TARGET TSPSC - Group 2 45 Day Deeksha - Factoid - DEMOGRAPHY

C
● PAPER 3: Section 1: Indian Economy: Issues and Challenges:
● Unit 1:

PS
○ Demography
○ Demographic Features of Indian Population
○ Size and Growth Rate of Population
○ Demographic Dividend
○ Sectoral Distribution of Population

TS
○ Population Policies of India

Demography
ET
Introduction to Demography

● Definition and Scope:

○ The term originates from the Ancient Greek words "demos" (people) and
G

"graphy" (writing, description), reflecting its focus on population studies.

○ Demography is the study of population dynamics, including its size, structure,
and movement.
R

○ It involves analyzing how populations change in response to births, deaths,

aging, and migration.
TA

Origin of Demography

● Historical Development:
○ The origins of demography can be traced back to John Graunt's "Natural and
Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality" in 1662. Graunt
attempted to systematize data on baptisms and burials, and his work laid the
foundation for vital statistics that became essential for demographic studies.
○ The field gained further prominence through the work of Thomas Malthus,
whose 1798 essay, "An Essay on the Principle of Population," argued that
populations tend to increase geometrically while food resources grow
arithmetically, influencing future studies on population-resource dynamics.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

1
Key institutes and organizations that provide demographic data

In India and internationally, several key institutes and organizations specialize in collecting,

C
analyzing, and disseminating demographic data. These entities play crucial roles in providing
demographic profiles that inform policy-making, academic research, and business planning.

PS
Organization Scope Key Contributions

Registrar General and National Conducts the decennial Census in India,

Census Commissioner, providing comprehensive demographic, social,
India and economic data.

TS
National Sample Survey National Conducts regular surveys to collect data on
Office (NSSO) various socio-economic indicators across
India.

Ministry of Health and National Releases health-related demographic data,

ET
Family Welfare (MoHFW) primarily through the National Family Health
Survey (NFHS).

Indian Council of Medical National Conducts research and surveys related to

Research (ICMR) public health, providing demographic and
G

health-related data.

United Nations Department International Provides global demographic statistics and

R

of Economic and Social analyses, including the World Population

Affairs (UN DESA) Prospects report.
TA

United Nations Population International Offers insights on global population dynamics

Fund (UNFPA) and reproductive health through various
reports, including the annual State of World
Population report.

World Bank International Supplies global demographic and health

indicators through the World Development
Indicators database.

World Health Organization International Provides comprehensive global health-related

(WHO) data, including demographic health statistics
through its Global Health Observatory.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

2
 Population Reference International Offers analysis, data sheets, and reports on
Bureau (PRB) demographic and health developments
worldwide, helping inform policies and
programs.

C
These organizations are instrumental in shaping policies, educational programs, and health

PS
interventions both in India and globally, thanks to their detailed and expansive demographic data
collections and analyses.

Census in India - Chronology

TS
Year Event Details

1872 First Census conducted in India This initial census was

under British administration by conducted non-synchronously
Lord Mayo. across different regions.
ET
1881 Lord Ripon institutionalized the The first synchronous census
decennial Census. was conducted by W.C.
Plowden, Census
G

Commissioner of India, marking

the beginning of a systematic
R

census every ten years.

Post-indepe Censuses conducted every 10 The Census helps gather data

TA

ndence years as part of systematic on human resources,

(1947) national activities under the demography, culture, and
Union List Entry 69, per the Indian economic structure at various
Constitution. levels—local, regional, and
national.

1948 Enactment of the Census Act, The Office of the Registrar

assigning responsibility for the General and Census
census to the Home Ministry. Commissioner of India, Ministry
of Home Affairs, conducts the
census under this act.

2011 Marks the 7th Census of free India. Data collected are used for
various administrative,

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

3
 governmental, and planning
purposes.

C
December The Union Cabinet allocates The funds cover the expansive
2019 approximately ₹8700+ crores for efforts required for nationwide

PS
conducting the Census of India data collection and processing.
2021.

2020 (April Phase 1: House listing and Housing During this phase, information
to Census, planned but postponed about housing conditions,

TS
September) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. household amenities, and
assets are collected.

2021 Phase 2: Population Enumeration, Population Enumeration follows

(February scheduled but postponed. This the Housing Census and
ET
9-28) census was intended to use a involves collecting individual
mobile app for data collection for particulars such as age, marital
the first time. status, religion, mother tongue,
etc.
G

2020-2021 Alongside the Census, the NPR updating occurs alongside

National Population Register the census but focuses on
R

(NPR) was planned to be updated different aspects of residency

for all of India except Assam. This and citizenship.
TA

exercise is under the Citizenship

Act, 1955.

