LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION 2.

Message: This refers to the

PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND information that the sender is relaying to
the receiver.
ETHICS 3. Channel of communication: This
is the transmission or method of delivering
Communication is the dynamic the message.
process of exchanging information, ideas, 4. Decoding: This is the
thoughts, and feelings between individuals interpretation of the message. Decoding is
or groups. It involves both verbal and non- performed by the receiver.
verbal elements, including words, 5. Receiver: The receiver is the
gestures, facial expressions, and body person who is getting or receiving the
language. Effective communication is message.
essential for understanding and being 6. Feedback: In some instances,
understood, fostering connections, and the receiver might have feedback or a
building relationships. response for the sender. This starts an
interaction.
Communication process

The communication process Principles Of Communication

refers to a series of actions or steps taken
in order to successfully communicate. It The principles of communication
involves several components such as the are a set of guidelines that help ensure
sender of the communication, the actual effective and meaningful communication
message being sent, the encoding of the between individuals. Here are some key
message, the receiver and the decoding principles:
of the message. There are also various
channels of communication to consider 1. Clarity: Communication should
within the communication process. This be clear and easy to understand. Use
refers to the way a message is sent. This simple and concise language, avoid
can be through various mediums such as jargon or technical terms that the other
voice, audio, video, writing email, fax or person may not be familiar with.
body language. The overall goal of the 2. Conciseness: Be concise and to
communication process is to present an the point. Avoid unnecessary details or
individual or party with information and lengthy explanations that can confuse the
have them understand it. The sender must message.
choose the most appropriate medium in 3. Listening: Effective
order for the communication process to communication involves active listening.
have worked successfully. Pay attention to the speaker, show
interest, and avoid interrupting. This helps
in understanding the message and
Parts of the Communication responding appropriately.
Process 4. Non-verbal communication:
Non-verbal cues like facial expressions,
The communication process has body language, and tone of voice can
several components that enable the convey a lot of information. Pay attention
transmission of a message. Here are the to these cues and use them effectively to
various parts: enhance your communication.
5. Feedback: Feedback is
essential for effective communication. It
1. Sender: This is the person that helps ensure that the message has been
is delivering a message to a recipient.
understood correctly. Encourage the other individual is linked to the good of the
person to provide feedback and clarify any community and that community members
misunderstandings. are bound by the pursuit of common
6. Empathy: Show empathy and values and goals.
understanding towards the other person's
perspective. This helps in building trust
and fostering a positive communication "How to be an Ethical
environment. Communicator"
7. Respect: Respect the other
person's opinions and ideas, even if you To make best decision in
disagree. Avoid using disrespectful or communication, we must communicate
offensive language that can hinder ethically. Johannessen formulate a list of
effective communication. rules to be applied in the different
communication situations in which we find
ourselves would be a futile endeavor.
Ethics of Communication

Ethics is analyzing what is right 1. Ethical Communicators are

and wrong, and what is good and Respectful of Their Audience
bad. Communication is a process of - Communication is a two-way
sending and receiving messages. process it implies a party other than
Therefore, Ethics of Communication ourselves and attempt to influence that
refers on how one's behavior is governed person. This principle means that
by one's moral and how this in turn affects audience analysis is an important part of
the way we communicate. When we are communication. We cannot respond
involved in ethical decision-making, we appropriately if we are ignorant of the
are free to choose but we can also people with whom we communicate.
consider that our choices should be well
versed by ethics.

