UNIT-III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

PART- A

1. Differentiate CST and LST elements. (Nov/Dec 2014)

Three nodded triangular element is known as constant strain triangular element. It has 6unknown degrees
of freedom called u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3. The element is called CST because it has constant strain throughout
it.
Six nodded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangular element. It has 12unknown
displacement degrees of freedom. The displacement function for the element are quadratic instead of linear
as in the CST.
2. What do you mean by the terms: C0, C1 and Cn continuity?

C0 – Governing differential equation is quasiharmonic, ø has to be continuous.

C1 – Governing differential equation is biharmonic, øas well as derivative has to be continuous inside
and between the elements.

Cn – Governing differential equations is polynomial.

3. How do we specify two dimensional elements? (May/June 2014)

Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in two dimensional plane (i.e x and y
plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is a triangular element.
4. What is QST element?(May/June 2014)

Ten noded triangular elements are known as Quadratic strain element (QST).

5. Write the governing differential equation for two dimensional heat transfer.

The governing differential equation for two dimensional heat transfer is given by,

6. Write the governing differential equation for shaft with non-circular cross-section subjected to
torsion.

The governing differential equation is given by,

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 1 𝑑2 ∅ 1 𝑑2 ∅
+ + 2𝜃 = 0
𝐺 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐺 𝑑𝑦 2
Where,

Ø – Field variable

 - Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

G – Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus (N/m2)

7. What is geometric isotropy?(May/June 2013)

An additional consideration in the selection of polynomial shape function for the displacement
model is that the pattern should be independent of the orientation of the local coordinate system. This
property is known as Geometric Isotropy, Spatial Isotropy or Geometric Invariance.

8.Write the strain displacement matrix of CST element.(Nov/Dec 2012),(April/May 2011)

𝑞1 0 𝑞2 0 𝑞3 0
1 𝑞1 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 𝑞2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑞3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
[B]= 0 𝑟1 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟3 𝑟 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑟2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥3 𝑟3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
2𝐴
𝑟1 𝑞1 𝑟2 𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3 1 3 2

𝑝1 = 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2 𝑝2 = 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 𝑝3 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1

9. Why higher order elements are preferred?

Higher order elements are preferred to,
(i) Represent the curved boundaries
(ii) Reduce the number of elements when compared with straight edge elements to model geometry.

10. Evaluate the following area integrals for the three noded triangular element
𝛼 ! 𝛽! 𝛾!
𝛼+ 𝛽+ 𝛾+2
𝑋 2𝐴 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴. (May/June 2013), (Nov/Dec 2012)
We know that,
𝛽 𝛾 1! 2! 3!
𝐿𝛼𝑖 𝐿2 𝐿𝑘 𝑑𝐴 = (1+ 2+ 3+2)! 𝑋 2𝐴
Here, α = 1, β = 2, γ = 3

1𝑋2𝑋1𝑋3𝑋2𝑋1 1! 2! 3!
𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴 = (8𝑋7𝑋6𝑋5𝑋4𝑋3𝑋2𝑋1) 𝑋 2𝐴 = (8)!
𝑋 2𝐴

𝐴
=1680 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴

11. Write the strain displacement relation for CST element.

𝑢1
𝑒𝑋 𝑣1
1 𝑞1 0 𝑞2 0 𝑞3 0
𝑢2
𝑒𝑌 = 0 𝑟1 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟3
𝛾𝑥𝑦 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑣2
1 𝑞1 𝑟2 𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3 𝑢3
𝑣3

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

12. List out the two theories for calculating the shear stress in a solid non circular shaft subjected to
torsion.
The two theories which helps in evaluating the shear stresses in a solid non circular shaft is proposed
by,
(i) St. Venant called as St.Venant theory
(ii) Prandtl called as Prandtl’s theory.

13. Write down the shape functions associated with three noded linear triangular element (April/May
2015)
1 1 1
𝑁1 = 𝑝1 + 𝑞1 𝑥 + 𝑟1 𝑦 ; 𝑁2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 𝑥 + 𝑟2 𝑦 ; 𝑁3 = 𝑝3 + 𝑞3 𝑥 + 𝑟3 𝑦 ;
2𝐴 2𝐴 2𝐴

PART - B

1. For a four Noded rectangular element shown in fig. determine the temperature at the
point (7, 4). The nodal values of temperature are T1=420C, T2=540C, T3= 560C, & T4=
460C. Also determine 3 points on the 500C contour line.

