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Purposive Communication

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25 views7 pages

Purposive Communication

You can use this reviewer for your subject 'Purposive Communication' - Unit 1

Uploaded by

yshievirgil2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Purposive Communication | R E V I E W E R

COMMUNICATION MODELS
• Communication Models are important because they will help you
understand how a communication process works. It is only by knowing
the flow of communication that you will be able to make the
communication process effective. A model is often abstract.
• It is a representation of a real world phenomenon applied to different
forms. The interplay of variables in the model is represented
graphically.
• There are many conceptual models for human communication but in
this lesson, you will be exposed to only four: (1) Aristotle’s model; (2)
Laswell’s model; (3) Shannon-Weaver’s model; and (4) David Berlo’s
model of communication.

ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL


• Classical rhetoric dates back to ancient Greece during the time of Plato,
Aristotle, and the Greek Sophists who were great rhetoricians.
• Effective public speaking was an important consideration in the study of
communication. They were good at argumentation and debate and speech
was characterized by repartee.
• Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication
process: speaker, speech, and audience as illustrated in the communication
flow below:
Note that the speaker variable here is very important. Without the speaker,
there will be no speech to be produced. Depending on the profile of the
audience, the speaker adjusts his/her speech. Some considerations for the
audience demographics are age, sex, background, culture, race, religion,
gender, social and economic status, and political orientation or inclination,
among others. Even beliefs, views, and attitudes also play an important role
when talking about audience consideration since oftentimes, the audience
bring these with them when they decode a message in any given situation.

LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL


• In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused
on the following Ws: Who, says What in Which channel, to Whom and with
What effect as seen in the model below:

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• The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who)
sending out a message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a
receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect) afterwards.
• The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the medium used,
as well as the effect on the recipient of the message.
• While this model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and
have the same components, Laswell’s also differs in that there are five
variables involved, with the addition of two: medium and effect.

SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL


• Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication
was introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell’s, for Bell Laboratories.
• Originally, it was conceptualized for the functioning of the radio and
television serving as a model for technical communication and, later on,
adopted in the field of communication. In this model, other components such
as noise, reception, destination, and feedback have been identified. Other
terms such as information source for the sender, transmitter for the
encoder, decoder (reception), and receiver (destination) were introduced.

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BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
• David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is probably the most well-
known among the communication models. Initially, Berlo’s model was called
SMCR which stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel or
medium to a receiver. However, it was modified later on to include noise,
hence the acronym SMCRN.

• The major variables involved in the communication process are (1) source,
(2) message, (3) channel, and (4) receiver. The SOURCE being the originator
of the message acts as the encoder. As such, the encoder should practice
communication skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
His/Her attitude towards the audience or the subject as well as his/her
knowledge about the topic on hand likewise counts along with the social
system that he/she is in which includes values, beliefs and practices, and
culture.
• The second variable which is MESSAGE includes (1) Content; (2) Elements
such as the language used and gestures employed; (3) Treatment or the
manner by which the message is transmitted; and (4) Structure which refers
to the arrangement of parts or flow of the message. The code shows how the
message is sent: that is, the language (verbal code) used and the
accompanying gestures (non- verbal code) employed. Note that there should
be no mismatch between the verbal and non-verbal codes.

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• The third variable which is CHANNEL refers to the different senses: seeing,
hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. Finally, the fourth variable is
RECEIVER, the one who decodes the message. Note that the components of
this last variable are similar to those of the first since for communication to
be effective, both the source and the receiver should have good
communication skills.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION


Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the
principles to be observed to make it effective. For both oral and written
communication, you should be able to apply the following principles:
1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating
basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? While you may have
more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective or
reason why you communicate.
2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know
your audience as it will dictate the speaking or writing style you are
going to employ. Consider the age, educational background, profession,
culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers.
3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to
share something. In speaking situations, speakers are invited because
they have something to share. This also applies to writing. You write
because you wish that other people learn something from you. You may
then utilize several or multiple communication techniques to easily
catch the attention of the audience.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. The
environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered
determines the kind of language you will use.
5. Work on the feedback given you. Once you receive comments from the
listeners/readers, work on them. Take kindly to criticisms. In the long
run, constructive criticisms will prove beneficial to you as you learn to
address it.

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PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION
1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in
communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are
supported by facts and essential information.
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements.
Brevity in speech is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the
appropriate gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence
even if you do not feel confident enough.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most ho when
provided on time.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: THE 7Cs


1. Be clear. Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your purpose
in communicating.
2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the
bush. Be brief by focusing on your main point.
3. Be concrete. Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily
know if you are bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to
substantiate your claims.
4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your
writing. Always have time to revise and edit your work. even simple spelling
errors may easily distract your readers.
5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey a
logical message. The ideas should be connected to each other and related to
the topic. Make sure that you observe a sound structure that will present a
smooth flow of your ideas. Use transitional or cohesive devices so that the
ideas cohere with one another.

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6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information so that the
audience will not be left wanting of any information. Always place yourself in
the shoes of the audience, who is always interested to receive new
information.
7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any
overtone/undertone or insinuation to eliminate confusion and
misinterpretation.

ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an
individual, group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. For
instance, given the unethical communication practice of a certain company of
concealing the non- remittance of deducted premiums from employees’
salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or Government
Service Insurance System in the case of government offices), the company’s
accountability to its employees is undoubtedly affected. Compare this
situation with that of an organization that observes ethical practice and
remits the employees’ monthly contributions to the SSS or GSIS regularly. It is
important to note that one’s behavior should be regulated by honesty,
decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.
Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the
development of your integrity as a person. One's behavior and decision-
making style affect, in turn, the operations of an organization.

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