International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics 2013; 3(1): 303-310

ISSN: 2456-1452
Maths 2018; 3(1): 303-310
© 2018 Stats & Maths A study of fuzzy set and its operations
www.mathsjournal.com
Received: 10-11-2017
Accepted: 11-12-2017 Swati Mene and MM Singh
Swati Mene
Department of Applied Abstract
Mathematics, SSTC, SSGI-FET Fuzzy sets allow one to work in uncertain and vague situations and solve those problems which have
Junwani Bhilai Chhattisgarh, more than one solution. In real life sometimes we are unable to answer many questions because these
India answers are depending upon two valued logic which are unable to give clear-cut explanation. The present
paper aims to study fuzzy set theory and its examples. Here we are also discussing some standard and
MM Singh non-standard operations on fuzzy sets which are generalizations of the corresponding crisp operations.
Department of Applied
Mathematics, SSTC, SSGI-FET Keywords: Fuzzy set, standard operations, non-standard operations, crisp operations
Junwani Bhilai, Chhattisgarh,
India
1. Introduction
Several mathematicians have introduced the concept of sets in their own ways. These ways of
representing problems are more inflexible. The solutions using this concept are not significant
in many real life situations. This difficulty was overcome by the Fuzzy concept which was first
introduced by an eminent American Cyberneticist Prof L.A.Zadeh in 1965. Definitions,
Theorems, Proofs on fuzzy set theory always hold for non-fuzzy sets. The classical set theory
is built on the elementary concept of “set” in which an individual is either a member or not a
member. In fuzzy set theory all those members are belongs to that set which are completely or
partially belongs in that set.

2. Some definitions
Definition 2.1 Classical sets
An element belongs to the set or it does not, then the set is Called “Classical Set”. It is also
called
“crisp (sets)”. There is no uncertainty in this set theory.

Example 2.1.1
X (Universe of discourse)

Fig 1: Crisp Set Boundary

Here, 1,2A, but 3,4A.

Definition 2.2 Fuzzy sets

A set in which elements have degree of membership is called “Fuzzy Set”. Degree means all
Correspondence
tones between black and white. A fuzzy set has a graphical description that expresses how the
Swati Mene transition from one to another takes place. This graphical description is called “a membership
Department of Applied function”.
Mathematics, SSTC, SSGI-FET Example 2.2.1
Junwani Bhilai Chhattisgarh, X (Universe of discourse)
India
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Fig 2: Fuzzy set boundary

Here, 1 A, 2 partially belongs to A, but 3, 4A

3. Mathematical representation of fuzzy set [19]

Let X be the universe of discourse and  0 ,1  be the closed interval of real numbers. Then a mapping A : X   0 ,1 
  is called ‘a
fuzzy set A’ or ‘fuzzy subset A’ of X for which A( x)   Where, x is a member of X and  is a real number belonging to
 0 ,1 
 

Example 3.1
Let, X = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7  be the universal set and A : X   0 ,1  Such that
A (1)  .2 i.e. 1  .2 means 1 A with gradation.2
A ( 2 )  .5 i.e. 2  .5 means 2 A with gradation.5
A (3 )  .6 i.e. 3  .6 means 3  A with gradation.6
A ( 4 )  .7 i.e. 4  .7 means 4  A with gradation.7
A (5 )  .8 i.e. 5  .8 means 5  A with gradation.8
A ( 6 )  .9 i.e. 6  .9 means 6  A with gradation.9
A (7 )  1 i.e. 7 1 means 7  A with gradation 1

4. Some standard operations on fuzzy sets

The notion of containment plays a vital role in the case of fuzzy sets. With these notions union, intersection, complement and
difference of fuzzy sets are also defined. They are called ‘standard operations on fuzzy sets’.

Definition 4.1
Let A and B be two fuzzy sets of the Universal set X. Then
* A  B iff A ( x )  B ( x ) for all x  X .
* A  B iff A ( x )  B ( x ) for all x  X .
* A  is the complement of A iff
A  ( x ) = 1  A ( x ) , for all x  X .