Given:

ϕi= 420C m (5,5) 460C k(8,5) 560C

ϕj= 540C

ϕk=560C

ϕm=460C
i (5,3) 460C j(8,3) 540C
2b=3 2a=2

b=3/2 a=1

To find:

1. Temperature at point (2,1),ϕ

2. Three points on 500C.

Formula used:

 s  t   s  t 
Ni= 1  1    1  1  
 2b  2a   3  2 

 s  t   s  t
Nj=  1     1  
 2b  2a   3  2 

 
 st 
 st    =  st 
Nk=  
 4ab   4  3 1   6 
 
 2 

 t  s   t  s 
Nm=  1     1  
 2a  2b   2  3 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

Solution:

The point (7,4) in global coordinate (x,y) is changed in the local coordinate (s,t)

S= x-xi  7-5=2

t= y-yi  4-3=1

the temperature at point (2,1) in local coordinate as

ϕ = Niϕi + Njϕj + Nkϕk + Nmϕm.

 2  1  1
Ni= 1  1   =
 3  2  6

 2  1  1
Nj=  1   =
 3  2  3

 2 1  1
Nk=  =
 6  3

 1  2  1
Nm =  1   =
 2  3  6

1 1 1 1
ϕ =  42   54   56   46 .
6 3 3 6

ϕ = 51.40C

𝜙 𝑗 −𝜙 𝑥 𝑗 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑗 −𝑦
The x,y coordinates of 500C contour line are = =
𝜙 𝑗 −𝜙 𝑖 𝑥 𝑗 −𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗 −𝑦 𝑖

m (5,5) 460C k(8,5) 560C

i j(8,3) 540C
460C (5,3) 500C

54  50 8  x 3  y
i,j  
54  42 8  5 3  3

(1) (2) (3)

Equating(1),(2) equating (1),(3)

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 4 8 x 4 3 y
 
12 3 12 0

x  7cm y  3cm

𝜙 𝑘 −𝜙 𝑥 𝑘 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑘 −𝑦
m,k = =
𝜙 𝑘 −𝜙 𝑚 𝑥 𝑘 −𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑘 −𝑦𝑚

56  50 8  x 5  y
 
56  46 8  5 5  5

(1) (2) (3)

Equating (1),(2) equating (1),(3)

6 8 x 6 5 y
 ; 
10 3 10 0

x  6.2cm ; y  5cm

Third point y=4 [lower point yi=3, upper point ym=5]

Centre line between the sides i,j&k,m

Local coordinates

t = y-yi= 4-3 = 1

ϕ = Niϕi + Njϕj + Nkϕk + Nmϕm

 s  1  s 1
50= 1  1  42  1  54
 3  2  3 2

 s 1  1 s
   56  1  46
 6  2  3

 s  s
1  21  93  9.33s  231  
 3  3

50= 21  73  9s  9.33s  23  7.66s

s  1.63cm (6.2,5)

s  x  xj

1.63  5  x (6.7,4)

x  6.7cm
500C (7,3)
y  4cm

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

2. For the plane stress element shown in Fig, the nodal displacements are:

[Anna University, May 2002]

U1=2.0mm; v1=1.0mm;

U2=0.5mm; v2=0.0mm;

U3=3.0mm; v3=1.0mm.

Determine the element stresses σx, σy, σ1, and σ2 and the principal angle θp, let E=210 GPA,
ν= 0.25 and t=10 mm. All coordinates are in millimetre.

Given:

Nodal Displacements: U1=2.0mm; v1=1.0mm;

U2=0.5mm; v2=0.0mm;

U3=3.0mm; v3=1.0mm.

X1= 20mm y1=30mm

X2= 80mm y2=30mm

X3=50mm y3=120mm

Young’s modulus, E= 210 GPa =210x109 Pa

= 210x109N/m2 = 210x103 N/mm2

=2.1x 105 N/mm2

Poisson’s ratio, ν=0.25

Thickness, t= 10mm

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

To find: 1. Element stress

a) Normal stress, σx
b) Normal stress, σy
c) Shear stress,  xy
d) Maximum normal stress, σ1
e) Minimum normal stress, σ2

2. Principle angle,θp

Formula used:

 Stress {σ} = [D] [B] {u}

 x  y  x  y
2

 Maximum normal stress, σmax = σ1 =     2 xy
2  2 

 x  y  x  y
2

 Minimum normal stress, σmin = σ2 =     2 xy
2  2 
2 xy
 principle angle, tan 2θp=
 x  y

