International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 2, Issue 9, pp: 561-564 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Evolution of Operating System

Hitesh Kumaar S1, Midhun Chakkaravarthy K2, Mohan Prasanth S3
Dr.M. Sujithra M.C.A, M.Phil., PhD, Dr.A.D. Chitra M.C.A, M.Phil.,
PhD,
1,2,3,4 M.Sc. Software Systems,Coimbatore Institute of TechnologyCoimbatore
Assistant Professor,Department of Data Science, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
Assistant Professor,Department of Software Systems,Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

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Date of Submission: 15-11-2020 Date of Acceptance: 30-11-2020
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ABSTRACT - The early computers of the late Increasingly these days, the operating
1940s had no operating system. Human operators system provides sophisticated networking
scheduled jobs for execution and supervised the use functionality, and is expected to be compatible with
of the computer‟s resources. Because these early a growing range of communication devices and
computers were very expensive, the main purpose other peripherals. In recent years, the
of an operating system in these early days was to implementation of an application programming
make the hardware as efficient as possible. Now, interface (API) has been a feature of most
computer hardware is relatively cheap by operating systems, making the process of writing
comparison with the cost of the personnel required application programs for those operating systems
to operate it, so the purpose of the operating system much easier, and creating a standardized
has evolved to encompass the task of making the application environment.
user as efficient as possible.
Keywords--Jobs,Batch,Spool. II. EVOLUTION OF OS
Need for evolution:Computer operating
I. INTRODUCTION systems provide a set of functions needed and used
An operating system functions in much by most application programs on a computer, and
the same way as other software. It is a collection of the links needed to control and synchronize
programs that are loaded into memory and computer hardware. On the first computers, with no
executed by the processor. When the computer is operating system, every program needed the full
powered down it exists only as a collection of files hardware specification to run correctly and perform
on a disk drive. The main difference is that, once it standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral
is running, it has a large measure of control over devices like printers and punched paper card
both the processor itself and other system readers. The growing complexity of hardware and
resources. In fact, the operating system only application programs eventually made operating
relinquishes control to allow other programs to systems a necessity for everyday use.
execute. An application program is frequently
given control of the processors for short periods of A. Open shop
time in order to carry out its allotted task, but Each user was allocated a block of time to
control always reverts to the operating system, load and run his/her program, which was input
which can then either use the processor itself or from punch cards. Debugging consisted of
allocate it to another program. inspecting the internal machine states and patching
The operating system, then, controls the them directly. Device drivers (device-specific
operation of the computer. This includes routines), functions, compilers, and assemblers had
determining which programs may use the processor to be explicitly loaded.
at any given time, managing system resources such
as working memory and secondary storage, and B. Operator-driven shop
controlling access to input and output devices. In The computer operator loaded the jobs and
addition to Controlling the system itself, the collected output. Users debugged programs by
operating must provide an interface between the inspecting a core dump, which was a hexadecimal
system and the user which allows the user to listing of the exact contents of memory. The
interact with the system in an optimal manner.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0209561564 | Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 561
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 2, Issue 9, pp: 561-564 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

operator could batch jobs or rearrange them D. Multiprogrammed batch systems

according to priority, run time, etc. Spool:simultaneous peripheral operations
on line: program and data cards were first read to
C. Serial Programming disk, input was thus available quickly when needed
Serial Processing: The Serial Processing since reading from the disk was much faster than
Operating Systems are those which Performs all the reading from cards; output was first copied to disk,
instructions into a Sequence Manner or the then printed from disk by a peripheral processor.
Instructions those are given by the user will Disks were used for intermediate storage: faster
be executed by using the FIFO Manner means First than tapes and allowed jobs to be processed in any
in First Out. All the Instructions those are Entered order. A nucleus (or kernel) contained routines to
First in the System will be Executed First and the manage processes (called jobs) and device
Instructions those are Entered Later Will be interrupts. Used interrupts to perform I/O (device
Executed Later. For Running the Instructions, the tells computer when it is finished a task). Device
Program Counter is used which is used for drivers included in the nucleus. A process (running
Executing all the Instructions. program) requested assistance from the kernel by
In this the Program Counter will making a service call = system call. A scheduler
determine which instruction is going to Execute sorted incoming jobs according to priority and
and the which instruction will be Execute after this. processor time needed. Still used a human operator
Mainly the Punch Cards are used for this. In this all to mount data tapes needed by jobs, make some
the Jobs are firstly Prepared and Stored on the policy decisions about which jobs to run, and to
Card and after that card will be entered in the restart the resident monitor if it failed or was
System and after that all the Instructions will be overwritten by a program.Could do multi
executed one by One. programming or multitasking: have more than one
Limitations:Serial processing strictly refers process somewhere between starting and finishing.
to „sequential‟. There aren‟t any overlaps of -Example: IBM OS/360
successive processing times on objects or distinct
subsystems. A standard type of serial system, each Advantages of multiprogramming systems:
object takes the same average amount of time to  CPU is used most of time and never become
process and the next object begins processing only idle
after the previous one is done. Hence, the CPU may  The system looks fast as all the tasks runs in
only work a single task at the time which severely parallel
limits the fluidity and responsiveness of a program  Short time jobs are completed faster than long
during heavy workloads. time jobs
 Multiprogramming systems support multiply
D. Simple Batch System users
A separate computer was used for I/O.  Resources are used nicely
Several programs were first loaded onto tape, and  Total read time taken to execute program/job
then the full tape was read into the main computer. decreases
Program output and dumps were written to tape,
 Response time is shorter
and then printed from the tape by the auxiliary
 In some applications multiple tasks are running
computer.In this type of system, there is no direct
and multiprogramming systems better handle
interaction between user and the computer.The user
these type of applications
has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a
computer operator. Then computer operator places
Disadvantages of multiprogramming systems:
a batch of several jobs on an input device. Jobs are
batched together by type of languages and  It is difficult to program a system because of
complicated schedule handling
requirement. Then a special program, the monitor,
manages the execution of each program in the  Tracking all tasks/processes is sometimes
batch. The monitor is always in the main memory difficult to handle
and available for execution.  Due to high load of tasks, long time jobs have
A small resident monitor program reset to wait long
the main computer after each job, interpreted some
simple command language, performed some simple
accounting, and did device-independent input and E.Interactivemultiprogramming (Timeshared sys
output. tem)

