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S Osi Model

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22 views4 pages

S Osi Model

Uploaded by

krishnaguptamdz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The OSI Reference Model:

The Physical Layer:


The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication
channel. The design issues have to do with making sure that when one side sends a
1 bit, it is received by the other side as a 1 bit, not as a 0 bit.
The Data Link Layer:
The main task of the data link layer is to transform a raw transmission facility into
a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer. It
accomplishes this task by having the sender break up the input data into data
frames (typically a few hundred or a few thousand bytes) and transmits the frames
sequentially. If the service is reliable, the receiver confirms correct receipt of each
frame by sending back an acknowledgement frame.
Another issue that arises in the data link layer (and most of the higher layers as
well) is how to keep a fast transmitter from drowning a slow receiver in data. Some
traffic regulation mechanism is often needed to let the transmitter know how much
buffer space the receiver has at the moment. Frequently, this flow regulation and
the error handling are integrated.
The Network Layer:
The network layer controls the operation of the subnet. A key design issue is
determining how packets are routed from source to destination. Routes can be
based on static tables that are ''wired into'' the network and rarely changed. They
can also be determined at the start of each conversation, for example, a terminal
session (e.g., a login to a remote machine). Finally, they can be highly dynamic,
being determined anew for each packet, to reflect the current network load.

If too many packets are present in the subnet at the same time, they will get in one
another's way, forming bottlenecks. The control of such congestion also belongs to
the network layer. More generally, the quality of service provided (delay, transit
time, jitter, etc.) is also a network layer issue.
When a packet has to travel from one network to another to get to its destination,
many problems can arise. The addressing used by the second network may be
different from the first one. The second one may not accept the packet at all
because it is too large. The protocols may differ, and so on. It is up to the network
layer to overcome all these problems to allow heterogeneous networks to be
interconnected. In broadcast networks, the routing problem is simple, so the
network layer is often thin or even nonexistent.
The Transport Layer:
The basic function of the transport layer is to accept data from above, split it up
into smaller units if need be, pass these to the network layer, and ensure that the
pieces all arrive correctly at the other end. Furthermore, all this must be done
efficiently and in a way that isolates the upper layers from the inevitable changes
in the hardware technology. The transport layer also determines what type of
service to provide to the session layer, and, ultimately, to the users of the network.
The most popular type of transport connection is an error-free point-to-point
channel that delivers messages or bytes in the order in which they were sent.
However, other possible kinds of transport service are the transporting of isolated
messages, with no guarantee about the order of delivery, and the broadcasting of
messages to multiple destinations. The type of service is determined when the
connection is established.
The transport layer is a true end-to-end layer, all the way from the source to the
destination. In other words, a program on the source machine carries on a
conversation with a similar program on the destination machine, using the message
headers and control messages. In the lower layers,
the protocols are between each machine and its immediate neighbours, and not
between the ultimate source and destination machines, which may be separated by
many routers.

The Session Layer:


The session layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions between
them. Sessions offer various services, including dialog control (keeping track of
whose turn it is to transmit), token management (preventing two parties from
attempting the same critical operation at the same time), and synchronization
(check pointing long transmissions to allow them to continue from where they
were after a crash).
The Presentation Layer:
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information transmitted. In order to make it possible for computers with different
data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be
defined in an abstract way, along with a standard encoding to be used ''on the wire.
''The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-
level data structures (e.g., banking records), to be defined and exchanged.
The Application Layer:
The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by
users. One widely-used application protocol is HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol), which is the basis for the World Wide Web. When a browser wants a
Web page, it sends the name of the page it wants to the server using HTTP. The
server then sends the page back. Other application protocols are used for file
transfer, electronic mail, and network news.

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