Solution: we know that

1 x1 y1 1 20 30 
1
y 2  1 80 30 
 1
Area of the element, A= 1 x 2
2 2
1 x3 y3 1 50 120

1
= x[ 1x(80x120-50x30)-20(120-30)+30(50-80)]
2

1
= x [8100-1800-900]
2

A=2700 mm2 ….. (1)

We know that,

Strain Displacement matrix,

 q1 0 q 2 0 q3 0 
1 
[B]= 0 r1 0 r 2 0 r 3  …… (2)
2A 
 r1 q1 r 2 q 2 r 3 q3

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 30-120 = -90

q2= y3 – y1 = 120- 30 = 90

q3= y1- y2 = 30 – 30 = 0

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 r1= x3- x2 = 50-80 = -30

r2= x1- x3 = 20-50 = -30

r3= x2- x1 = 80-20 = 60

Substitute the above values in equation no. (2),

 90 0 90 0 0 0 
1 
 [B] = 0  30 0  30 0 60 
2A 
 30  90  30 90 60 0 

Substitute Area, A value,

 90 0 90 0 0 0 
[B] =
1  0  30 0  30 0 60 
2  2700 
 30  90  30 90 60 0 

 3 0 3 0 0 0
30 
= 0 1 0 1 0 2 
2  2700 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 

 3 0 3 0 0 0
-3 
 [B] = 5.555 x 10  0  1 0  1 0 2  ………(3)
  1  3  1 3 2 0 

We know that

Stress strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is,

 
1 v 0 
E
[D]= v 1 0 
1 v2  1 v 
0 0 
 2 

 
 1 0.25 0 
2.1 10 5
= 0.25 1 0 
1  (0.25) 2  1  0.25 
 0 0 
 2 

 1 0.25 0 
2.1 10 5 
=  0.25 1 0 
0.9375
 0 0 0.375

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 4 1 0 
2.1x10 5  0.25 
=
 1 4 0 
0.9375
0 0 1.5

4 1 0 
= 56  10 1 4 0 
3
…. (4)
 
0 0 1.5

4 1 0   3 0 3 0 0 0
[D] [B] = 56  10 1 4 0  x 5.555 x 10-3
3  0 1 0 1 0 2 
  
0 0 1.5   1  3  1 3 2 0 

4 1 0   3 0 3 0 0 0
= 311.08 x 1 4 0   0 1 0 1 0 2 
  
0 0 1.5   1  3  1 3 2 0 

 12  0  0 0 1  0 12  0  0 0 1 0 000 020 


= 311.08  3  0  0 040 3 0 0 040 000 0  8  0 

 0  0  1.5 0  0  4.5 0  0  1.5 0  0  4.5 003 0  0  0 

  12 1 12 1 0 2 

=311.08 x  3 4 3 4 0 8 

  1.5  4.5  1.5 4.5 3 0 

We know that

Stress { σ} = [D] [B] {u}

 u1 
v 
 1
u 2 
= [D] [B]  
v2 
u 3 
 
 v3 

2
1 
  12 1 12 1 0 2   
 0.5
= 311.08   3 4 3 4 0 8  X  
0
  1.5  4.5  1.5 4.5 3 0   
3
 
 1 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  (12  2)  (1 1)  (12  0.5)  (1 0)  (0  3)  (2  1) 
 
= 311.08  (3  2)  (4  1)  (3  0.5)  (4  0)  (0  3)  (8  1) 
 (1.5  2)  (4.5  1)  (1.5  0.5)  (4.5  0)  (3  3)  (0  1)
 

  17 
 
{σ} =311.08  0.5
 0.75 
 

 x   5288.36
   
 y  =   155.54 
   233.31 
 z  

 Normal stress, σx =  5288.36 N/mm2

Normal stress, σy =  155.54 N/mm2
Shear stress,  xy = 233.31 N/mm2

We know that,

 x  y  x  y
2

Maximum normal stress, σmax = σ1 =     2 xy ….. (7)
2  2 

=  5288.36  155.54    5288.36  155.54   (233.31) 2

2

2  2 

σ1 = -144.956 N/mm2

 x  y  x  y
2

Minimum normal stress, σmin = σ2 =     2 xy …… (8)
2  2 

 5288.36  155.54   5288.36  155.54 

2

=     (233.31)
2

2  2 

σ2 = -5298.9N/mm2

2 xy
We know that principle angle, tan 2θp=
 x  y

 2 xy 
 tan 2θp = tan-1  
 x   y 

 2  233.31 
= tan-1 
  5288.36  155.54 

2θp=-5.1940

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  θp = -2.590

Result: 1. Element stress

a) Normal stress, σx=  5288.36 N/mm2

b) Normal stress, σy=  155.54 N/mm2
c) Shear stress,  xy = 233.31 N/mm2
d) Maximum normal stress, σ1= -144.956 N/mm2
e) Minimum normal stress, σ2= -5298.9N/mm2

