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    College and Advanced Algebra 1

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    College and Advanced Algebra 1

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    College and Advanced Algebra 1

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    College and Advanced


    Algebra

    JEPHSY J. LABRADOR
    Course Description
    The course builds upon the students’ knowledge on properties of the real
    number system, operations on different types of algebraic expressions, and the
    solution of various types of equations and inequalities. The course also covers the
    prerequisites to trigonometry and calculus, specifically transcendental and non-
    transcendental functions, including the characteristics of their graphs and
    applications. It serves as a foundation for future study in various fields in
    mathematics. Students of this course will use hands-on materials, calculators and
    computer applications/ software when needed in solving problems where the
    algebra concepts are applied.
    Contents
    Fundamentals of College
    Exponents and Radicals
    Algebra

    Functions and Graphs Rational Functions

    Exponential and Logarithmic


    Solving Systems of Equations
    Functions
    Fundamentals of College Algebra

    Basics of Algebra cover the simple operation of mathematics


    like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
    involving both constant as well as variables.
    Algebraic Expressions

    01 02 03

    Simplify Expressions Evaluate Expressions Factor Expressions


    Combine like terms to Substitute values to evaluate Identify and extract common
    simplify algebraic algebraic expressions. factors in algebraic
    expressions. expressions.
    Algebraic expressions are the idea of expressing numbers
    using letters or alphabets without specifying their actual values. The
    basics of algebra taught us how to express an unknown value using
    letters such as x, y, z, etc. These letters are called here as variables.
    An algebraic expression can be a combination of both variables
    and constants. Any value that is placed before and multiplied by a
    variable is a coefficient.

    v x is a variable, whose value is unknown to us which can take


    any value.
    v 5 is known as the coefficient of x, as it is a constant value used
    with the variable term and is well defined.
    v 3 is the constant value term that has a definite value.
    The whole expression is known to be the Binomial term, as it has
    two unlikely terms.
    Types of Algebraic expression

    v Monomial - is an algebraic expression which is having


    only one term.
    v Binomial - A binomial expression is an algebraic
    expression which is having two terms, which are unlike.
    v Trinomial - is an algebraic expression which is
    having three unlike terms.
    v Polynomial - In general, an expression with more than
    one term with non-negative integral exponents of a
    variable is known as a polynomial.
    Other Types of Expression
    v Numeric Expression

    A numeric expression consists of numbers and operations, but


    never include any variable. Some of the examples of numeric
    expressions are 10 + 5, 15 ÷ 2, etc.

    v Variable Expression

    A variable expression is an expression that contains variables along


    with numbers and operation to define an expression. A few examples
    of a variable expression include 4x + y, 5ab + 33, etc.
    Expression: Term, Factor And Coefficient
    In Mathematics, an algebraic expression is an expression that is
    made up of variables, constants, coefficients, and arithmetic
    operations.
    Let us consider an expression, 2x+4y-9

    Here, the parts of the expression are:


    Coefficients are 2 and 4
    Constant is 9
    Variables are x and y
    Terms are 2x, 4y and y
    Mathematical operators used are plus (+) and minus (-).
    What are Terms in an Expression?
    A term can be a number, a variable, product of two or more variables
    or product of a number and a variable. An algebraic expression is formed
    by a single term or by a group of terms. For example, in the expression
    4x+y, the two terms are 4x and y.

    It is to be noted here that terms add up to form the expression. Say


    there is a term 8xy, which is the product of 8, x and y. There is another
    term -4z, which is the product of -4 and z. On adding them up, 8xy+(-4z),
    we get 8xy – 4z, which is an algebraic expression. Based on the variables
    and their powers in terms, they can be classified into like and unlike
    algebraic terms of the expression.
    What are the Factors of a Term?

    v The numbers or variables that are multiplied to form a term are called
    its factors. For example, 5xy is a term with factors 5, x and y.
    v The factors cannot be further factorized. For example, 5xy cannot be
    written as the product of factors 5 and xy. This is because xy can be
    factorized to x and y.
    v The factors of the term 3a4 are 3, a, a, a and a.
    v 1 is not taken as a separate factor.
    What is a Coefficient in an Expression?

    A coefficient is an integer that is written along with a variable or it is


    multiplied by the variable. In other words, a coefficient is the numerical
    factor of a term containing constant and variables. For example, in the
    term 2x, 2 is the coefficient.
    The variables which do not carry any number along with them, have a
    coefficient of 1. For example, the term y has a coefficient of 1. For
    example, in the expression 5ab, 5 is the coefficient.
    Simplify Expressions

    01 Sim plifying expressions mean


    rewriting the same algebraic expression with no
    like terms and in a compact manner. To simplify
    expressions, combine all the like terms and
    solve all the given brackets, if any, and then in
    the simplified expression, only unlike terms that
    cannot be reduced further will be left.
    Simplifying Expressions with Exponents

    Example:
    Simplify: 2ab + 4b (b2 - 2a).
    Fundamental Operations on Algebraic Expressions

    q Addition of algebraic expressions


    q Subtraction of algebraic expression
    q Multiplication of algebraic expression
    q Division of algebraic expression
    Examples: Perform the indicated operation
    1. (xy+2yz+4)+(2yz+4xy+6 )
    2. (5x+2y–7z)-(4x-4y+9z+5)
    3. 5a2 b2 (3 a2 - 4ab + 6b2)
    4. (3x+5y)(5x-7y)
    5. 27x5 ÷ 3x
    6. (4y5+5 y3+6y) ÷ 2y
    7. (7 y2+14y) ÷ (y+2)
    Basic Algebra Formula

    The general formulas used in algebra to solve algebraic equations


    and find the values of unknown variables are given here:
    q a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
    q (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
    q a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
    q (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
    q (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
    q (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2ac + 2bc
    q (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
    q (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2 b + 3ab2 – b3
    Exponents and Radicals
    Properties of
    Exponents

    01 Product Rule 02 Power Rule 03 Quotient Rule


    Multiply exponents with Raise exponent to another Divide exponents with
    same base. exponent. same base.
    Law of Exponents

    Example:
    Simplify: 2ab + 4b (b2 - 2a).
    Thank You
    JEPHSY J. LABRADOR

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