Scribd
Upload
7 views3 pages

Important

Uploaded by

pushkar pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views3 pages

Important

Uploaded by

pushkar pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

1.

Operating System (OS):

An Operating System (OS) is software that acts as an interface between the user and computer
hardware. It manages hardware resources and provides services for computer programs.
Examples include Windows, Linux, and macOS.

2. Types of Operating Systems:

 Batch OS: Executes jobs in batches without user interaction.


 Time-sharing OS: Multiple users can access the system simultaneously by sharing time
slices.
 Distributed OS: Manages a group of distinct computers and makes them work as a
single system.
 Real-Time OS (RTOS): Processes tasks within a strict time limit, often used in
embedded systems.
 Embedded OS: Specially designed for specific devices like phones and cars.
 Network OS: Manages network resources and provides communication between
connected devices.

3. Structure of Operating System:

 Monolithic Structure: OS runs as a single program in kernel mode, handling everything


from file management to memory.
 Layered Structure: OS is divided into different layers, with each layer performing
specific functions and interacting with the layers directly above or below.
 Microkernel Structure: The core kernel only handles essential services, like memory
and process management, while other services run in user space.
 Modular Structure: Uses loadable kernel modules to allow adding or removing
functionalities dynamically.

4. System Call and Its Types:

A system call is a request by a program to the operating system's kernel to perform specific tasks
that the program itself does not have permission to do. It provides an interface between a process
and the OS.

Types of System Calls:

 Process Control: fork(), exit(), exec().


 File Management: open(), close(), read(), write().
 Device Management: ioctl(), read(), write().
 Information Maintenance: getpid(), alarm(), sleep().
 Communication: pipe(), send(), recv().

5. User and Kernel Modes:


 User Mode: The mode in which applications run, having limited access to system
resources to prevent harm.
 Kernel Mode: The mode in which the OS operates, with unrestricted access to hardware
and memory for managing critical tasks.

6. Process:

A process is a running instance of a program that includes the program code and its current
activity. It contains resources such as memory, CPU, and I/O devices to execute tasks.

7. Scheduling:

Scheduling refers to the method by which work is assigned to resources in a computer. In the
case of OS, it’s mainly about assigning CPU time to various processes.

8. Types of Schedulers:

 Long-Term Scheduler: Decides which programs are admitted to the system for
processing.
 Short-Term Scheduler (CPU Scheduler): Selects which process will be executed next
by the CPU.
 Medium-Term Scheduler: Swaps processes in and out of memory to manage the degree
of multiprogramming.

9. Context Switching:

Context Switching is the process of storing the state of a currently running process so that the
OS can resume the process at a later time, and switching to another process. This is essential in
multitasking systems to handle multiple processes efficiently.

You might also like