2021 The census activities were The delay impacts various

onwards postponed until 2024-25 due to governmental and
the COVID-19 pandemic. administrative functions that
rely on up-to-date
demographic data.

2024 Government plans to begin the The extensive process involves

long-delayed population census large-scale organization and
after the general elections, with data processing, leading to a
the final data expected to be comprehensive dataset for
released by March 2026. policy-making.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

4
Caste census efforts:

C
Year/Cen Event Details
sus

PS
Until 1931 Caste Data Caste data, including for OBCs, were collected and
Collection and published.
Publication

TS
1941 Caste Data Data collected but not published in detailed caste
Census Collection categories.
without
Publication
ET
1951-2011 Limited Caste Only SC and ST data collected and published; no
Census Data explicit data for OBCs.
Collection
G

1979 Mandal Estimated OBC population at 52%; emphasized the

Commission need for specific OBC data for policy formulation.
R

Report

2011 Socio-Econo Collected caste-related data but not released to the

TA

mic Caste public, affecting policy and scheme quality for OBCs.
Census
(SECC)

2021 Government Indian government decided against collecting

Decision caste-wise data for OBCs in Census, other than for
SCs and STs.

2023 Bihar State Bihar government began conducting its own caste
Initiative census to gather detailed demographic data.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

5
2024 Telangana Telangana, under the leadership of Chief Minister A.
State Revanth Reddy, planned to complete a social,
Initiative economic, and caste survey by November. The state's

C
approach aims to include comprehensive
socio-educational, economic, employment, political,

PS
and caste data to better understand and serve its
diverse population​

TS
This table shows the progression and current state of caste census efforts in India,
highlighting the ongoing discussions and actions at both the national level and
within specific states like Telangana.

Demographic transitions in India across different census periods:

ET
Census Years Demographic Remarks
Period Characteristics
G

Stagnant 1901-1921 High Birth Rate, The population declined (-0.31%) in

Population High Death Rate 1921 compared to 1911 due to impacts
from WW1, droughts, epidemics, and
R

the Spanish flu. This period is noted as

the Great Demographic Divide.
TA

Steady 1921-1951 High Birth Rate, This phase is termed 'Mortality

Growth Medium Death induced growth'. The decrease in
Rate death rates led to a rising population.

Rapid High 1951-1981 High Birth Rate, Marked by the Agricultural Revolution
Growth Low Death Rate reducing famine impacts, advances
in medical research helped contain
epidemics and increased life
expectancy, leading to a population
explosion often referred to as 'Fertility
induced growth'.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

6
High Growth 1981-2011 Medium to Low Decline in birth rates attributed to
with Signs of Birth Rate, Lower increased family planning, the advent
Slowing Death Rate of nuclear families, and higher living

C
Down costs. This period shows a definitive
slowing in population growth.

PS
This table provides an overview of how demographic patterns in India have evolved
over the last century according to various census data, highlighting significant shifts
in population growth trends due to changes in birth and death rates over time.

TS
ET
G
R
TA

Demographic indicators:

1. Children

Indicator Definition 2011 Data/Relevant Importance

Year

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

7
Infant Number of infant 44 per 1000 in 2011, Essential for
Mortality deaths under the improved to 32 per 1000 evaluating health
Rate (IMR) age of 1 year per in 2018 (Sample interventions aimed

C
1000 live births. Registration System - at reducing infant
SRS). mortality.

PS
Child Number of child 50 per 1000 in 2016, with Reflects the
Mortality deaths under the a SDG-2030 target of 11 effectiveness of child
Rate (CMR) age of 5 years per (SRS). health and nutrition
1000 live births. programs.

TS
Child Sex Number of girls Declined from 927 in Indicates societal
Ratio (0-6 years) per 2001 to 919 in 2011. preferences and
1000 boys in that helps shape
age group. gender-focused
ET
policies.

2. Mothers
G

Indicator Definition 2011 Data/Relevant Importance

Year
R

Maternal Number of women who 130 per 100,000 in Guides

Mortality die due to childbirth 2016, with a improvements in
TA

Ratio (MMR) per 100,000 live births. SDG-2030 target of maternal health
70. services.

Total Average number of Declined from 2.2 in Influences

Fertility children a woman 2015 to 2 in 2019, long-term
Rate (TFR) would have if she lived approaching the demographic
through her replacement level of trends and
childbearing years. 2.1. resource planning.

3. General Population

Indicator Definition 2011 Data/Relevant Year Importance

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

8
Population Number of people 382 persons per sq km in Influences
Density per square 2011. infrastructure and
kilometer. resource

C
allocation.