2. Principle angle,θp= -2.590

3. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and the temperature force vector for the plane stress
element as shown in figure. The element experiences a 20°C increase in temperature, Assume
coefficient of thermal expansion is 6 x 10-6/°C. Take Young’s modulus E = 2 X
105N/mm2,possion ratio v=0.25,Thickness t=
5mm.

Given data:

X1 = 0; Y1 = 0
X2 = 2; Y2 = 0
X3 = 1; Y3 = 3
E = 2 X 105N/mm2
V = 0.25
t= 5mm
ΔT = 10°C
α = 6 x 10-6/°C
To find: 1. Element stiffness matrix [K]
2. The temperature force vector [F]
Formula used:
 Stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t
 Temperature force vector, {F} = [B] T [D] {eo} A t

Solution:
We know that, stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t
Where A = Area of the element

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
= 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 2 0
2 2
1 X 3 Y3 1 1 3

1
= [1(6-0)-0+0]; A= 3 mm2.
2

 q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1 
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3 
2A 
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 0-3 = -3; r1 = x3 – x2 = 1-2 = -1

q2 = y3 – y1 = 3-0 = 3; r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-1 = -1
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-0 = 0; r3 = x2 – x1 = 2-0 = 2
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation

 3 0 3 0 0 0
[B] =
1  0 1 0 1 0 2 
2A 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 

 3 0 3 0 0 0
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
1  0 1 0 1 0 2 
23 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 

 3 0 3 0 0 0
[B] = 0.1667  0 1 0 1 0 2 

  1  3  1 3 2 0 

We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is

1 v 0   1 0.25 0 
 210 5 
E
[D] = 1V 2 v 1 0  = 10.252 0.25 1 0 
 1 v  1  0.25 
0 0 2   0 0
2 
 

4 1 0  4 1 0 
2 x105 0.25 1 4 0  3 1 4 0 
= ; [D] = 53.33 x 10
0.9375    
0 0 1.5 0 0 1.5

 3 0 3 0 0 0
We know [B] = 0.1667  0 1 0 1 0 2 

  1  3  1 3 2 0 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

   3 0  1
 0  1  3
 
3 0  1
[B]T = 0.1667  
 0 1 3 
0 0 2
 
 0 2 0 

  3 0  1
 0  1  3
  4 1 0 
3 0  1 1 4 0 
 
T 3
[B] [D] = 0.1667 x 53.33 x 10
 
 0 1 3  0 0 1.5
0 0 2
 
 0 2 0 

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5

 12 3  1.5 
= 0.1667 X 53.33 X 103  
 1 4 4.5 
 0 0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5

 12 3  1.5 
[B]T [D] = 8.890 X 103  
 1 4 4.5 
 0 0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5
  3 0 3 0 0 0
 12 3  1.5   0 1 0 1
T
[B] [D] [B] == 8.890 X 10 3
  x 0.1667  0 2 
 1 4 4.5 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 
 0 0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
[B]T [D] [B] = 1.482 X 103  
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 
Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

Stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
[K] = 1.482 X 103   x3x5
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
[K] = 22.23 X 103  
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 

 
 
We know that, for plane stress problem, Initial strain {eo} =  
 
 

6 x10 6 x10 60

   
{eo} = 6 x10 6 x10 = 1 x 10-6 60
  60
 0   
We know that, Temperature force vector, {F} = [B] T [D] {eo} A t

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5
 60
 12 3  1.5   
  60
3 -6
{F} = 8.890 x 10 x 1 x 10 xAxt
 1 4 4.5  60
 0  
0 3 
 
 2 8 0 
Substitute “A” and “t” values

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5
 60
 12 3  1.5   
  x 60
3 -6
= 8.890 x 10 x 1 x 10 x3x5
 1 4 4.5  60
 0  
0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 (12 x60)  (3 x60)  0  900
 (1x60)  (4 x60)  0   300
   
 (12 x60)  (3 x60)  0 
  900 
= 0.1335  (1x60)  (4 x60)  0  = 0.1335  
 000   300
  0 
 (2 x60)  (8 x60)  0   
  600 

 120.15
 40.05 
 
120.15 
{F} =  
 40.05 
0 
 
80.10 

Result:

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
Stiffness matrix [K] = 22.23 X 103  
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 

 120.15
 40.05 
 
120.15 
Temperature force vector, {F} =  
 40.05 
0 
 
80.10 

4. A thin plate is subjected to surface traction as shown in figure. Calculate the global stiffness
matrix.

fig (i)
Take Young’s modulus E = 2 X 105N/mm2, possion ratio v=0.30, Thickness t=25mm.Assume plane
stress condition.

