FOUR MAIN TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING ACCORDING TO DELIVERY.

There are four types of speeches that most speakers utilize in delivering a speech.

1. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECHES are speeches that are carefully prepared and practiced by the
speaker before the actual speaking time. A speaker will utilize notes or an outline as a guide while
they are delivering the speech. The notes or outline will usually include any quotes and sources
the speaker wants to cite in the presentation, as well as the order the information in the speech
should be delivered in. The speech is delivered as if the speaker is having a conversation with the
audience. Since the speaker is not reading the entire speech, the extemporaneous speaker uses
the notes as a guide only - a sort of memory trigger - and the speaker will also be able to respond
to the audience since her head isn't trapped by reading every word on a paper. This is the type of
public speaking one should strive to use in informative and persuasive speeches as this is most
practical type of public speaking.

2. IMPROMPTU SPEECHES are speeches that are delivered without notes or a plan, and without
any formal preparation - they are very spontaneously delivered. This is one of the most nerve
wracking situations for most students to find themselves in because there isn't a plan or agenda
to follow - they just have to get up and speak without any "thinking" time. They are afraid of not
knowing what to say when they get up in front of the audience so they might make a fool of
themselves. If this type of speaking situation makes you nervous, you are not alone! The reality is
that this is the type of public speaking you are the MOST prepared for. Your daily life is filled with
impromptu experiences and conversations. Every phone conversation, exchange between you
and a loved one, and discussion amongst friends is impromptu by its very nature - even if we
"practice" our conversations, they are still impromptu in their delivery. So, while most students
are nervous about impromptu speeches, they are the type they are the most prepared for from
their daily experience.

3.MANUSCRIPT SPEECHES are speeches that are delivered with a script of the exact words to be
used. If they have to give a speech, most students prefer to have every single word in front of
them so they can basically "read" the speech to the audience. While this is very reassuring for a
speaker and they feel like they won't
"forget" anything if they have every word in front of them, manuscript speaking is one of the
worst traps to fall into for a speaker. The speaker who utilizes a complete manuscript will often
spend more time looking at the script than at the audience. By doing this, the speaker is unable
to react to the audience or respond to the audience members questions. Therefore, the
manuscript becomes a trap for the speaker.

4.MEMORIZED SPEECHES are speeches that are committed to memory. The speaker completely
memorizes the text of a speech and then delivers the speech from memory without reliance on
notes or an outline. This is a very fearful speaking situation for most people because they fear
they will forget what they had planned on saying when they get in front of the group - and, they
might make a fool of themselves in front of the audience if they forget what to say. This type of
speaking is not very common to daily living unless you are in a profession like acting. Most of us
memorize very little in our daily lives - we don't even have to remember telephone numbers
since we have cellular phones!

THREE MAIN TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING ACCORDING TO ITS PURPOSE.

There are three main types of speeches, but what kind a speaker delivers depends upon the
speaker's objective. The three main types of speeches are the informative, the persuasive, and
the special occasion.
1. THE INFORMATIVE SPEECH
As the word "informative" implies, an informative speech "informs" those in attendance by
providing them with information. Therefore, the speaker is a teacher, and his or her purpose is to
educate the audience regarding a topic; and that topic may be an object, an event, a concept, or
a process. This is most practical type of public speaking - the type you are most likely use in a real
life situation when you might be asked to give a formal presentation.
Speeches about Objects
Objects are things that are tangible and, thus, recognized through sight, hearing, taste, or touch;
so speeches about objects include those about
people planatio ninkalsi ruct ress asifor exer ler
What to look for when purchasing a new computer system
Speeches about Events
Events are happenings or occurrences, both past and present, so possible speech topics include
the following:
The origins of the holiday known as Halloween
Speeches about Concepts
Concepts are ideas, philosophies, hypotheses, and arguments, etc, so informative speeches might
address topics such as these:
The Big Bang Theory
Speeches about Processes
A process is how something is made, how something is done, or how something works;
therefore, possible topics include these:
• How pearls develop in oysters
Note: Given their visual nature, most informative speeches are more successful if the speaker
uses visual aids such as PowerPoint nrasontations flip charts, graphs, models, etc.