PS
Decadal Population 17.7% increase from 2001 to Helps predict
Growth Rate change over a 2011. future demands
decade as a in housing,
percentage. education, and
employment.

TS
Birth Rate Number of live Approximately 20 per 1000 Determines the
(CBR) births per 1000 in 2018 (SRS). need for maternal
population. and child health
services.
ET
Death Rate Number of deaths Approximately 6 per 1000 Assists in
(CDR) per 1000 in 2018 (SRS). healthcare
population. planning and
G

elder care
services.
R

Life Estimated number Females: 70 years, Males: Guides policies on

Expectancy of years an 67 years. Higher in urban pensions, health
TA

average person is (72.6 years) than rural care, and aging.

expected to live. areas (68.0 years). Highest
in Kerala and Delhi (75
years).

Sex Ratio Number of 943 females per 1000 Critical for

females per 1000 males in 2011. addressing
males. gender
disparities.

Dependency Ratio of the Helps determine the Important for

Ratio population below burden on the productive economic policies
15 & above 64 to population. and social
the population in services.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

9
 the 15-64 age
group.

C
Demographi When the Can enhance economic Influences labor
c Dividend working-age growth if managed market policies

PS
population is properly. and economic
larger than the planning.
non-working-age
group.

TS
Why Understand Demographic Indicators:

These indicators provide essential insights for:

● Healthcare Policy: Targeting specific health interventions to reduce mortality

ET
rates.
● Educational Planning: Addressing the needs of a young population and
planning for future educational infrastructure.
● Economic Development: Utilizing the demographic dividend for economic
G

growth and planning for an aging population.

● Gender Policies: Developing initiatives to balance gender disparities and
R

empower women.

Understanding these demographic realities helps policymakers make informed

TA

decisions that cater effectively to the current and future needs of the population.

Spatial distribution of population in India:

Categorization of Indian States and Union Territories by Size and

Population

Category States/Union Territories

Large Size and Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra
Large Population Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Karnataka, Gujarat

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

10
Large Size but Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Small Population

C
Small Size but Delhi, Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, Goa
Large Population

PS
Explanation and Insights

● Large Size and Large Population: These states have significant geographical
areas and high population figures. They contribute to about 76% of India's total

TS
population, showing dense settlement patterns mainly in fertile river plains
and urban centers which promote agricultural and industrial activities.
● Large Size but Small Population: Despite their large geographical areas, these
states have a relatively small population percentage. This can be attributed to
ET
factors like challenging terrains, harsh climates, and lesser economic
development which limit high density settlement.
● Small Size but Large Population: These smaller states or union territories
exhibit high population densities due to advanced urbanization and
G

industrialization that attract a large number of migrants seeking employment

and better living standards.
R

This table effectively showcases how geographic, socio-economic, and historical

factors influence the population distribution across India, reflecting areas of dense
TA

habitation against those less populated. This understanding is crucial for regional
planning and development, ensuring resources and infrastructural developments
are aligned with demographic demands.

Population Density Across Indian States and Union Territories (2011 Census)

Region Population Density Category

(persons per sq km)

National Average 382 -

Delhi (NCT) 11,297 Very High

Density

Bihar 1,102 High Density

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

11
West Bengal 1,029 High Density

Kerala 859 High Density

C
Uttar Pradesh 828 High Density

PS
Tamil Nadu 555 Moderate to
High Density

Assam Moderate Moderate

Density

TS
Gujarat Moderate Moderate
Density

Andhra Pradesh Moderate Moderate

ET
Density

Haryana Moderate Moderate

Density
G

Jharkhand Moderate Moderate

Density
R

Odisha Moderate Moderate

Density
TA

Arunachal Pradesh 17 Low Density

Himalayan Region States Low Low Density

Northeastern States (excluding Low Low Density

Assam)

Union Territories (excluding Very High Very High

Andaman and Nicobar Islands) Density

Discussion:

● Population Density and Land Use: Population density is a vital indicator for
understanding the distribution of population in relation to the land area. It

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

12
 highlights how densely or sparsely the population is distributed across
different regions.
● High Density Regions: The National Capital Territory of Delhi has the highest

C
population density, which significantly impacts urban infrastructure and
housing. Similarly, states like Bihar and West Bengal have high densities that
put pressure on agricultural and habitable land, affecting sustainable land

PS
use and development strategies.
● Moderate Density Regions: States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh
show varying degrees of population pressure, which are important for
planning resource allocation, urban planning, and infrastructure development.

