OOPS VIVA

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. An Object can be defined
as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and takes up some space in
memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each other's data
or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of
response returned by the objects.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual
object. Class doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known
as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Terms used in Inheritance

o Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a

template or blueprint from which objects are created.
o Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is also
called a derived class, extended class, or child class.
o Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass inherits
the features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
o Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which facilitates
you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you create a new
class. You can use the same fields and methods already defined in the previous
class.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).

o For Code Reusability.
o The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives
from an existing class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.
Polymorphism

If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to

convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle,
rectangle, etc.

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog
barks woof, etc.

Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a call to

an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile-time. In this process,
an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The
determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by
the reference variable.

Super Keyword in Java

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate
parent class object.

Usage of Java super Keyword

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

Final Keyword
The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can
be used in many context. Final can be:

1. variable
2. method
3. class

Q) Is final method inherited?

Ans) Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it.
Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example
phone call, we don't know the internal processing. In Java, we use abstract class and
interface to achieve abstraction.

Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

Ways to achieve Abstraction

There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java

1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)

2. Interface (100%)

Points to Remember
o An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.
o It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
o It cannot be instantiated.
o It can have constructors and static methods also.
o It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body
of the meth

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as
encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class
because all the data members are private here

Java Package

A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.

Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined
package.
Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be
easily maintained.

2) Java package provides access protection.

3) Java package removes naming collision.

Access Modifiers in Java

There are two types of modifiers in Java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.
The access modifiers in Java specifies the accessibility or scope of a field, method,
constructor, or class. We can change the access level of fields, constructors, methods,
and class by applying the access modifier on it.

There are four types of Java access modifiers:

1. Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It cannot
be accessed from outside the class.
2. Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It
cannot be accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any access
level, it will be the default.
3. Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and
outside the package through child class. If you do not make the child class, it
cannot be accessed from outside the package.
4. Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed
from within the class, outside the class, within the package and outside the
package.

There are many non-access modifiers, such as static, abstract, synchronized, native,
volatile, transient, etc. Here, we are going to learn the access modifiers only.
Java Arrays

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally,
The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data
structure where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in
a Java array.

Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index,
2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.

Advantages

o Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the
data efficiently.
o Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

Disadvantages

o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't
grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in
Java which grows automatically.

Exception Handling in Java

The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the
runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained.

What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as

ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc.

Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the
application. An exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application; that is
why we need to handle exceptions
Types of Java Exceptions

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is
considered as the unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are three
types of exceptions namely:

1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error

Java Inner Classes (Nested Classes)

Java inner class or nested class is a class that is declared inside the class or interface.

We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place to be more
readable and maintainable.

Additionally, it can access all the members of the outer class, including private data
members and methods.

Advantage of Java inner classes

 1. Nested classes represent a particular type of relationship that is it can access
all the members (data members and methods) of the outer class, including
private.
2. Nested classes are used to develop more readable and maintainable
code because it logically group classes and interfaces in one place only.
3. Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

Multithreading in Java

Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing

and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

However, we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads use a shared

memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and
context-switching between the threads takes less time than process.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform
multiple operations at the same time.

2) You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.

3) Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an exception occurs

in a single thread.