspirations for independence and identity.

3. From the video “The Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution” (Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvA8B4OkRts). What does the video talk about?
● The video discusses the Katipunan's emergence as a revolutionary group leading the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. It contrasts the failed propaganda
movement with the Katipunan's more militant approach, highlighting key figures like
Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo. The video examines the organization’s
structure, recruitment methods, the significant roles women played, key events such as
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the discovery of the Katipunan and the Cry of Balintawak, and the internal conflicts that
arose, particularly between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo, culminating in Bonifacio's
execution and Aguinaldo's rise as the leader of the revolution. Ultimately, it points to the
influence of external powers on the movement's trajectory.

Activity 3:
1. Watch at least 10 episodes of “Pulang Araw” and make summary on the life of Filipinos
during the Japanese Occupation based on the 10 episodes you have watched.
● Dislocation and Displacement: The series illustrates the displacement of families due to
the war. As the Japanese military commandeers homes for their use, the Borromeo
family, once prosperous, loses their house, highlighting the material and emotional toll of
occupation.

● Love in Conflict: The drama captures the complexities of love amid strife, depicting
relationships formed between Filipinos and Japanese characters as not merely romantic
but fraught with moral dilemmas and societal taboos. The loves of Teresita and Adelina
symbolize the divided loyalties that many faced during this period.

● Courage and Resistance: The character of Eduardo epitomizes the Filipino spirit of
resistance against the occupiers. His involvement with guerilla forces showcases the
resistance movement that sought to reclaim sovereignty and dignity for the nation.

● Cultural Adaptations: Filipino culture, particularly the tradition of vaudeville (bodabil),

serves as a focal point in the series. The drama not only entertains but also preserves the
cultural narratives of that time, depicting how art played a crucial role in coping with
hardships.

● Humanitarian Efforts: The series portrays moments of kindness and humanity,

represented by characters like the Japanese trader who offers refuge to the Borromeo
family during their time of need. This suggests that amidst the harshness of war, allies
could be found in unexpected places, stressing the importance of compassion and
solidarity.

● Social and Economic Strife: "Pulang Araw" does not shy away from depicting the dire
economic conditions exacerbated by the war. Characters struggle to find food and safety,
showcasing the economic hardships faced by ordinary Filipinos during the occupation.

● Historical Context: The series integrates historical references to significant events, such
as the bombing of Pearl Harbor and its repercussions in the Philippines, thus enriching
the narrative with authentic historical detail.

● Community and Identity: Through shared experiences of suffering and resilience, the
series builds a sense of collective identity among the characters. Their stories reflect the
broader narrative of Filipino identity forged through hardship and survival during the war
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2. Using 5-6 sentences, describe the Philippine Society during the Japanese Occupation by
completing the table.

Aspect Description
1. Political

2. Social

3. Economic

4. Cultural

5. Religious

The Philippine Society During the Japanese Occupation