TS
● Low Density Regions: Arunachal Pradesh and other northeastern states have
low population densities, which could be due to geographical challenges,
lesser economic development, or preservation of forest and tribal lands.
● Significance of Agricultural Density: For agricultural countries like India,
understanding agricultural density—i.e., the number of people per unit of
ET
arable land—is crucial. This helps gauge the pressure on cultivable land and
can guide agricultural policies, land use planning, and sustainability initiatives.

This table and the associated insights help provide a nuanced understanding of how
G

population density varies across India, highlighting regions with critical needs for
infrastructure development, sustainable practices, and policy intervention to
R

manage human-land relationships effectively.

Decadal Growth Rates in India (1901-2011)

TA

Census Total Absolute % of Growth

Year Population Growth

1901 238,396,327 — —

1911 252,093,390 +13,697,063 +5.75%

1921 251,321,213 -772,177 -0.31%

1931 278,977,238 +27,656,025 +11.60%

1941 318,660,580 +39,683,342 +14.22%

1951 361,088,090 +42,427,510 +13.31%

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

13
1961 439,234,771 +77,682,873 +21.51%

1971 548,159,652 +108,924,881 +24.80%

C
1981 683,329,097 +135,169,445 +24.66%

PS
1991 846,302,688 +162,973,591 +23.85%

2001 1,028,610,328 +182,307,640 +21.54%

2011 1,210,193,422 +181,583,094 +17.64%

TS
Phases of Population Growth in India

Phase Period Characteristics

ET
I 1901-1921 Stagnant or stationary phase with very low growth, even
recording a negative rate due to high birth and death rates
influenced by poor health services and food distribution.
G

II 1921-1951 Steady growth with improvements in health, sanitation, and

distribution systems leading to lower mortality rates while birth
rates remained high.
R

III 1951-1981 Population explosion due to a rapid decline in mortality and

TA

high fertility rates, accompanied by significant developmental

activities post-independence.

IV 1981-Pre High but slowing growth rates due to declining birth rates,
sent influenced by socio-economic factors such as increased
education, especially among women, and higher marriage
ages.

This data and categorization help understand the dynamic changes in population
growth across different periods, influenced by a combination of socio-economic
developments, healthcare improvements, and policy interventions. Such insights are
crucial for demographic studies, economic planning, and preparing for future
challenges related to population management.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

14
Regional Variation in Population Growth Rates Across Indian States

Region/State 1991-2001 2001-2011 Change in Growth

C
Growth Rate Growth Rate Rate (Percentage
(%) (%) Points)

PS
Low Growth States
(Southern)

Kerala 9.4 (Lowest in 4.9 -4.5

TS
India)

Karnataka Below 20% 15.7 -4.3

Tamil Nadu Below 20% 15.6 -4.4

ET
Andhra Pradesh Below 20% 11.1 -3.5
(undivided)

Odisha Below 20% 14.0 -6.0

G

Puducherry Below 20% 28.1 +7.1

Goa Below 20% 8.2 -11.8

R

High Growth States

TA

(Northern/Central)

Gujarat 22.7% 19.2% -3.5

Maharashtra 22.7% 16.0% -6.7

Rajasthan 28.4% 21.4% -7.0

Punjab 20.1% 13.7% -6.4

Haryana 28.4% 19.9% -8.5

Uttar Pradesh 25.8% 20.2% -5.6

Uttarakhand 25.2% 18.8% -6.4

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

15
Madhya Pradesh 24.3% 20.3% -4.0

Sikkim 33.1% 12.4% -20.7

C
Assam 18.9% 17.1% -1.8

PS
West Bengal 17.8% 13.9% -3.9

Bihar 28.4% 25.1% -3.3

Chhattisgarh 18.3% 22.6% +4.3

TS
Jharkhand 23.4% 22.4% -1.0

Insights and Analysis

ET
● Southern States: Generally exhibit lower growth rates, with significant
decreases observed in Kerala and Goa. These trends may be attributed to
higher levels of urbanization, better access to healthcare, and more effective
family planning initiatives.
G

● Northern and Central States: Displayed relatively higher growth rates during
1991-2001, but all showed a decline in the subsequent decade, reflecting
R

national trends towards decreasing population growth due to similar

socio-economic factors.
● Variation in Growth Decline: The degree of decline in population growth rates
TA

varies, with the most significant drops seen in states like Maharashtra and
Rajasthan. This suggests differential impacts of policies and economic
conditions across states.

This table and analysis highlight the dynamic nature of population growth across
India, driven by a complex interplay of regional socio-economic conditions, policies,
and developmental initiatives. Understanding these patterns is crucial for targeted
policy-making aimed at sustainable development and resource allocation.