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

Given data:

E = 2 X 105N/mm2; Breath b =250mm

V = 0.25; length l =500mm
t= 25mm; tensile surface traction T= 0.4 N/mm2
1
“T” is converted into nodal force F = T A = ½ x T x (b x t)
2
1
= x 0.4 x 250 x 25 F = 1250 N
2

Fig (ii) Discretized plate

To find:
Global stiffness matrix [K].
Formula used:
 Global Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D][B] A t

Solution:

Fig (iii)
For element (1) - Nodal displacements are u1, v1, u3, v3 and u4 v4

Fig (iv)
Take node 1 as origin;

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

For node 1: X1= 0, Y1=0; For node 3: X2=500, Y2=250; For node 4: X3= 0, Y3=250;
We know that, stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D][B] A t

1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
Where A =Area of the triangular element = 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 500 250
2 2
1 X3 Y3 1 0 250

1
= x 1 (500x250 -0) = 62500mm2
2
A = 62.5 X 103 mm2

q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 250-250 = 0 r1 = x3 – x2 = 0-500 = -500

q2 = y3 – y1 = 250-0 = 250 r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-0 = 0
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-250 =-250 r3 = x2 – x1 = 500-0 = 500
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation

0 0 250 0  250 0
1
[B] = 0  500 0 0 0 500
2A
 500 0 0 250 500  250

 0 0 250 0  250 0 
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
1  0  500 0 0 0 500 
2  62.5  103 
  500 0 0 250 500  250

0 0 1 0 1 0
[B] =
250  0 2 0 0 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 2 0 0 1 2  1

We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is

1 v 0   1 0.3 0 
 21 0 5 
E
[D] = 1V 2 v 1 0  = 1 ( 0.3) 2 0.3 1 0 
 1 v  1  0.3 
0 0 2  0 2 
0
 

 1 0.3 0 
2105 0.3 1
= 0.91
 0 
 0 0 0.35

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  1 0.3 0  0 0 1 0 1 0
[D][B] =
2 x105 0.3 1 0  x
250  0 2 0 0 0 2 
0.91  2 x62.5 x10 3 
 0 0 0.35  2 0 0 1 2  1

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
= 439.56  0 2 0.3 0  0.3 2 

  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35

0 0 1 0 1 0
We know that, [B] =
250  0 2 0 0 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 2 0 0 1 2  1

0 0  2
 0 2 0 
 
1 0 0
[B]T = 2 x 10-3  
0 0 1 
1 0 2
 
 0 2  1 

0 0  2
 0 2 0 
   0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
 1 0 0  
[B]T [D] [B] = 2 x 10-3 x 439.56  x 0 2 0.3 0  0.3 2 
0 0 1  
  0.7  0.35
2 
0 0 0.35 0.7
1 0
 
 0 2  1 

 1.4 0 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 

 0 4  0.6 0 0.6  4 

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
= 0.8791  
  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35
  1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4  1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 

Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix

Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D] A t

 1.4 0 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 

 0 4  0.6 0 0.6  4 

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
Stiffness matrix [K]1 =0.8791   x 6.25x 10 x25
3

  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35

  1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4  1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  1.4 0 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 
 0 4  0.6 0 0.6  4 

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
=1373.59 x 103  
  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35
  1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4  1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 

U1 v1 u3 v3 u4 v4

 1923.026 0 0  961.513  1923.026 961.513  u1

 0 5494.36  824.154 0 824.154  5494.36  v1

 0  824.154 1373.59 0  1373.59 824.154  u3
[K]1 =1x103  
  961.513 0 0 480.7565 961.513  480.7565 v3
  1923.026 824.154  1373.59 961.513 3296.616  1785.667  u 4
 
