User and Group Management Commands

 Configura on Files:

o /etc/passwd: Stores user account informa on.

o /etc/shadow: Stores secure user password data.

o /etc/group: Stores group informa on.

o /etc/skel/: Template directory for new user home directories.

1. User Commands:

o useradd ahmed: Add a new user ahmed.

o passwd ahmed: Set a password for ahmed.

o id ahmed: Display UID, GID, and group memberships for ahmed.

o Op ons:

 -c "comment": Add a comment for the user.

 -d /home/custom: Set custom home directory.

 -e YYYY-MM-DD: Set account expira on date.

 -f days: Set days before account deac va on a er password expires.

 -g GID: Assign primary group.

 -G groups: Assign secondary groups.

 -m: Create home directory.

 -M: Do not create home directory.

 -s shell: Set default shell.

 -u UID: Assign specific UID.

2. Modify User:

o usermod -s /bin/tcsh ahmed: Change login shell.

o usermod -c "Ahmed Ingénieur réseau" ahmed: Change user comment.

o Op ons:

 -g group: Change primary group.

 -G groups: Add to secondary groups.

 -a -G groups: Append to exis ng groups.

 -l newname: Change username.

 -L: Lock user account.

 -U: Unlock user account.

3. Delete User:
 o userdel -r ahmed: Delete user and their home directory.

4. Group Management:

o groupadd -g 1090 developpeur: Create a group with GID 1090.

o groupmod -n developpeur-web -g 1100 developpeur: Rename and change GID.

o groupdel developpeur-web: Delete group.

5. Password and Expira on:

o passwd -d ahmed: Remove user password.

o passwd -e ahmed: Force password change on next login.

o passwd -l ahmed: Lock user account.

o passwd -u ahmed: Unlock user account.

o chage -E YYYY-MM-DD ahmed: Set account expira on date.

o chage -l ahmed: List password aging informa on.

o Op ons:

 -d lastday: Set last password change date.

 -m days: Minimum password age.

 -M days: Maximum password age.

 -W days: Warning before expira on.

Scheduling Jobs

 Configura on Files:

o /etc/crontab: System crontab.

o /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny: Restrict cron access.

o /var/spool/cron/: Directory for user crontabs.

1. One- me Jobs with at:

o at now +5 minutes: Schedule a job 5 minutes from now.

o at> command: Enter command to schedule.

o Op ons:

 -c: Print job commands.

 -d or atrm ID: Delete job by ID.

 -l or atq: List user’s pending jobs.

 -m: Send email on comple on.

2. Recurring Jobs with cron:

 o crontab -e: Edit user’s crontab.

o crontab -l: List user’s current crontab.

o crontab -r: Remove user’s current crontab.

o Crontab Syntax:

 0 10 * * * /home/user/script.sh: Run daily at 10:00.

 */20 * * * * /home/user/script.sh: Run every 20 minutes.

 15 08 * * 1 /home/user/script.sh: Run at 08:15 on Mondays.

3. Systemd Timers:

o systemctl enable < mer-unit-name>. mer: Enable a mer.

o systemctl start < mer-unit-name>. mer: Start a mer immediately.

o Timer Op ons:

 OnCalendar=*-*-* 08:30:00: Schedule daily at 08:30.

 OnAc veSec=2m: Run 2 minutes a er ac va on.

 systemctl list- mers: List ac ve mers.

Localiza on and Interna onaliza on

1. Time and Date:

o medatectl: View system me and date.

o tzselect: Choose me zone.

o cat /etc/ mezone: Display me zone.

o date: Show current date and me.

2. Locale Se ngs:

o echo $LANG: Display current locale.

o cat /etc/locale.conf: Display system-wide locale configura on.

o locale: Show all locale variables.

3. Character Encoding:

o iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 file.txt > converted.txt: Convert text encoding.

Networking Files & U li es

 Configura on Files:

o /etc/hostname: Contains the system’s hostname.

 o /etc/hosts: Maps IP addresses to hostnames.

o /etc/nsswitch.conf: Configures name resolu on order (e.g., files, DNS).

o /etc/resolv.conf: Specifies DNS servers for domain name resolu on.