Rural-Urban Composition of India

● General Overview: As of the 2011 Census, about 68.8% of India's population

resides in rural areas, illustrating the country's strong agrarian base despite
rapid urbanization trends.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

16
 ● Village Distribution: India has 640,867 villages, of which 93.2% are inhabited,
demonstrating significant rural habitation across the country.
● Rural Population Distribution:

C
○ High Rural Population: States like Himachal Pradesh and Bihar have a
very high percentage of their populations residing in rural areas.
Lower Rural Population: Goa and Mizoram have just over half of their

PS
○
total populations residing in villages.
○ Union Territories: Generally, have a smaller proportion of rural
populations, with Dadra and Nagar Haveli being an exception at 53.38%.

TS
Urban Population Growth and Distribution

● Urbanization Rate: Currently, 31.16% of India’s population is urban, which is

relatively low compared to global standards but has been increasing rapidly
due to socio-economic developments.
ET
● Growth Dynamics:
○ The urban population is growing much faster than the rural due to
better economic opportunities and improvements in health and
sanitation.
G

○ High Urbanization: Urban growth is notably fast in regions with

significant industrialization or robust transport networks like the North
R

Indian Plains, areas around major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, and
in industrial corridors such as Bangalore-Mysore, Madurai-Coimbatore,
TA

and Ahmedabad-Surat.
○ Low Urbanization: Areas such as the agriculturally stagnant Ganga
Plains, non-irrigated Western Rajasthan, and remote tribal areas in the
northeast show low degrees of urbanization.

Linguistic Composition in India

Category Details

Historical Survey Grierson's Linguistic Survey (1903-1928)

Number of 179 languages and 544 dialects noted in the survey

Languages

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

17
 Modern 22 scheduled languages recognized by the government
Recognition

C
Dominant Hindi has the highest percentage of speakers among
Language scheduled languages

PS
Linguistic Often overlap and are not strictly defined
Boundaries

Narrative on India's Linguistic Diversity

TS
India's linguistic landscape is as varied as its cultural heritage. The historical survey
conducted by Grierson between 1903 and 1928 identified a vast array of languages
and dialects, underscoring the rich tapestry of spoken languages across the nation.
This early 20th-century survey noted 179 languages and an even larger number of
ET
dialects, illustrating the intricate linguistic interrelations that have existed in the
subcontinent.
G
R
TA

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

18
 C
PS
TS
ET
G
R

Religious Composition and Growth Rate (Census 2011)

TA

Religious Percentage of Total Decadal Growth Rate

Group Population (2001-2011)

Hindu 79.8% 16.8%

Muslim 14.2% 24.6%

Christian 2.3% 15.5%

Sikh 1.7% 8.4%

Buddhist 0.7% 6.1%

Jain 0.4% 5.4%

Parsis 0.06% Data not specified

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

19
Animist & 0.72% Data not specified
Others

C
Jain Population by State Proportion

PS
State Jain Population (% of State's
Total)

Maharashtra 1.3%

TS
Rajasthan 1.2%

Delhi 1.1%

Gujarat 1.0%
ET
Distribution of Religious Groups in India
Religious Main Concentration Areas Additional Details
Group
G

Muslims Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal, Kerala, Largest religious minority;
Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Lakshadweep Majority in Kashmir Valley and
R

Lakshadweep.

Christians Goa, Kerala, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Mostly in rural areas;

TA

Nagaland, Chotanagpur area, Manipur Concentrated along the Western

Hills coast and Northeastern hill states.

Sikhs Punjab, Haryana, Delhi Concentrated in a relatively small

area of the country.

Jains Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra Major concentration in urban

areas.

Buddhists Maharashtra, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Concentrated mostly in

Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir), Tripura, Maharashtra and select regions in
Lahul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) the North and Northeast.

Other Scattered throughout the country Includes Zoroastrians, tribal and

Religions other indigenous faiths and
beliefs.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

20
This table provides a comprehensive overview of where significant religious communities are
primarily located in India, showing both the broad regional distributions and the specific states
where these populations are concentrated. This information is crucial for understanding the
cultural, social, and geographical diversity of India’s religious landscape.

C
Scheduled Tribes (ST) Overview from Census 2011

PS
Category Details

ST Population 8.6% of the Indian population is Scheduled Tribe.

Percentage

TS
Sex Ratio (ST) 990 per 1000 males, which is better than the All India sex
ratio of 943.