 961.513  5494.36 824.154  480.7565  1785.667 5975.1165  v4
For element (2):

fig(v)
Nodal displacements are u1, v1, u3, v3 and u4 v4
Take node 1 as origin; For node 1: X1= 0, Y1=0; For node2: X2=500, Y2=0; For node 3: X3= 500, Y3=250;
We know that, stiffness matrix [K]2 = [B] T [D][B] A t

1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
Where A =Area of the triangular element = 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 500 0
2 2
1 X3 Y3 1 500 250

1
= x 1 (500x250 -0) = 62500mm2
2
A = 62.5 x 103 mm2

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1 
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3 
2A 
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 0-250 = -250; r1 = x3 – x2 = 500-500 = 0

q2 = y3 – y1 = 250-0 = 250; r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-500 = -500
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-0 =0; r3 = x2 – x1 = 500-0 = 500
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation

 250 0 250 0 0 0 
[B] =
1  0 0 0  500 0 500 
2A 
 0  250  500 250 500 0 

 1 0 1 0 0 0
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
250 0 0 0 2 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 0 1  2 1 2 0 

We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is

1 v 0   1 0.3 0 
 2 x10 5 
v 1 0  0.3 1 0 
E
[D] = 1V 2 = 1 ( 0.3) 2
 1 v  1  0.3 
0 0 2  0 2 
0
 

1 0.3 0 
2 x105
= 0.91 0.3 1 0 

 0 0 0.35

 1 0.3 0   1 0 1 0 0 0
2 x105 0.3 1  x  0 0 0 2 2 
250
[D][B] = 0.91
 0  2 x62.5 x10 3  0
 0 0 0.35  0  1  2 1 2 0 

 1 0 1  0.6 0 0.6 
= 439.56   0.3 0 0.3 2 0 2 

 0  0.35  0.7 0.35 0.7 0 

 1 0 1 0 0 0
We know that, [B] =
250  0 0 0 2 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 0  1  2 1 2 0 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 1 0 0
0 0  1 

1 0  2
[B]T = 2 x 10-3  
 0 2 1 
0 0 2
 
 0 2 0 

1 0 0
0 0  1 
  1 0 1  0.6 0 0.6 
1 0  2 
[B] [D] [B] = 2 x 10 x 439.56 
T -3
   0.3 0 0.3 2 0 2 
 0 2 1   0  0.35  0.7 0 
2 
0.35 0.7
0 0
 
 0 2 0 

 1 0 1 0.6 0  0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7  0.35  0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4  1.3  1.4 0.6 
= 0.8791  
 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
  0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 
Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix
Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D] A t

 1 0 1 0.6 0  0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7  0.35  0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4  1.3  1.4 0.6 
  x 6.25x 10 x25
3
Stiffness matrix [K]1 =0.8791
 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
  0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 

 1 0 1 0.6 0  0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7  0.35  0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4  1.3  1.4 0.6 
=1373.59 x 103  
 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
  0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 

u1 v1 u3 v3 u4 v4

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  1373.59 0  1373.59 824.154 0  824.154  u1
 0 480.7565 961.513  480.7565  961.513 0 v
  1
  1373.59 961.513 3296.616  1785.667  1923.026 824.154  u3
[K]2 =1x103  
 824.154  480.7565  1785.667 5975.1165 961.513  5494.36  v3
 0  961.513  1923.026 961.513 1923.026 0  u4
 
  824.154 0 824.154  5494.36 0 5494.36  v4
Global stiffness matrix [K]:
Assemble the stiffness matrix equations [K]1 & [K]2 = 1 x 103 x
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
1923.026+ 0+0 -1373.59 824.154 0+0 -961.513+ -1923.026 961.513 u1
1373.59 -824.154
0+0 5494.36+ 961.513 -480.7565 -824.154+ 0+0 824.154 -5494.36 v1
480.7565 -961.513
-1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 -1923.026 824.154 0 0 u2
824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 961.513 -5494.36 0 0 v2
0+0 -824.154+ 0+ 0+ 1373.59+ 0+0 -1373.59+ 824.154+ u3
-961.513 -1923.026 961.513 1923.026 0 0
-961.513+ 0+0 0+ 0+ 0+0 480.7565 961.513+ -480.7565 v3
+
-824.154 824.154 -5494.36 0 +0
5494.36
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 -1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 u4
961.513 -5494.36 0 0 824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 v4