Common Networking Commands

1. General Interface Commands:

o ifconfig: Display ac ve network interfaces.

o ifconfig -a: Display all network interfaces, including inac ve ones.

o sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.224 broadcast 192.168.1.31: Set IP, netmask, and
broadcast on eth0.

o ifconfig eth0 down && ifconfig eth0 up: Disable and re-enable eth0.

o ifconfig 10.17.32.28/22 up: Ac vate interface with IP 10.17.32.28 and subnet mask /22.

o ifdown eth0 && ifup eth0: Restart the eth0 interface.

2. NetworkManager Commands:

o nmcli general: Show general networking status.

o nmcli device wifi list: List available Wi-Fi networks.

o nmcli connec on show: Show all saved network connec ons.

o nmcli connec on down "Hotel Internet": Disconnect from "Hotel Internet".

o nmcli device disconnect "Hotel Internet": Disconnect device from "Hotel Internet".

o nmcli device wifi connect "Hotel Internet": Connect to Wi-Fi "Hotel Internet".

o nmcli connec on delete "Hotel Internet": Delete saved network profile for "Hotel Internet".

o nmtui: Text-based user interface for managing NetworkManager.

3. Hostname Management:

o hostname: Display the current hostname.

o hostnamectl set-hostname storage: Change hostname to "storage".

o hostnamectl status: View the current hostname and related system informa on.

IP Commands for Address and Route Management

1. Address and Link Commands:

o ip addr show or ip a: Display IP address informa on.

o ip -c address: Display color-coded IP addresses.

o ip link show: Show all network links.

 o ip link set enp3s0 up: Enable interface enp3s0.

o ip link set enp3s0 down: Disable interface enp3s0.

o ip -s link: Display sta s cs for all links.

2. Se ng IP Addresses:

o sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.100/24 dev enp3s0: Add IP address 192.168.1.100/24 to enp3s0.

o sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.100/24 dev enp3s0: Remove IP address from enp3s0.

3. IP Routes:

o ip route show or ip r: Display rou ng table.

o ip route add 10.10.20.0/24 via 192.168.50.100 dev eth0: Add a sta c route.

o ip route add default via 192.168.1.254: Set default gateway.

o ip route del 10.10.20.0/24: Delete a route.

o ip monitor: Monitor IP address, route, and link changes.

4. IPv6 Commands:

o ping6 -c 2 2001:db8:1::20: Ping an IPv6 address.

o route -6 add 2001:db8:1::/64 gw 2001:db8::3: Add IPv6 route.

o route -6 del 2001:db8:1::/64 gw 2001:db8::3: Delete IPv6 route.

o ip route add 2001:db8:1::/64 via 2001:db8::3: Add IPv6 route using ip.

o ip route del 2001:db8:1::/64 via 2001:db8::3: Remove IPv6 route using ip.

Network Troubleshoo ng Tools

1. Ping and Traceroute:

o ping [host/IP]: Ping an IPv4 address.

o ping6 [host/IP]: Ping an IPv6 address.

o traceroute [host/IP]: Trace the route to a remote host.

o tracepath [host/IP]: Trace route and MTU to a remote host.

2. DNS Lookup:

o host [domain/IP]: Basic DNS lookup.

o host -t NS lpi.org: Lookup specific DNS records (e.g., NS, SOA).

o dig [domain]: Detailed DNS informa on.

o getent hosts dns1.lpi.org: Retrieve host informa on from /etc/hosts or DNS.

3. Route and Netstat Commands:

o route -n: Display the rou ng table.

o netstat -rn: Show rou ng table with netstat.

4. Addi onal Commands:

o lspci | fgrep Ethernet: Check if Ethernet card is detected.

o resolvectl status: Check DNS server being used.

o journalctl -u systemd-resolved -f: View DNS resolu on logs.

20 FTP (Data)
21 FTP (Control)
22 SSH
23 Telnet
25 SMTP
53 DNS
80 HTTP
443 HTTPS