Literacy Rate (ST) 59%, which is lower than the All India literacy rate of 73%.
ET
States with Highest Percentage of ST Population

State/UT ST Population as % of State's Total

G

Lakshadweep Highest percentage among UTs

R

Mizoram Highest among states

Nagaland Second highest among states

TA

Meghalaya Third highest among states

Dadra & Nagar High percentage among UTs

Haveli

States with Highest Absolute Numbers of ST Population

State ST Population (Absolute Numbers)

Madhya Highest ST population in India

Pradesh

Maharashtra Second highest

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

21
 Odisha Third highest

Jharkhand Fourth highest

C
Gujarat Fifth highest

PS
Rajasthan Sixth highest

States with No Notified Scheduled Tribes

TS
Region Details

Punjab No notified Scheduled Tribes

Haryana No notified Scheduled Tribes

ET
Chandigarh No notified Scheduled Tribes

Delhi No notified Scheduled Tribes

Puducherry No notified Scheduled Tribes

G

This table provides a comprehensive overview of the Scheduled Tribes' demographic

R

profile in India as per the 2011 Census, illustrating both the regional distribution and
social indicators like sex ratio and literacy rates. It highlights the diversity and
TA

challenges within the ST community, useful for academic, policy, and social studies
focused on India's tribal populations.

Scheduled Castes (SC) Overview from Census 2011

Category Details

SC Population 16.6% of the Indian population is Scheduled Caste.

Percentage

Number of SCs Over 1,200 Scheduled Castes are recognized across the
country.

States with Highest Percentage of SC Population

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

22
 State SC Population as % of State's Total

Punjab Highest percentage among all states

C
West Bengal Second highest percentage

PS
Himachal Third highest percentage
Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh Fourth highest percentage

TS
Haryana Fifth highest percentage

States with Highest Absolute Numbers of SC Population

State SC Population (Absolute Numbers)

ET
Uttar Pradesh Highest SC population in India

West Bengal Second highest

G

Bihar Third highest

R

Tamil Nadu Fourth highest

Andhra Fifth highest

TA

Pradesh

Maharashtra Sixth highest

Rajasthan Seventh highest

States with No Notified Scheduled Castes

Region Details

Nagaland No notified Scheduled Castes

Andaman & Nicobar No notified Scheduled Castes

Islands

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

23
Lakshadweep No notified Scheduled Castes

SC Sub-Categorisation Efforts and Challenges

C
Issue Details

PS
Sub-Categorisa Efforts in states like Telangana (Madiga community) and
tion Karnataka to introduce SC sub-quotas.

Legal Authority Article 341 of the Constitution states Parliament has the authority

TS
to include/exclude castes in SC list; states can only recommend
changes.

Recent 2024: Karnataka's newly elected government seeks Union

Developments Government's amendment of Article 341 to facilitate SC
ET
sub-quotas.

Union's Stand Formation of a five-member committee chaired by the Cabinet

(2024) Secretary to evaluate support for the most backward
G

communities amongst the SCs.

This table provides detailed insights into the demographic distribution of the SC
R

population in India, state-wise data, and ongoing legislative and social debates
concerning SC sub-categorisation. This information is vital for a nuanced
TA

understanding of social stratification and the legal-political dimensions surrounding

caste-based reservations in India.

Sex Ratio in India According to Census 2011

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males. According to the
Census 2011, the all-India sex ratio was 943 females per 1,000 males.

States and UTs with Highest Sex Ratio (Above All India Average of 943)

State/UT Sex Ratio

Kerala Highest in India

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

24
Puducherry Second highest

C
Tamil Nadu Third highest

PS
Andhra Fourth highest
Pradesh

Chhattisgarh Fifth highest

TS
States and UTs with Lowest Sex Ratio

State/UT Sex Ratio

ET
Daman and Diu Lowest in
India

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Second

G

lowest
R

Chandigarh Third lowest

TA

Delhi Fourth lowest

Andaman and Nicobar Fifth lowest

Islands

Haryana Sixth lowest

Jammu and Kashmir Seventh

lowest

Sikkim Eighth lowest

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

25
Punjab Ninth lowest

This table provides an overview of the regional disparities in gender ratios across

C
India as per the 2011 census data. The states and UTs listed have been highlighted to
show contrasts in the sex ratio, offering insights into regional demographic

PS
characteristics that may influence social policies and gender-focused initiatives.

Demographic dividend:

TS
Aspect Details

Definition of Economic growth potential from shifts in a population’s age

Demographic structure, when the share of the working-age population
Dividend (15-64 years) is larger than the non-working-age
ET
population.

Current Context in India has 62.5% of its population in the 15-59 age group,
India expected to peak at about 65% by 2036.
G

Demographic According to the Economic Survey 2023-24, the

Dividend Period demographic dividend started in 2005-06 and will last until
R

2055-56.
TA

Economic Survey India’s demographic dividend is expected to peak in 2041

2023-24 when the share of the working-age population (20-59 years)
Projections will reach 59%.

