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Research Methodology

Research paper ok

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Prayukta Vartak
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7 views11 pages

Research Methodology

Research paper ok

Uploaded by

Prayukta Vartak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
UNIT 1
LITERATURE SURVEY
• Types of Sources: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
• •Primary: First hand, raw, or original materials that researchers study and
analyze.
• •Involves consulting historical documents, visuals, journals and letters,
autobiographies, memoirs, government statistics and studies, and speeches.
• •Involves examining works of art, literature, and architecture or watch or
listen to performances and programs.
• •Involves study or initiating case studies or scientific experiments and take
extensive field notes. Conduct interviews and use data collected from
questionnaires.
• Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based.
• They are from the time period involved and have not been filtered through
interpretation or evaluation.
• They are usually the first formal appearance of results in physical, print or electronic
format. They present original thinking, report a discovery, or share new information.
• Examples include
• Examples include:
• ➢Literary creation: novels, short stories, poems, etc. Artifacts(e.g. coins, plant
specimens, fossils, furniture, tools, clothing, all from the time under study);
• ➢Audio recordings(e.g. radio programs)
• ➢Internet communications on email, list;
• ➢Interviews (e.g. oral histories, telephone, e-mail);
• ➢Journal articles published in peer-reviewed publications;
• ➢Original Documents (i.e. birth certificate, will, marriage license, trial transcript);
• ➢Records of organizations, government agencies (e.g. annual report, treaty, constitution,
government document);
• ➢Survey Research(e.g. market surveys, public opinion polls);
• ➢Video recordings(e.g. television programs);
• ➢Works of art, architecture, literature, and music(e.g. paintings, sculptures, musical
scores, buildings, novels, poems).
SECONDARY SOURCES
• •Analytical works that comment on and interpret other works, such as primary
sources.
• •Examples include reviews, discussions, biographies, critical studies, analysis
of literary or artistic works or event, commentaries on current and historical
events, class lectures, and electronic discussions.
• ➢Secondary sources are less easily defined than primary sources.
• ➢Generally, they are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of
hindsight.
• ➢They are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources.
• ➢However, what some define as a secondary source, others define as a tertiary
source. Context is everything.
• Examples include
• Bibliographies (also considered tertiary);
• Biographical works;
• Commentaries, criticisms;
• Dictionaries, Encyclopedias (also considered tertiary);
• Histories;
• Literary criticism such as Journal articles;
• Magazine and newspaper articles;
• Monographs, other than fiction and autobiography;
• Textbooks (also considered tertiary);
• Web site (also considered primary).
•Tertiary sources
• Tertiary sources consist of information which is a distillation and collection
of primary and secondary sources.
• Almanacs
• Bibliographies(also considered secondary)
• Chronologies
• Dictionaries and Encyclopedias (also considered secondary)
• Directories
• Factbooks
• Guidebooks;
• Indexes, abstracts, bibliographies used to locate primary and secondary
sources;
• Manuals;
• Textbooks(also be secondary).
TITLE
• Informative
• Reflect the content of the article.
• Area of study.
• Study design. e.g. (impact, effect, prev., association, correlation...etc.
• Neither a question, nor a conclusion.
• Concise
• No repetition.
• Not exceeding 15 words
ABSTRACT
• Structured
• •Max 250 words

• Not structured
• •150 words

• •Introductory sentence indicates the importance.


• •Objective: (the general)
• •Method: study design –sample size –area-sampling technique -description of method.
• •Results: That achieve the objective.
• •Conclusion: An answer of the research question.
ABSTRACT

• An abstract is a very concise statement of the major elements of


your research project. It states the purpose, methods, and findings
of your research project.
• •An abstract is a condensed version of a full scientific paper.
PURPOSE OF THE ABSTRACT

• Provides an overview of the article


• •Provides context for those who do read the article
• •Used by journals to assign reviewers
• •Used by abstracting and information services to index and retrieve articles
• •Used by translation services for foreign readers
• •Helps reader decide whether to read the article
• •Provides reminders for readers after they’ve read the article
• •Directs readers’ attention to the highlights of the article

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