*A B : X   0 ,1 
  , with A  B ( x )  m a x  A ( x ), B ( x ) 

= A(x)  B (x) .
*A B : X   0 ,1 
  , with A  B ( x )  m in  A ( x ), B ( x )  = A(x)  B (x) .
* A  B  A  B = A(x)  B (x) = A ( x )  B ( x )

Example 4.1.1
Let X  1, 2 , 3, 4 , 5  be the universal set and A, B , C be three fuzzy sets such that
A   (1, .3 ), ( 2 , .1), (3, 0 ), ( 4 , .9 ), (5 , 0 ) 

B   (1, 0 ), ( 2 , .6 ), (3, .5 ), ( 4 , 0 ), (5 , .1)  And

C   (1, 0 ), ( 2 , 0 ), (3, .7 ), ( 4 , 0 ), (5 , .4 ) 

Then we have the following:

A  B   (1, .3 ), ( 2 , .6 ), (3, .5 ), ( 4 , .9 ), (5 , .1) 

A  B   (1, 0 ), ( 2 , .1), (3, 0 ), ( 4 , 0 ), (5 , 0 ) 

A    (1, .7 ), ( 2 , .9 ), (3,1), ( 4 , .1), (5 ,1) 

B    (1,1), ( 2 , .4 ), (3, .5 ), ( 4 ,1), (5 , .9 ) 

C    (1,1), ( 2 ,1), (3, .3 ), ( 4 ,1), (5 , .6 ) 

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A  X   (1,1), ( 2 ,1), (3,1), ( 4 ,1), (5 ,1) 

 1, 2 , 3, 4 , 5   X

A  X   (1, .3 ), ( 2 , .1), (3, 0 ), ( 4 , .9 ), (5 , 0 )   A

A  B  A  B   (1, .3 ), ( 2 , .1), ( 4 , .9 ) 
A  A    (1, .7 ), ( 2 , .9 ), (3,1), ( 4 , .9 ), (5 ,1)   X

A  A    (1, .3 ), ( 2 , .1), (3, 0 ), ( 4 , .1), (5 , 0 )   

A  A    (1, .3 ), ( 2 , .1), (3, 0 ), ( 4 , .1), (5 , 0 )   

[19]
We observe that for any three fuzzy sets A, B and C of a universal set X, the following hold

1. Commutativity
A B  B  A ;
A B  B  A

2. Associativity:
A  (B  C )  ( A  B)  C ;
A  (B  C )  ( A  B)  C

3. Distributivity
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B )  ( A  C );

A  (B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C ) .

4. Idempotence: A  A  A ;
A  A  A .

5. Absorption: A  ( A  B )  A;

A  (A  B)  A .

6. Absorption by X & :A X  X,

A  .

7. Identity: A    A,
A  X  A .

8. Demorgan’s Law: ( A  B )  A   B 
( A  B )  A   B  .

9. Involution: ( A  )   A

10. Law of contradiction: A  A   .

For fuzzy set A  A   .

11. Law of excluded middle: A  A  X

For fuzzy set A  A   X .

4.2 Product of two fuzzy sets: The product of two fuzzy sets A and B of a set X is a new fuzzy set denoted by A . B and is defined
by A . B   ( x , A ( x ) . B ( x ) ) | x  X 
Example 4.2.1 Let A   ( x , .2 ), ( y , .8 ), ( z , .4 ) 
B   ( x , .4 ), ( y , 0 ), ( z , .1) 
Then
A . B ( x )  A ( x ). B ( x )
= .2  .4
=.08
A . B ( y )  A ( x ). B ( x )

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= .8  0
=0
A . B ( z )  A ( x ). B ( x )
= .4  .1
=.04

Therefore,
A . B   ( x , .0 8 ), ( y , 0 ), ( z , .0 4 ) 

4.3 Power of fuzzy sets

The  power of a fuzzy set A is denoted by A  and defined by
A

  ( x , A ( x )) 
| x X 
Example 4.3.1 Let X   x , y , z  and A   ( x , .4 ), ( y , .2 ), ( z , .7 )  and   2
Then
A
2
  ( x , ( A ( x )) 2
| x X 
=  ( x , ( A ( x )) 2 2
, ( y , ( A ( y )) , ( z , ( A ( z ))
2

=  ( x , ( .4 ) 2
) , ( y , ( .2 ) ) , ( z , ( .7 ) ) 
2 2

=  ( x , .1 6 ), ( y , .0 4 ), ( z , .4 9 ) 

4.4 Concentration of a fuzzy set

The concentration of a fuzzy set A of X is denoted by con ( A ) and is defined by
con ( A)   ( x , A ( x )) 2
| x X 
con ( A )  A
2
i.e.
2
Example4.4.1 If A denotes the fuzzy set of good students then A stands for fuzzy set of very good students.

4.5 Dilation of a fuzzy set

The dilation of a fuzzy set A of X is denoted by Dil ( A ) and is defined by
D il ( A )   ( x , A ( x )) .5
| x X 
D il ( A )  A
.5
i.e.
.5
Example 4.5.1 If A denotes the fuzzy set of good students then A stands for fuzzy set of more or less good students.

5. Non Standard Operations on fuzzy Sets

In previous section we have discussed about standard operations on P F ( X ) which are nice generalizations of the corresponding
crisp operations. There are also other operations called ‘T-norms’ and ‘T-conorms’ which the generalizations or extensions are of
crisp intersection and crisp union respectively.