Global Comparison As of 2024, India, with a median age of 28, remains one of
the youngest populations compared to other major
economies.

Population The working-age population has been larger than the

Dynamics dependent population since 2018, and this trend is expected
to continue till 2055.

Economic The large working-age population presents an opportunity

Implications for substantial economic growth if complemented by
effective policies in education, health, and job creation.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

26
This table uses data and projections to illustrate the potential impact of India’s
demographic dividend on its economic growth, highlighting the need for strategic
planning and policy interventions to fully harness this demographic advantage.

C
Composition of Working Population in India

PS
Main Workers: Individuals who have worked for the majority of the reference period
(i.e., 6 months or more). Marginal Workers: Individuals who have worked for a short
period of the reference period (i.e., less than 6 months). Non-workers: Individuals
who do not participate in any economically productive activity.

TS
According to the 2011 Census, the proportion of workers (both main and marginal)
was only 39.8%, with a large majority of about 60% classified as non-workers. This
significant percentage of non-workers highlights a potential for high unemployment
or underemployment within the population.
ET
What is the Work Participation Rate?

Work Participation Rate is defined as the proportion of total workers (main and
G

marginal) to the total population. It reflects the active workforce in a given area.

State-wise Work Participation Rates (2011 Census Data)

R

State/UT Work Participation Rate

TA

(%)

Lakshadweep 29.1

Himachal Pradesh 51.9

Sikkim High

Chhattisgarh High

Andhra Pradesh High

Karnataka High

Arunachal Pradesh High

Nagaland High

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

27
Manipur High

Meghalaya High

C
Dadra and Nagar High
Haveli

PS
Daman and Diu High

Occupational Composition of India’s Working Population

TS
● Primary Sector: About 54.6% are engaged in primary activities such as
agriculture (cultivators and agricultural laborers).
● Secondary Sector: Only 3.8% are involved in household industries.
● Tertiary Sector: 41.6% are engaged in non-household industries, trade,
ET
commerce, construction, repair, and other services.

Gender Disparity in Occupations

G

● Male vs. Female Workers: Male workers outnumber female workers in all three
sectors. This indicates a gender disparity in economic participation, which is
prevalent across most sectors.
R

This breakdown gives an insight into the diverse nature of India’s workforce and
TA

highlights the varying economic activities across different regions. The work
participation rate is notably higher in regions with lower levels of economic
development, which often rely more heavily on manual labor for subsistence
activities. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers to address
employment issues and promote economic development across different sectors
and regions.

Population Policy

National Population Policy 2000 - Key Objectives and Components

Objective/Compo Details
nent

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

28
Immediate Address unmet needs for contraception, healthcare
Objective infrastructure, and health personnel, and integrate service
delivery for reproductive and child healthcare.

C
Medium-Term Reduce the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1 (replacement level)

PS
Objective by 2010, now aimed for 2025.

Long-Term Achieve a stable population by 2045.

Objective

TS
Strategic Promote voluntary and informed choice in reproductive
Approaches decisions, integrate Indian medicine in health services, ensure
universal immunization, and enhance healthcare
infrastructure.
ET
A National A National Commission on Population chaired by the Prime
Commission on Minister, with participation from state CMs, central ministers,
Population experts, and NGOs.

2-Key Schemes - Prerna Scheme: To encourage delayed marriage and

G

childbearing.
- Santushti Scheme: Public-private partnership for
R

sterilization services.

Population An autonomous body chaired by the Health Minister, aimed

TA

Stabilization Fund at awareness generation, community participation, and

(2005) mobilizing funds.

Education and Making education up to age 14 free and compulsory, reducing

Awareness school dropout rates, and ensuring universal access to
information on reproductive health.

Health Targets Reduce infant mortality to below 30 per 1000 live births and
maternal mortality to below 100 per 100,000 live births.

Registration and Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriages, and

Legal Enforcement pregnancies.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

29
Community and Increase community participation, particularly at the village
Civil Involvement level, to enhance health service delivery and monitor
program implementation.

C
The NPP 2000 aims to provide a comprehensive strategy for population stabilization

PS
through a blend of service improvement, targeted initiatives, and extensive outreach
and education efforts. The policy recognizes the importance of addressing broad
social determinants of health such as education, empowerment, and infrastructure
development to achieve its goals.

TS
REPORTS/RANKING: INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

Here's a table summarizing the key details and findings from the World Population
Prospects 2022 and the State of World Population Report by UNFPA:
ET
Report Publisher Key Findings and Themes

World Population United Nations - India's population expected to

Prospects 2022 Department of surpass China in 2023.
G

Economic and Social - Global population projected to

Affairs reach 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion by
R

2050, and 10.4 billion by 2100.