2. THE PERSUASIVE SPEECH

A persuasive speech usually challenges an audience's beliefs and/or tries to move those in
attendance to change existing viewpoints or at least recognize the validity of opposing
viewpoints. For this reason persuasive speeches are the most difficult to deliver, at least
successfully, since they usually deal with controversial topics about which people in the audience
already hold strong, deeply engrained opinions.
Types of Persuasive Speeches
There are three main types of persuasive speeches: those that deal with questions of fact, those
that deal with questions of value, and those that deal with questions of policy.

Examples of Questions of Fact

• Did Lee Harvey Oswald act alone in assassinating President John
F. Kennedy?
Examples of Questions of Policy
• Are smokers being unfairly singled out for higher taxation?
Examples of Questions of Value
• Do people have the right to choose to die with dignity?
Note: When preparing a persuasive speech, speakers must accept that at least some listeners are
going to disagree, perhaps adamantly so, with their viewpoint, which is why speakers should
attempt to anticipate objections and counterarguments and address them during the course of
the speech.
3.SPEECHES FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS
There are myriad special occasions in life, for example, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations,
weddings, bar mitzvahs, christenings,
award
presentations, retirement dinners, and funerals. In fact, there are so many special occasions that
it's impossible to list them.
However, whatever the occasions, chances are that someone will be asked to deliver a speech,
which could be anything from a toast to a couple who have been married for 50 years to the
eulogy for a departed loved one.
Regardless of the occasion, however, there are several important points to keep in mind:
• The speech must fit the occasion. If the occasion is formal, for example, the speech should be
as well; but if the occasion is casual, the speech should reflect a similar mood.
• The speech must meet the allotted time. Speakers should be neither too brief nor too
longwinded.
• Intended remarks must be accurate. For example, if someone is presenting an award and
intends to begin with interesting facts about the recipient, these facts must be correct.
At some point in life most people will be called upon to deliver a speech, some formally,others
quite informally; yet, as long as they possess an
understanding of the different types of speeches and have their objective clearly in mind, they
will be capable of delivering a speech that the audience will remember for a long time to come.

TECHNIQUES IN SPEECH DELIVERY

Speech Delivery is the combination of what you say(the content your speech) and how you say
it(the delivery) that will convince,persuade,entertain,inspire or inform your audience.There are
several components to delivery.You will use two
powerful instrument -your body and your voice.

The term "mechanics" refers to the physical mannerisms of the speaker and his or her voice. How
your body moves, what you look at and how you modulate your voice can drastically alter the
impact of your speech.
1. USING YOU BODY:
Stance
Stand firmly on two feet - do not lean, slouch or tilt.
* Avoid leaning on chairs, tables, etc.
Hands out of the pockets, moving them for useful and effective gesturine enly cen you have to
rely on notes.
Avoid its use when possible by moving it away or stepping in front of it.
• Movement
Some people find movement natural. Pacing is acceptable especially in a long speech. However, if
you are going to pace, do so slowly, never turn your back on the audience, and walk in a triangle.
Move a few steps away from the lectern towards the audience at an angle.
You can use this movement to draw the audience into what you are saying if you also drop your
voice a little and lean forward. It implies that you are sharing something special with them. Then
move a few paces to the side in the direction of the lectern whilst speaking. You are now just a
few paces in front of the lectern and a few simple steps backwards will put you next to it if you
need to check your notes.
• Appearaness
Dress neatly. Appearance and dress can influence your audience no matter who is in attendance.
For the competition, all contestants will wear C-2 Standard Duty Dress with no accoutrements i.e.
lanyard, white belt, gaiters, etc.).
• Eye Contact
* Lift your eyes and look at your audience. Watch the audience carefully for reactions - you
should be able to easily detect boredom, lack of understanding, interest or annoyance. Do not
keep your eyes glued to notes or read notes at length - this is a certain way to lose the attention
of your audience.
• Facial Expression
You can do a great deal with your eyes and smile; a smile early in your speech can do wonders.
Set the mood of your talk or parts of it with the way you look at the audience. Be careful of
inappropriate expressions. For instance, if you are talking about something sad, it is inappropriate
to have a wide smile. If you deliver a joke, but your face is frowning, no one will know that you
intended to be funny.

