Z - Transform

Introduction
• The Z-transform plays the same role in the analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI systems
as the Laplace transform does in the continuous-time signals and LTI systems.

• It offers the techniques for digital filter design and frequency analysis of digital signals.

Definition of z-transform:
The z-transform of the discrete-time 𝒙[𝒏] is given by: ∞
Z 𝑋 𝑧 = ෍ 𝑥[𝑛] ∙ 𝑧 −𝑛 Where z is
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋 𝑧 a complex variable
𝑛=−∞

For a causal sequence:

𝑥 𝑛 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0

All the values of z that make the summation to exist form a region of convergence (ROC) .
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 Example 1
Problem:
Given the sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛), find the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛
Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform:

ROC: Region of Convergence

(values of z for the convergence)
we know,

Therefore, When,

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 Example 2
Problem:
Consider the exponential sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛), find the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛 .

Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform

Since this is a geometric series Therefore,

Region of
Convergence
that will converge for,

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 Example 3
Problem:
Find the z-transform for each of the following sequences:
a. b.
Solution:
a. From line 9 in the Table:

b. From line 14 in the Table:

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 Z-Transform Properties (1)

Linearity:
𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2(𝑛) denote the sampled sequences, a and b are the arbitrary constants.

Example 4
Problem:
Find the z-transform of
Solution:
Applying the linearity of the z-transform

Line 3
Using z-transform Table Therefore, we get,
Line 6

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 Z-Transform Properties (2)
Z-Transform
Shift Theorem: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋 𝑧

Verification:

Since 𝑥(𝑛) is assumed to be causal:

Then we achieve,

Factoring 𝑧 −𝑚 from Equation we get,

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 Example 5
Problem:
Determine the z-transform of

Solution:
Using shift theorem,

Using z-transform table, line 6:

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 Z-Transform Properties (3)
Convolution

In time domain, eq.(1)

In Z-transform domain,
Verification: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞. (1)

Taking the z-transform of eq.(1)

𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑧 −𝑘 𝑧 −(𝑛−𝑘)

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 Example 6
Problem:
Given the sequences, Find the z-transform
of the convolution.
Solution:
Applying the z-transform of the two sequences,
𝑍[𝑥1 𝑛 ]

𝑍[𝑥2 𝑛 ]

Therefore we get,

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 Inverse z-Transform: Examples
The inverse z-transform for the function 𝑋(𝑧) is defined as:

Example 7 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution We get,
Using table,

Example 8 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution We get,

Using table,

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 Inverse z-Transform: Examples
Example 9 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution Since, From line 9 in the Table

By coefficient matching,

Therefore,

Example 10 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution

Using Table
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Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction

𝑘 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 1

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 Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem: Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution: First eliminate the negative power of z.

Example 11

Dividing both sides by z,

Finding the
constants:
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑧

Therefore, inverse z-transform is:

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 Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem: Find 𝑦 𝑛 if Example 12

Solution:
Dividing Y(z) by z,

Applying the partial fraction expansion,

We first find B:

Next find A:

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 Example 12 –contd.
Using the polar form,

Now we have:

Therefore, the inverse z-transform is:

from Line 15 in Table

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 Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem: Find 𝑥 𝑛 if
Example 13

Solution:
Dividing both sides by z:

Where,
Using the formulas for mth-order,

m=2, p=0.5

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 Example 13 –contd.

Then,

From Table,

Finally we get,
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 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of Example 14

Solution:
(𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑧 −2)
The denominator polynomial
[𝑐0 𝑐1 𝑐2]
can be found using MATLAB:

Therefore,

and
MATLAB performs the
partial fraction expansion

The solution is:

residues
poles direct term 18
 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of Example 15
Solution:

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 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of Example 16
Solution:

Then

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 Difference Equation Using Z-Transform
• The procedure to solve difference equation using Z-Transform:

1. Apply the z-transform to the difference equation.

2. Substitute the initial conditions.

3. Solve for the difference equation in the z-transform domain.

4. Find the solution in the time domain by applying the inverse z-transform.

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 Example 17
Problem: Solve the difference equation when the initial condition is 𝑦 −1 = 1.

Solution:
We have

Taking z-transform on both sides:

Substituting the initial condition and z-transform on right hand side using Table:

Arranging Y(z) on left hand side:

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 Example 17 –contd.
Solving for A and B:

Therefore,

Taking inverse z-transform, we get the solution:

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Problem: Example 18
A DSP system is described by the following differential equation with zero initial condition:

a. Determine the impulse response 𝑦(𝑛) due to the impulse sequence 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝛿(𝑛).
b. Determine the system response 𝑦(𝑛) due to the unit step function excitation, where
𝑢 𝑛 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0

Solution:
a. Applying the z-transform on both sides:

Applying On right side

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 Example 18 –contd.
We multiply the numerator and denominator by z 2

Using the partial fraction expansion

Solving for A and B:

Therefore,

Hence the impulse response:

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 Example 18 –contd.

b. The input is step unit function:

Corresponding z-transform:

Notice that
Then the z-transform of the output sequence 𝑦(𝑛),

Using the partial fraction expansion

and the system response is found by using Table:

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