Four Approaches of Ethical 2. Ethical Communicators

Decision-Making Consider their Consequences of their
Communications
- Our communication endeavors
1. Utilitarian Ethics - a substantive are never isolated one from the other.
(firm basis in reality) ethical system which How we respond at school influences how
focuses mainly on the outcomes of ethical we respond at home and that in turn
decisions. Focuses on the consequences affects how we respond in our public lives.
of one's choice of words. Having considered the natures of our
2. Moral Duty - morality of actions audiences, we need to consider further
not on what outcomes we gain for the effect of our communication on them
ourselves, but also on the law and duty and upon ourselves.
that governs it.
3. Virtue Ethics - emphasizes an
individual's virtue of mind, character, and 3. Ethical Communicators
sense of honesty, rather than the rules or Respect Truth
consequences. - We can't effectively determine
4. Common Good Approach - how to respond if we can't trust the other
regards all individuals as a part of a larger side. Our communication becomes
community and that the own good of each increasingly unproductive if we are unable
to appropriately judge how to respond. To communicate effectively, one should
Respect truth because honesty is an develop not only skills, but also a sense of
essential part of having a close empathy with others.
relationship towards a certain person or a
group. If you cannot trust or the other II. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION IN RELATION
party cannot trust you then the
TO GLOBALIZATION?
communication becomes ineffective.
Communication is the lifeblood of any
Remember, effective organization and globalization poses new
communication is a two-way process that challenges to communication in any
requires active participation from both organization. One immediate effect is the
parties. By following these principles, increase in intercultural communication.
processes, and ethics, we can improve Communication in the21st century is
our communication skills and build better
increasingly transnational and intercultural.
relationships.
Consequently, effective global communication
proves to be a challenge to many people since
cultural diversity increases the possibility of
LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION AND miscommunication.
GLOBALIZATION
Another important consequence of
I. DEFINE GLOBALIZATION AND
globalization is the rise of World Englishers
COMMUNICATION
where each country boasts of its own variety
Globalization is an integration of English. Experts claim that the Englishers
between two or more countries; it may be are different in relation to word use,
economically, socially, politically, and pronunciation, accent, and grammar. As such,
culturally. the challenges to intercultural communication
Globalization has widely increased the do not only include problems in slang or
availability of information for people idiomatic expressions which non-native
across the world. By the use of internet speakers usually find problematic, but also
and advanced mobile services, people are grammatical and pronunciation variations and
able to discuss business plans and other verbal as well as non-verbal facets of
proposals on an international level as well language.
as exchange private data securely.
Communication has a symbolic nature III. IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
and is an act of sharing one's ideas, COMMUNICATION
emotions, attitudes, or perceptions with 1. Virtual Interaction
another person or group of persons
Communicating via online setting to other
through words (written or spoken),
people that does not necessarily required in
gestures, signals, signs, or other modes of
face-to-face interactions.
transmitting images.
Global communication have also 2. Cultural Awareness in Speech
contributed to the enlightenment and Two people are speaking the same language,
development of the globalization process cultural differences can affect vocabulary,
in a number of states. colloquial expressions, voice tone and taboo
topics.
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language
To understand acceptable speaking distances,
conflict styles, eye contact and posture in
different cultures, accepting that the physical
expressions of their own culture are not IN A NUTSHELL
universally accepted. The influence of globalization in recent
4. Time Differences decades has impacted the types of
The need to communicate and share communication skills needed in various ways.
information with people across several time Today, we need to understand the dynamics
zones. When people collaborate with others of long-distance collaboration, the impact of
on the other side of the globe, their culture on manners of speaking and body
counterparts are usually at home asleep while language, and how we use technology to
they themselves are at work. communicate with people on the other side
of the globe.
IV. IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Availability of Information LESSON 3: Local and Global
The view that with the spread of businesses Communication in Multicultural
delivering internet, satellite tv and mobile Settings
services, the costs of such information
technologies dropped. The decreased price Local and Global Communication in
makes it easier for people across the world to Multicultural Settings
make use of the World Wide Web and the It is indeed a challenge to communicate to a
resources available. person with cultural diversity because a
2. Business Conduct context may differ depending on the person’s
Long distance travels are no longer necessary perception of word meaning in relation to
for business people as they require a meeting their culture. The culture shapes so much of
with a business partner overseas. Internet the way a person interacts with each other,
technology makes it possible to exchange and then when you think about language
business information and conduct video barriers and vocabulary used by different
conferences. generations, it is easy to see where
3. Social Awareness miscommunication can happen
Information technology and networks enable
them to share opinions, views, work on Barriers to Local and Global Communication
projects and research different areas. These in Multicultural Setting
are among the main reasons why the process Some of the barriers to effective
of globalization is creating a sense of a global communication are language, medium of
society. communication, personality and culture.
4. The Problem Culture became a barrier to an effective
Despite its quick spread and continuous communication when a person has
development, global communication has not
reached the majority of people on all
continents. It is at least 70% of all people in
Africa will never make a single phone call or
use internet.
different language bearing, and they have There are different language registers for
different interpretation to such words. different types of writing that everyone uses,
just as the language everyone spoken.
Communication depends on how you
communicate with different
people.
Example:
To your brother: What's up? Good thing you
came to visit!
Example of which is the “ok sign” done by To the President: Good morning, Mr.
everyone. President. Thank you for visiting.
Formal Language Register
One gesture has a lot of interpretation. In US, In academic writing, formal writing is
the ok sign means “ok”, while in Brazil it means an required but said to be the most difficult
insult when you do the “ok sign”. The picture because it uses formal language and formal
above clearly states the different meaning of a
structures of grammar. Common examples
hand gesture. It goes to show that when the
are essays, business letters and reports
culture is different from someone else,
misunderstanding will likely to occur. The best among others.
way to avoid such things is to learn other‘s culture Informal Language Register
and to set an awareness as to how one will react This is written in a manner of talking to a
and behave when such situation arise. closest someone such as friends and family.
It is also relevant to know and understand the We used informal language in this type of
importance of verbal and non-verbal writing because it shows how we know them
communication and how it takes place to very well.
multicultural setting. It is advised to know and Informal writing includes:
learn the culture beforehand to avoid  Personal e-mails
misconception. Upon learning the culture, expect
 Phone texts
differences. A person with different culture from
 Short notes
you has different language or may speak at
different volumes, less or direct in showing  Friendly letters
emotion or may or may not engage in small talks.  Most blogs
Be wary of how you deliver your words or show  Diaries and journals
your gesture because it may lead to a lot of  Neutral Language Register
misconception. It is important to use formal In neutral writing, it does not necessarily
words in order to not offend others despite of formal or informal, and it is incorporated with
cultural differences. This is the best way to non emotional topics. It is not positive or
deal in multicultural setting locally and globally. negative but also delivers facts.
Examples:
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and  Reviews
Written Language  Articles
Registers are the style of language spoken and
 Some letters
writing that is appropriate for a certain situation.
 Some essays
It could be formal, informal or neutral.
In writing discipline, the language registers
 Technical writing
determines the vocabulary, structure, and some
grammar in writing.
In one prominent model, Martin Joos (1961) conveys meaning. Think about the texts that
describes five styles in spoken you use in your language classroom: What's in
English: the textbook? What do you read in class or
Frozen: Also referred to as static register. even at home? How do you describe the
Printed unchanging language, such classroom, its design? Why do you think the
as Biblical quotations, often contains chairs are placed facing the tables? Those
archaisms. Examples are the Pledge of questions, with its finite answer would tell
Allegiance of the United States of America you that there are texts that are reflection of
and other "static" vocalizations. The wording one's own culture.
is exactly the same every time it is
spoken. CULTURAL TEXTS
Formal One-way participation; no Cultural texts are those objects, actions,
interruption; technical vocabulary or exact and behaviors that reveals cultural meaning.
definitions are important: includes A photo is an image, but is also a cultural text,
presentations or introductions between a picture with cultural information beyond
strangers. just the picture itself. Food, house and
Consultative: Two-way participation; clothing also suggest information regarding
background information is provided – prior culture and it does not stop there. The entire
knowledge is not assumed. "Back-channel space and place, including the people and
behavior" such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is their interaction, all the rituals and rules and
common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples its various forms in which they manifest
include teacher/student, doctor/patient, themselves, are "readable" texts. Although,
expert/apprentice, etc. not every text has a particular cultural
Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances; relevance.
no background information provided; ellipsis Identification of cultural text is
and slang common; interruptions common. somewhat easy. When you look around the
This is common among friends in a social classroom or the place you are right now and
setting. see the people or things around you, those
Intimate: Non-public; intonation more you see are cultural text. Even the spaces that
important than wording or grammar; private may or may not void to people are considered
vocabulary. to be cultural text, the arrangement and
Also includes non-verbal messages. This is demographic shows how space is used. What
most common among family members and is in the space and what happens to the space
close friends. is all cultural text or an image that are
available for analysis. In other words, the
LESSON 4: EVALUATING MESSAGES AND space and objects within it are "readable"
IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS cultural texts. The purpose, needs, values and
REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES even the beliefs of the people who occupy it
had something to say about it.
INTRODUCTION Returning to the instance of classroom,
consider the following questions:
A "text" isn't limited to something •Why do you know where to sit and
written down. A text can be a film, an artifact, what it means to sit in front, middle or back
anything in a language and culture that of the classroom?
 •How was the room decorated? Can you
give conclusion why? INSTRUCTIVE TEXTS
An instructive text is written to instruct
As you consider the questions, you someone to do something, or relating to
would know that those images, designs, procedures to be done. The tone of words is
reasons and beliefs are there, and they are commanding and may use formal and direct
arranged that way because its cultural words. Extra words are not needed especially
background says otherwise. the use of adjectives.

UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFORMATIVE TEXTS

TEXTS An informative text informs using words
As mentioned a while ago, a text can of fact and step by step procedures. Common
come from any form and be any kind of example of it is the announcement posted in
writing. It can be letters, adverts, user-guides, the bulletin board, or news broadcast in the
emails, post cards, notes and magazine television.
articles. But then, a text is not limited to
something written down. It can be a film, DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS
artifact, or anything in a language and culture The role of descriptive text is to describe
that conveys meaning. a person, things or an event by using
adjectives or adverbs to clearly emphasize the
Understanding what kind of text helps to description process. The writer, upon writing
understand the purpose why it was written. the text clearly wanted the reader to imagine
For example: what is like and how is like by using describing
• An advert is written to in order to influence words that appeals to the five senses of
someone to buy, therefore it is made to humans.
persuade.
• A user-guide consists of instruction of how
to make things run, or how to cook food for
instance. It is write to give instructions.
•A formal (business) letter is sometimes
written to inform about something.
• A personal letter can also be written to
someone describing a holiday vacation.

PERSUASIVE TEXTS
A persuasive text encourages you to do
or want something. In writing such, take note
that you may use of proper capitalization,
proper punctuation marks and may also use
repeated words or questions to catch
attention. Adjectives must be used as often as
possible so that it may sound attractive. One
sided arguments help to make the text
credible.