Global stiffness matrix [K] = 1 x 103 x

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
3296.616 0 -1373.59 824.154 0 -1785.667 -1923.026 961.513 u1
0 5975.1165 961.513 -480.7565 -1785.667 0 824.154 -5494.36 v1
-1373.59 961.513 9296.616 -1785.667 -1923.026 824.154 0 0 u2
824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 961.513 -5494.36 0 0 v2
5
0 -1785.667 -1923.026 961.513 9296.616 0 -1373.59 824.154 u3
-1785.667 0 824.154 -5494.36 0 5975.116 961.513 -480.7565 v3
5
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 -1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 u4
961.513 -5494.36 0 0 824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 v4

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

5. Derive the Shape function for the six noded triangular elements.

Fig. A six noded triangular element

Consider a six-noded triangular element is shown in figure. It belongs to the serendipity family of
elements. It consists of six nodes, which are located on the boundary.
We know that, shape function N1=1 at node 1 and 0 at all other nodes. The natural coordinates of the
nodes are indicated in the figure. By following our earlier procedure, the shape functions can be obtained as,
At node 1: (Coordinates L1 =1, L2 =0, L3 =0)
Shape function N1=1 at node 1
N1=0 at all other nodes,

1
N1 has to be in the form of N1 = C L1 (L1 - ); where C is constant.
2
1
Substitute L1= 1 and N1 =1 N1 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation

1
N1 = 2 L1 (L1 - )
2
N1 = L1 (2L1 -1)

At node 2: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 =1, L3 =0)

Shape function N2=1 at node 2
N2=0 at all other nodes,
1
N2 has to be in the form of N2 = C L2 (L2 - ); where C is constant.
2
1
Substitute L2= 1 and N2 =1 N2 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation
1
N2= 2 L2 (L2 - )
2
N2 = L2 (2L2 -1)

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

At node 3: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 =0, L3 =1)
Shape function N3=1 at node 3
N3=0 at all other nodes,

1
N3 has to be in the form of N3 = C L3 (L3 - ); where C is constant.
2
1
Substitute L3= 1 and N3 =1 N3 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation

1
N3= 2 L3 (L3 - )
2
N3 = L3 (2L3 -1)
Now, we define N4, N5 and N6 at the mid-points.
1 1
At node 4: (Coordinates L1 = , L2 = , L3 =0)
2 2
Shape function N4=1 at node 4
N4=0 at all other nodes,
N4 has to be in the form of N4 = C L1L2; where C is constant.

1 1 1 1
Substitute L4= and L2 = N4 = C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N4 = 4L1 L2
1 1
At node 5: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 = , L3 = )
2 2
Shape function N5=1 at node 5
N5=0 at all other nodes,
N5 has to be in the form of N5 = C L2L3; where C is constant.

1 1 1 1
Substitute L2= and L3 = N5= C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N5 = 4L2 L3
1 1
At node 6: (Coordinates L1 = , L2 =0, L3 = )
2 2
Shape function N6 =1 at node 6
N6=0 at all other nodes,

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

N6 has to be in the form of N6 = C L1L3; where C is constant.

1 1 1 1
Substitute L1= and L3 = N6= C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N6 = 4L1 L3
Shape functions are,

N1 = L1 (2L1 -1)
N2 = L2 (2L2 -1)
N3 = L3 (2L3 -1)
N4 = 4L1 L2
N5 = 4L2 L3
N6 = 4L1 L3

6. Derive the Shape function for the Constant Strain Triangular element (CST).

We begin this section with the development of the shape function for a basic two dimensional
finite element, called constant stain triangular element (CST).

We consider the CST element because its derivation is the simplest among the available two
dimensional elements.

Fig. Three noded CST elements.

Consider a typical CST element with nodes 1, 2 and 3 as shown in fig. let the nodal
displacements to be u1, u2, u3, v1, v2, v3.

 u1 
u 
 2
u3 
Displacement u   
 v1 
 v2 
 
 v3 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 Since the CST element has gat two degrees of freedom at each node (u, v), the total degree of
freedom are 6. Hence it has 6 generalised coordinates.

