Electrical Machines Lec 3

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Electrical Machines

EE-260

Instructor: Dr Alina Mirza

Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals


National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
Transformer
 A transformer is a device that transforms ac electric power
at one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage
level through the action of a magnetic field.
 There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
 It involves interchange of electric energy between two or
more electric systems
 Transformers provide much needed capability of changing
the voltage and current levels easily.
 They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate voltage
level for power transfer.
 Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for
distribution and power utilization.
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Transformer Action
Faraday’s law:
If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turn of wire, which is directly proportional to the
rate of change of flux w.r.t. time.

d
eind  
dt
d
eind  N
dt

By Lenz’ law, the induced voltage opposes the change that


causes it; thus a minus sign is included in the equation
Lenz’s Law
”The direction of voltage build up in a coil is such that if the coil
ends were short circuited, it would produce current that would
cause a flux opposing the original change”.

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Flux Linkage in a Coil
It is assumed that the same flux is present in each turn of the coil which is
practically not true  due to flux leakage
The magnitude of the voltage in ith turn of
coil is give by: d (i )
eind  
dt
For N-Turns
N N di 
eind  e   
i 1 i i 1  dt 

eind 
d
 N

dt i 1 i  Thus the induced voltage can be
d N expressed in terms of Flux Linkage
eind     i as well.
dt i 1

ø is the flux, and λ is the flux Linkage


expressed in wb.
Primary and Secondary Windings

A two-winding transformer consists of two windings interlinked by a mutual


magnetic field.
 Primary winding – energized by connecting it to an input source
 Secondary winding – winding to which an electrical load is connected and from
which output energy is drawn.

Primary winding Secondary winding

In Physical transformers primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on top of the
Other with low voltage winding innermost.
• Insulating the high voltage winding from the core
• Smaller leakage flux
Transformer Classification

 In terms of number of windings


 Conventional transformer: two windings
 Autotransformer: one winding
 Others: more than two windings

 In terms of number of phases


 Single-phase transformer
 Three-phase transformer

 Depending on the voltage level at which the winding is operated


 Step-up transformer: primary winding is a low voltage (LV)
winding
 Step-down transformer : primary winding is a high voltage (HV)
winding
Ideal Transformers
• An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input winding and an
output winding. It has the following properties:
 No iron and copper losses
 No leakage fluxes
 A core of infinite magnetic permeability
 Flux is confined to the core and winding resistances are negligible
Ideal Transformers

An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input winding


and an output winding.

M

The relationships between the input voltage and the output


voltage, and between the input current and the output current,
are given by the following equations.
v p t  is t  N p
  a
v s t  i p t  N s

a is called the turn ratio of the transformer


Ideal Transformers

v p t  i s t  N p
  a
v s t  i p t  N s

In terms of phasor quantities


𝐕p 𝐈s
= =𝑎
𝐕𝐬 𝐈p

Np: Number of turns on the primary winding


Ns: Number of turns on the secondary winding
vp(t): voltage applied to the primary side
vs(t): voltage at the secondary side
a: turns ratio
ip(t): current flowing into the primary side
is(t): current flowing into the secondary side
Power in an Ideal Transformer

Real power P supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit


Pin  V p I p cos p
 p  s  
Real power coming out of the secondary circuit

 Vp 
Pout  Vs I s cos s   aI p cos
 a 
 V p I p cos  Pin
Where p is the angle between primary current and voltage

Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer

Impedance of the load: Is


Ip
Zs = Vs/Is
Vp Vs Zs

The impedance of the primary circuit:

Zp = Vp/Ip
= (aVs)/(Is /a) Ip Is
Zp
= a2 (Vs / Is )
Vp Vs
= a2 Zs

With a transformer, it is possible to match the magnitude of a load


impedance to a source impedance simply by picking the proper turns ratio.
Example-IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Example: A single phase power system consists of a 480 V, 50 Hz
generator supplying a load Zload=4+j3 Ω through a transmission
line of impedance: Zline=0.18+j0.24 Ω .
• what is the voltage at load?
• What is the transmission losses?
Line Losses

Vload?
Line losses are:
Ploss=I2lineRline

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