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0209561564 | Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 562
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 2, Issue 9, pp: 561-564 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Users interact with the computer directly through a  This type of operating system avoids
command language at a terminal. A command duplication of software.
interpreter defines interface. A session lasts  It reduces CPU idle time.
from logon to logoff. Text editors allow users to Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems
create programs, text files, and data files online are
instead of with cards or tape.  Time sharing has problem of reliability.
Time-Sharing Operating Systems is one of  Question of security and integrity of user
the important type of operating system. programs and data can be raised.
Time-sharing enables many people,  Problem of data communication occurs.
located at various terminals, to use a particular
computer system at the same time. Multitasking or F.Distributed computing
Time-Sharing Systems is a logical extension of It is one of the important type of operating
multiprogramming. Processor‟s time is shared system.Multiple central processors are used by
among multiple users simultaneously is termed as Distributed systems to serve multiple real-time
time-sharing. applications and multiple users. Accordingly, Data
The main difference between Time- processing jobs are distributed among the
Sharing Systems and Multiprogrammed Batch processors.
Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch Processors communicate with each other
systems, the objective is to maximize processor through various communication lines (like high-
use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the speed buses or telephone lines). These are known
objective is to minimize response time. as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
Multiple jobs are implemented by the Processors in this system may vary in size and
CPU by switching between them, but the switches function. They are referred as sites, nodes,
occur so frequently. So, the user can receive an computers, and so on.
immediate response. For an example, in a Following are the two types of distributed
transaction processing, the processor executes each operating systems used:
user program in a short burst or quantum of 1. Client-Server Systems
computation, i.e.; if n users are present, then each 2. Peer-to-Peer Systems
user can get a time quantum. Whenever the user Client-Server Systems
submits the command, the response time is in few Centralized systems today act as server systems to
seconds at most. satisfy requests generated by client systems.
An operating system uses CPU scheduling Server Systems can be broadly categorized
and multiprogramming to provide each user with a as: Compute Servers and File Servers.
small portion of a time. Computer systems which  Compute Server systems, provide an interface
were designed primarily as batch systems have to which clients can send requests to perform
been modified to time-sharing systems. an action, in response to which they execute
- Examples: CTSS, MULTICS, UNIX the action and send back results to the client.
 File Server systems, provide a file-system
Types of Multitasking Operating System: interface where clients can create, update, read,
Preemptive Multitasking - Preemptive
and delete files.
multitasking is special task that is assigned
Peer-to-Peer Systems
to computer operating system, in which it takes The growth of computer networks -
decision that how much time spent by one task especially the Internet and World Wide Web
before assigning other task for using the operating
(WWW) – has had a profound influence on the
system. Operating system has control for recent development of operating systems. When
completing this entire process, so it is known as
PCs were introduced in the 1970s, they were
“Preemptive”. designed for personal use and were generally
Cooperative Multitasking - Cooperative
considered standalone computers. With the
multitasking is known as “Non-Preemptive beginning of widespread public use of the Internet
Multitasking”. Main goal of Cooperative in the 1990s for electronic mail and FTP, many
multitasking is to run currently task, and to release PCs became connected to computer networks.
the CPU to allow another task run. This task is
In contrast to the Tightly
performed by calling taskYIELD().Context-switch Coupled systems, the computer networks used in
is executed when this function is called. these applications consist of a collection of
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are processors that do not share memory or a clock.
 It provides the advantage of quick response. Instead, each processor has its own local memory.
DOI: 10.35629/5252-0209561564 | Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 563
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 2, Issue 9, pp: 561-564 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

The processors communicate with one another

through various communication lines, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines.

III. TIMELINE

IV. CONCLUSION
Operating systems have evolved from
slow and expensive systems to present-day
technology where computing power has reached
exponential speeds and relatively inexpensive
costs. In the beginning, computers were manually
loaded with program code to control computer
functions and process code related to business
logic. This type of computing introduced problems
with program scheduling and setup time. As more
users demanded increased computer time and
resources, computer scientists determined they
needed a system to improve convenience,
efficiency, and growth (Stallings, 2009, p. 51). As a
result, they created an operating system (OS) to
process jobs in batches. Later they created
Multitasking and Time-Sharing to run multiple jobs
and allow user interaction to improve efficiency.
Multitasking brought challenges to manage I/O
operations required by multiple jobs in which
computer vendors resolved with interrupts.

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7BlGuo4v8
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DOI: 10.35629/5252-0209561564 | Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 564