Let, u  a1  a2 x  a3 y … (3.1)

v  a 4  a5 x  a 6 y … (3.2)

Where a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, and a6 are globalised coordinates

 u1  a1  a2 x1  a3 y1
u 2  a1  a2 x2  a3 y 2
u3  a1  a2 x3  a3 y3

Write the above equations in matrix form,

u1  1 x1 y1   a1 
    
u 2   1 x 2 y 2  a 2 
u  1 x y 3  a3 
 3  3

1
 a1  1 x1 y1  u1 
    
a 2   1 x 2 y 2  u 2  … (3.3)
a  1 x y 3  u 
 3  3  3

1 x1 y1 

Let D = 1 x 2 y 2 

1 x3 y 3 

CT
We know, D-1 = … (3.4)
D

Find the co-factor of matrix D.

x2 y2
C11 =   ( x 2 y 3  x3 y 2 )
x3 y3

1 y2
C12 =   ( y 3  y 2 )  y 2  y 3
1 y3

1 x2
C13 =   ( x3  x 2 )
1 x3

x1 y1
C21 =   ( x1 y3  x3 y1 )  x3 y1  x1 y3
x3 y3

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 1 y1
C22 =   ( y3  y1 )
1 y3

1 x1
C23 =   ( x3  x1 )  x1  x3
1 x3

x1 y1
C31 =   x1 y 2  x2 y1
x2 y2

1 y1
C32 =   ( y 2  y1 )  y1  y 2
1 y2

1 x1
C33 =   ( x2  x1 )
1 x2

 x 2 y 3  x3 y 2   y 2  y 3   x3  x 2 
x3 y1  x1 y3   y3  y1  x1  x3 
C= x1 y 2  x2 y1   y1  y 2  x2  x1 
x2 y3  x3 y 2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y 2  x2 y1 
  y 2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y 2 
C =  x3  x 2 
T
x1  x3  x2  x1  …(3.5)

1 x1 y1
We know that, D= 1 x 2 y2
1 x3 y3

D = 1 ( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
…(3.6)

Substitute CT and D value in equation (3.4)

x2 y3  x3 y 2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y2  x2 y1 

1
  y 2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y2 
( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
D-1 =  x3  x 2  x1  x3  x2  x1 
Substitute D-1 value in equation (3.3)

1
 a1  1 x1 y1  u1 
    
a 2   1 x 2 y 2  u 2 
a  1 x y 3  u 
 3  3  3

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

 a1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y2  x2 y1  u1 
 
 2 =
a 1
  y2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y2   u2 
 a  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2  x3  x2  x1  x3  x2  x1  u3  ..(3.7)
 3

The area of the triangle can be expressed as a function of the x,y coordinate of the nodes 1,2 and 3.

1 x1 y1 
1
1 x2 y 2 
2
A= 1 x3 y 3 

( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
1
A
2

2 A  ( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
... (3.8)

Substitute 2A value in equation (3.7),

 a1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y2  x2 y1  u1 

  1
a 2  =  y 2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y2   u2 
 
  a3 
2A
x3  x2  x1  x3  x2  x1  u  ...(3.9)
 3
 a1   p1  p 2  p3 u1 
 
a 2  =
1
q1 q 2 q3  u 2 
 
  a3 
2A
r1 r 2 r 3 u3 

p1  x2 y3  x3 y2  p 2  x3 y1  x1 y3  p3  x1 y2  x2 y1 

q1   y2  y3  q 2   y3  y1  q3   y1  y2 
Where, r1  x3  x2  r 2  x1  x3  r 3  x2  x1 

From eq (3.1) we know that

 a1
 
u= 1 x y a 2
 a3
 

 a1 
 
Sub a 2 values from Eq (3.10)
 a3
 

 p1  p 2  p3 u1 

u= 1 x y 
1
q1 q 2 q3  u 2 
2A
r1 r 2 r 3 u3 

Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT

  p1  p2  p3 u1 
 
 1 x y  q1 q 2 q3  u 2 
1
2A
r1 r 2 r 3 u3 

 u! 
 
1
 p1  q1 x  r1 y p2  q2 x  r2 y p3  q3 x  r3 y  u2 
2A u 
 3

 u! 
 p1  q1 x  r1 y p2  q2 x  r2 y p3  q3 x  r3 y   
  u2 
u=

 2A 2A 2A   
u3 

The above equation is in the form of

 u1 
 
u = N1 N2 N 3 u 2 
u 
u=  3 … (3.11)

 v1 
 
V = N1 N2 N 3 v2 
v 
Similarly,  3 … (3.12)

p1  q1 x  r1 y
Where shape function , N1=
2A
p1  q1 x  r1 y
N2=
2A
p3  q3 x  r3 y
N3=
2A

Assembling the equations (3.11) and (3.12) in matrix form

u1 
v 
 1
u ( x, y )   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0  u  
    2
 v ( x, y )   0 N1 0 N2 N3 0   v2 
Displacement matrix u = u3 
… (313)
 

 v3 


Kalidass R / AP / Aero / GSBT