5.1 T-norms (fuzzy intersection) [14]

A mapping T : I  I  I is called a T-norm if the following holds, for all a , b , c  I   0 ,1 

(i) Unit element

T ( a ,1)  a

(ii) Monotonic
T ( a , c )  T (b , d ) Whenever a  b & c  d.

(iii) Commutative
T ( a , b )  T (b , a )

(iv) Associative
T ( a , T ( b , c ))  T ( T ( a , b ), c )

5.2 T-conorms (fuzzy union) [14]

A mapping S : I  I  I is called a T-Conorm if the following holds, for all a, b, c  I

(i) Unit element

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S (a, 0)  a

(ii) Monotonic
S ( a , c )  S (b , c ) Whenever a  b .

(iii) Commutative
S ( a , b )  S (b , a )

(iv) Associative:
S ( a , S ( b , c ))  S ( S ( a , b ), c )
T- Conorms associated with T-norm is defined by
S ( x , y )  1  T (1  x ,1  y ) fo r a ll x , y  I
The standard Fuzzy union is the smallest Fuzzy union while Fuzzy intersection is the largest Fuzzy intersection [19].

5.3 Fuzzy complement

A mapping N : I  I  I is called a complement or negation operator if the following holds, for all a, b, c  I :

(i) Boundary condition

N (0 )  1 & N (1)  0

(ii) Monotonic
N ( a )  N (b )
Whenever a  b

(iii) Continuity
N is continuous.

(iv) Involution
N ( N ( a ))  a

The Threshold type compliment is defined by N ( ) 1 for   t ,    0 ,1  = 0 for   t , t   0 ,1

  t , t   0 ,1 Here t is called ‘the threshold of N’.

5.5 Yagar class of compliment

The Yagar class of compliment is defined by N w ( )  (1   w  0 ,  
w 1/ w
) Where

5.6 Sugeno class of compliment

1− 𝛼
The Sugeno class of compliment is defined by C () = where   1,  [
1+

5.7 Cartesian product on fuzzy sets

Let A1 , A 2 , A 3 , ................ A n be the fuzzy sets of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , ................ X n The Cartesian product of these fuzzy sets is a fuzzy set
in the product space X 1  X 2  X 3  ................  X n
defined by
A1  A 2  A 3  ................  A n  M i n  ( x , A i ( x i ) ) : x  x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ......., x n  X i 
Where, X i  X 1  X 2  X 3  ................  X n

Example 5.7.1 Let X   a , b , c  and Y  l , m  is universe of discourse.

Let A   ( a , .2 ), ( b , .4 ), ( c , .5 )  be a fuzzy set of X and B   ( l , .4 ), ( m , .6 )  be a fuzzy set of Y .Then
M in ( A ( a ), B ( l ))  M in (.2 , .4 )  .2
M in ( A ( a ), B ( m ))  M in (.2 , .6 )  .2
M in ( A ( b ), B ( l ))  M in (.4 , .4 )  .4

M in ( A ( b ), B ( m ))  M in (.4 , .6 )  .4
M in ( A ( c ), B ( l ))  M in (.5, .4 )  .4
M in ( A ( c ), B ( m ))  M in (.5, .6 )  .5

 A  B   .2 , .2 , .4 , .4 , .4 , .5 

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5.8 Algebraic product

The m th power of a fuzzy set A of X is denoted by A
m
and defined by
A
m
  X , ( A ( X ))  m

Example5.8.1 Let X   a , b , c  and A   ( a , .2 ), ( b , .4 ), ( c , .5 ) 

Then A
2
  ( a , ( .2 ) 2
) , ( b , ( .4 ) ) , ( c , ( .5 ) ) 
2 2
  ( a , .4 ), ( b , .1 6 ), ( c , .2 5 ) 

5.9 Algebraic sum

The algebraic Sum of two fuzzy sets A and B of X is denoted by A  B and defined by
A  B  { ( x , A  B ( x )) | x  X }

Where, A  B ( x )  A ( x )  B ( x )  A ( x ). B ( x )

Example5.9.1 Let X   a , b , c  and

A   ( a , .2 ), ( b , .3 ), ( c , .6 ) 

B  ( a , .4 ), ( b , .5 ), ( c , .3 ) 
Then
 .2  .4  (.2 ).(.4 )
A  B ( a )  A ( a )  B ( a )  A ( a ). B ( a )  .6  .0 8

 .5 2
 .3  .5  (.3 ).(.5 )
A  B ( b )  A ( b )  B ( b )  A ( b ). B ( b )  .8  .1 5

 .6 5
 .6  .3  (.6 ).(.3 )
A  B ( c )  A ( c )  B ( c )  A ( c ). B ( c )  .9  .1 8