State of World United Nations - Theme: "Expecting more: The

TA

Population Population Fund preventable crisis of unintended

Report 2022 (UNFPA) pregnancy."

State of World United Nations - Theme: "8 Billion Lives, INFINITE

Population Population Fund POSSIBILITIES - the case for rights and
Report 2023 (UNFPA) choices."
- India projected to be the world's
most populous nation with 142.86
crore by mid-2023.
India has surpassed China to
become the world's most populous
nation with 142.86 crore people as of
mid-2023.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

30
State of World Population 2024 report released by the United Nations Population
Fund (UNFPA) with a focus on India's data and global initiatives:

C
UNFPA's State of World Population 2024 Report Overview

PS
Report Title Key Theme

Interwoven Lives, Threads of Hope: Focuses on addressing inequalities in

TS
Ending Inequalities in Sexual and sexual and reproductive health and rights,
Reproductive Health and Rights highlighting the impact on women’s lives
(SRHR) ET globally.

Key Findings: India's Demographics

Demographic Indicator Data

G

Population India leads globally with 144.17 crore, followed by China

R

with 142.5 crore.

TA

Population Growth Population expected to double in 77 years.

Projection

Age Distribution 68% in the 15-64 age group, 26% in the 10-24 age group.

Total Fertility Rate Estimated at 2.0 births per woman.

Life Expectancy at Birth 71 years for men, 74 years for women.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

31
Child Marriage Rate 23% of marriages involved underage individuals.
(2006-2023)

C
PS
Gender-based Women with disabilities experience up to 10 times more
Violence violence than those without disabilities.

Key Global and National SRH Initiatives

TS
ET Initiative Description

Janani Suraksha Yojana (India) Aims to decrease neonatal and maternal

deaths by promoting institutional deliveries
through financial incentives.
G

Surrogacy (Regulation) Latest regulations to ensure ethical and legal

R

Amendment Rules, 2024 (India) aspects of surrogacy are maintained.

TA

International Conference on Programme of Action established in Cairo to

Population and Development emphasize the importance of population
(Global, 1994) issues and development.

Beijing Declaration and Platform A global agenda for women’s empowerment

for Action (Global, 1995) and gender equality.

About UNFPA

● Headquarters: New York, USA

● Establishment: Created in 1969

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

32
 ● Mandate: UNFPA works globally to promote voluntary family planning,
maternal health care, and comprehensive sexuality education, under the
guidance of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

C
This summary provides a detailed overview of the current demographic trends and
challenges faced in India as highlighted by the latest UNFPA report, alongside an

PS
outline of significant global and national initiatives aimed at improving sexual and
reproductive health.

Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

TS
● Theory Overview: British scholar Thomas Robert Malthus proposed in 1798 that
while food production increases in an arithmetic progression (AP), population
increases in a geometric progression (GP). This disparity could lead to
shortages and societal collapse.
ET
● Natural Balancing Acts: Malthus suggested that 'Positive Checks' such as
famines, epidemics, and natural disasters naturally curb population growth
when it outpaces food supply.
● Human Interventions: He also proposed 'Preventative Checks', which are
G

measures that humans can take to control population growth. These include
family planning, practicing celibacy, and delaying marriage.
R

Modern Applications of Malthusian Theory

TA

● Family Planning: As a preventative check, family planning helps control

population growth and improve women's health. Modern initiatives often
include awareness campaigns, access to contraceptives, and sometimes
economic disincentives for having larger families. For instance, historical
policies like China’s one-child policy included tax penalties for families that
exceeded the limit.

Regional Applications in India

● Sikkim’s Initiative: As of 2023, the Sikkim government offers monetary

incentives to state government employees who have a second or third child,
in response to its low Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.1, the lowest in India.

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

33
 ● Assam’s Policy: Since January 1, 2021, Assam has implemented a policy where
state government jobs are not given to individuals having more than two
children.

C
These modern examples show how Malthusian principles are interpreted and
applied in contemporary policies to balance population growth with sustainability

PS
and resource management. These policies reflect a mix of Malthus's preventative
checks and are tailored to the specific demographic and economic needs of the
regions.

TS
📱 Follow Us Online:
🌐 Telegram link: https://t.me/target_tspsc1
🌐 Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/@Target_TSPSC
🌐 Target TSPSC App : Download the App here: App Link
ET
📞 Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh
Thank You
G
R
TA

Target TSPSC |Contact Us on Telegram: @Younus, @Harshith,@Venkatesh | Join : @target_tspsc1

34