• Gestures
*Emphasis and expression with the hands is another technique. A few, careful, non-offensive
gestures may enhance a speech provided they are purposeful and pertinent to the point the
speaker is attempting to make.
Overuse will simply detract from the speech.
USING YOU VOICE:
• Volume
*Speak loudly enough for all to clearly hear. Do not be afraid to use extra volume to emphasize,
but lowering your voice to barely a whisper can be effective as a technique for emphasis,
providing you have the full attention of your audience to start with. In general, vary the volume
according to what you want to stress.
• Pace of Speaking
* Strive for a good rhythm. Avoid speaking too fast or too slowly. Use pauses to emphasize
something. The pause can be in the middle or at the end of a sentence. Practice the effective use
of pauses and listen to the way good speakers use them.
STYLE:
*Style is a difficult thing to describe. Style involves elements of content and speech mechanics,
but there is more to it. Let's suppose two people are given an outline of a speech and both are
good speakers, aware of good speech mechanics. Let's say that both give a good speech. It is
more than likely the speeches would be very different. Some of the differences might be in the
content, but a large part of this difference would be labelled
"style". Style includes such elements as:
Humor and Wit
/ Entertaining speeches require careful preparation. One can be humorous and entertaining and
still have a serious and worthwhile message. Keep your humour relevant and suited to the
audience. You can entertain just as well with a witty choice of words, and style of presentation as
with a joke.
• Spontaneity
* Do not feel you have to keep to a carefully prepared script. If new and relevant thoughts occur,
you can make use of them.
If you are sensitive to the mood of the audience you may want to modify your presentation to get
a positive reaction from the audience.
• Suitability of Language
The language used should be appropriate for the age and experience of the audience and
suitable for the topic.
• Originality
Try to make every speech original in both the presentation of the material and the techniques
you use for delivery.
• Poise
• Be relaxed, comfortable, self-assured, and in control.

TECHNIQUES IN SPEECH PREPARATION

All speeches, like all good stories, have a beginning, a middle and an end. For speeches, essays
and other forms of academic or formal communication, we call these the Introduction, the Body
and the Conclusion. You have already started to use this framework when you prepared your first
assignment of this workbook.
The National Effective Speaking Handbook has a Guide for Speech, in which all these elements
are discussed in great detail.

1. THE INTRODUCTION
Your introduction can be used to gain attention, give attention, give a favorable impression of
yourself, create the right state of mind in your lite hers, eat int. he suay et state the central idea
or indicate the
(a) Explain the terms being used and offer qualifications / limitations when needed;
(b) Begin with a personal experience designed to identify with the listeners;
(c) Ask a question or series of questions;
(d) State a relevant quotation;
(e) Challenge your audience with a startling statement; ( me your audience. ve
2. THE BODY
The most important part of the speech is the body. How you structure the body depends on your
purpose. Are you trying to entertain, to persuade, or to inform? There are seven structures that
you should consider:
(a) Logical or topical;
(b) Chronological;
(c) Spatial;
(d) Classification;
(e) Problem - Solution;
(f) Cause - Effect; and
(g) Any combination of the above.
These structures are discussed in more detail in the national effective speaking handbook. Make
sure you are familiar with all of them.
LOGICAL OR TOPICAL ORGANIZATION is one of the most common patterns. It is especially useful
for informative and entertainment speeches.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER is useful in informative speeches or in persuasive speeches which
require background information on a problem or issue. SPATIAL ORDER is often used in
informative speeches. For example, a televised weather report usually is given according to the
regions of the country. CLASSIFICATION ORDER requires you to put things into categories this
pattern is useful for all three speech purposes.
Solutions to problems can be categorized according to type. Most often, speakers use PROBLEM-
SOLUTION ORDER for persuasive speeches.
The first part of such a speech outlines a problem, and the second part gives a solution. The
CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERN, like the problem-solution pattern, has two parts. The first describes the
cause of a problem and the second its effects. This format is also used in speeches to persuade
3. THE CONCLUSION
The conclusion should end the speech on a high note and should, as much as possible, relate
back to the introduction.
During the conclusion, you should:
(a) Make the audience aware that the speech is drawing to a close;
(b) Leave no doubt in your audience's mind about the concept or process you are trying to
explain, the belief you have tried to establish, or the action you wish the audience to take;
(c) Leave the audience with something to remember.