 .7 2

 A  B   ( a , .5 2 ), ( b , .6 5 ), ( c , .7 2 ) 

5.10 Bounded sum

The bounded sum of two fuzzy sets A and B is denoted by A  B and defined by
A  B   ( x , A  B ( x )) | x  X  , where A  B ( x )  m in 1, A ( x )  B ( x ) 

Example5.10.1 Let X   a , b , c  and

A   ( a , .2 ), ( b , .4 ), ( c , .9 ) 

B   ( a , .4 ), ( b , .7 ), ( c , .2 ) 

Then A  B   ( a , .6 ), ( b ,1), ( c ,1) 

5.11 Bounded difference

The bounded difference of two fuzzy sets A and B of X is denoted by A  B and is defined by
A B  ( x, A B ( x) | x  X 

A  B ( x )  m a x  0 , A ( x )  B ( x )  1

Example5.11.1 Let X   a , b , c  and

A   ( a , .2 ) , ( b , .4 ) , ( c , .9 ) 
B   ( a , .4 ) , ( b , .7 ) , ( c , .3 ) 
Then
A  B ( a )  m a x  0 , .2  .4  1

 m a x  0 ,  .4 

 0
A  B ( b )  m a x  0 , .4  .7  1

 m a x  0 , .1

 .1
A  B ( c )  m a x  0 , .9  .3  1

 m a x  0 , .2 

 .2
 A B   ( a , 0 ), ( b , .1), ( c , .2 ) 
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5.12 Decomposition of fuzzy sets

Let X   a , b , c  and
A   ( a , .2 ), ( b , .4 ), ( c , .6 ) 

Then
.2 A   ( a , 1) , ( b , 1) , ( c , 1) 
.4 A   ( a , 0 ) , ( b , 1) , ( c , 1) 
.6 A   ( a , 0 ) , ( b , 0 ) , ( c , 1) 

For any   I , the decomposition of A is denoted by 

A
and defined by


A  . A
Now,
  ( a , .2 ) , ( b , .2 ) , ( c , .2 ) 
A
.2

  ( a , 0 ) , ( b , .4 ) , ( c , .4 ) 
A
.4

  ( a , 0 ) , ( b , 0 ) , ( c , .6 ) 
A
.6

Clearly,
A  .2
A .4
A .6
A

6. Some theorems
We now state the following three decomposition theorems for fuzzy sets.

6.1 First decomposition theorem

A   for every fuzzy set.
A

 I

6.2 Second decomposition theorem

A
A   for every fuzzy set.
 I

Where   A   .  A
6.3. Third Decomposition Theorem
A  
A
for every fuzzy sets A .
  ( A)

Where  A is the level set of fuzzy set A defined by

 A     I | A ( x )   fo r s o m e x  X 

7. Extension principle for fuzzy sets [14]

Let f : X  Y be a crisp function. This function f is said to be ‘fuzzified’ when it is extended to act on fuzzy sets defined on X
1
and Y then f induces two fuzzified functions f and its inverse f of the following forms: f : F ( X )  F (Y ) and
1
f : F (Y )  F ( X )
Defined by
 f ( A )  ( y )  s u p A ( x ) fo r a ll A  F ( X );
x,y f (x)

1
 f ( B )  ( x )  B ( f ( x ) ) fo r a ll B  F ( Y )
 
Let Ai  F ( X ), B i  F ( Y ) a n d i   (the indexed set). Then the following properties of
Functions obtained by the extension principle hold:
(i) f ( A )    A  
(ii) A1  A 2  f ( A1 )  f ( A 2 )

(iii) f( Ai )  f ( Ai )
i  i 

(iv) f( Ai )  f ( Ai )
i  i 
1 1
(v) B1  B 2  f ( B1 )  f (B2 )
1 1
(vi) f ( Bi )  f ( Bi )
i  i 

1 1
(vii) f ( Bi )  f ( Bi )
i  i 

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1 1
(viii) f (B)  f (B)
1
(ix) A  f ( f ( A ))
1
(x) B  f(f ( B ))

(xi)  [ f ( A )]  f ( A ) w h e r e   I
 
(xii)   f ( A )   f ( A ) w h e r e   I

(xiii) f ( A)  f ( A
) w here   I

When a given function is defined on a Cartesian product as X  X 1  X 2  X 3  ................  X n the extension principle is also
applicable. In this case, x X is replaced by x  ( x1 , x 2 , x 3 , .... x n ) w h e r e x i  X i a n d i  

8. Conclusion
It follows that operations on fuzzy sets are nice generalization of the corresponding crisp operations.

9. Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank department of applied mathematics SSGI Junwani Bhilai for providing necessary tools and
softwares.

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