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Lab No 10

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Ameer Hamza
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17 views

Lab No 10

Uploaded by

Ameer Hamza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No. 10
Objective: Demonstrate frequency response of passive low pass and high pass RL filter
on hardware and software.
Demonstrate voltage gain in dB and phase response against frequency.
By using various combinations of resistances, capacitors and inductors we can make circuits that
have the property of passing or rejecting either low or high frequencies or bands of frequencies.
These frequency selective networks which alter the magnitude and phase characteristics of the
input ac signal are called filters. So we can say that filter is an AC circuit that separates some
frequencies from others within mixed frequency signals. In the previous lab we implemented
low pass and high pass RC filters. In this lab we have to implement RL low pass and high pass
filters.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW PASS FILTER:

As we know that a low pass filter allows signals with lower frequencies to pass from input to
output while rejecting higher frequencies. So in order to implement low pass RL filter the
output voltage has to be taken across resistor. When the input is DC (0Hz) the output voltage is
ideally equal to input voltage because XL is a short circuit. As the input frequency is increases XL
increases and as a result VOUT gradually decreases and it
becomes 0.707VIN at critical frequency.
The critical frequency, fc, of the filter is

The magnitude of the output voltage is:


) |Vin|

Phase Shift in a Low-Pass Filter


The RL low pass filter act as a Lag network. At critical frequency when XL=R phase between
output and input is -45o. The phase difference from input to output varies from 0 o to -90o
as the frequency is increased.

FIGURE: Gain and Phase characteristic of a Low-pass filter


The phase shift from input to output is expressed as:

Equipment and Components required:


• Oscilloscope
• Signal Generator
• Inductor
• Resistor
Circuit to be patched on breadboard:

Laboratory Tasks:

1. Apply a 5 Vrms, 50 Hz signal as input to the network of LPF and measure


the corresponding output voltage level. Determine the decibel gain of the filter. G (dB) =
201og [Vo/Vin]
2. Write down the formula for the Cut-off Frequency and phase difference between
output voltage and input voltage for RL low pass filter.
3. Determine the phase difference between Vo and Vin in degrees .
4. Repeat step 1 and 3 for frequencies lesser than the critical frequency, one at critical
frequency and at frequencies greater than the critical frequency.
Observations & Calculations:

Cutoff Frequency: fc = ______________

No. Input Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage Vo/ Vin db = 20 log Phase angle ϕ
f (Hz) Vin (volts) Vo (volts) (Vo/Vin)
IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH PASS FILTER:

High Pass Filter: A high pass filter allows signals with higher frequencies to pass from input
to output while rejecting lower frequencies. The RL version of the high-pass filter uses a
series resistor and a shunt inductor to accomplish its purpose. At high frequencies, X L is
large, so the inductor is nearly an open circuit for such signals. At low frequencies, X L is very
small, and effectively connects those signals directly to ground. As before, the cutoff
frequency occurs where R = XL, so that L is just beginning to have a significant effect on the
signal. The magnitude of the output voltage is:
) |Vin|
Phase Shift in a High-Pass Filter
Both the RC and the RL high-pass filters act as lead networks. The phase shift from input to
output in a RL high-pass filter is expressed as:

The phase shift from input to output for the RL high pass filter is shown in the figure:

FIGURE: Gain and Phase characteristic of a high-pass filter.

Circuit to be patched on breadboard:


Observations & Calculations:

Cutoff Frequency: fc = _____________

No. Input Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage Vo/ Vin db = 20 log Phase angle ϕ
f (Hz) Vin (volts) Vo (volts) (Vo/Vin)

Tasks:
1. Plot the graph between gain in dB against frequency and Phase angle against frequency
for low pass filter and high pass filter (use graph paper).

2. Write down applications of lowpass and high pass RL filter.


Conclusion

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