ECE109-1: Introduction to Analog Integrated Circuits Design

Lecture 2:
Oscillators
 Agenda
• Introduction of Oscillator
• Linear Oscillator
– Wien Bridge Oscillator
– RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
– LC Oscillator
• Stability

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 Oscillators
Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and
regularly fluctuates about the mean value

Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation

Characteristics: wave-shape, frequency,

amplitude, distortion, stability
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 Application of Oscillators
• Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.
– Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF
signals to IF signals in a receiver;
– Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
– Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
– Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.

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 Linear Oscillators
1. Wien Bridge Oscillators
2. RC Phase-Shift Oscillators
3. LC Oscillators
4. Stability

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 Integrant of Linear Oscillators
+ V
Vs  Amplifier (A) Vo
+
Positive Vf Frequency-Selective
Feedback Network ()
Feedback

For sinusoidal input is connected

“Linear” because the output is approximately sinusoidal

A linear oscillator contains:

- a frequency selection feedback network
- an amplifier to maintain the loop gain at unity

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 Basic Linear Oscillator
+ V
Vs  A(f) Vo
+

Vf SelectiveNetwork
(f)
Vo = AV = A(Vs +V f ) and V f = Vo
Vo A
 = Closed loop voltage gain, Gv
Vs 1− A

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Phase modulation
 Wien Bridge Oscillator
1 Frequency Selection Network
Let X C1 = 1 and X C 2 =
C1 C 2 Z1
Z1 = R1 − jX C1 R1 C1 Z2
−1
1 1  − jR2 X C 2
Z2 =  +  = Vi C2 R2 Vo
 2
R − jX C2  R2 − jX C 2

Therefore, the feedback factor,

Vo Z2 (− jR2 X C 2 / R2 − jX C 2 )
= = =
Vi Z1 + Z 2 (R1 − jX C1 ) + (− jR2 X C 2 / R2 − jX C 2 )

− jR2 X C 2
=
(R1 − jX C1 )(R2 − jX C 2 ) − jR2 X C 2
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 can be rewritten as:
R2 X C 2
=
R1 X C 2 + R2 X C1 + R2 X C 2 + j(R1 R2 − X C1 X C 2 )
For Barkhausen Criterion, imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
0.34
R1 R2 − X C1 X C 2 = 0 0.32

Feedback factor 
0.3
1 1 =1/3
or R1R2 = 0.28

C1 C2 0.26

0.24
  = 1/ R1R2C1C2 0.22
0.2
f(R=Xc)
Supposing, 1

R1=R2=R and XC1= XC2=XC, 0.5 Phase=0

Phase

RX C 0
=
3RX C + j(R 2 − X C2 ) -0.5

Frequency 9
 RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Rf

R1
− C C C

+
R R R

▪ Using an inverting amplifier

▪ The additional 180o phase shift is provided by an RC
phase-shift network

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Applying KVL to the phase-shift network, we have
V1 = I1 (R − jX C ) − I 2 R C C C
0 = −I1 R + I 2 (2R − jX C ) − I 3 R V1 Vo
0 = − I2R + I 3 (2R − jX C )
I1 R I2 R I3 R
Solve for I3, we get

R− jX C −R V1
−R 2R− jX C 0
−R
I3 = 0 0
R− jX C −R 0
−R 2 R− jX C −R
0 −R 2R− jX C

V1R 2
Or I3 =
(R − jX C )[(2R − jX C )2 − R 2 ] − R 2 (2R − jX C )

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The output voltage,
V1R3
Vo = I 3 R =
(R − jX C )[(2R − jX C )2 − R 2 ] − R 2 (2R − jX C )

Hence the transfer function of the phase-shift network is given by,

V R3
= = 3
o
V1 (R − 5RX 2 ) + j( X 3 − 6R 2 X )
C C C

For 180o phase shift, the imaginary part = 0, i.e.,

X C3 − 6R 2 X C = 0 or X C = 0 (Rejected)
 X 2C = 6R 2
1
=
6RC Note: The –ve sign mean the
and, phase inversion from the
1
 =− voltage
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 LC Oscillators
▪ The frequency selection
network (Z1, Z2 and Z3) −
provides a phase shift of Av Ro
180o ~
▪ The amplifier provides an +
addition shift of 180o
2 Z1 Z2 1
Two well-known Oscillators:
• Colpitts Oscillator Z3
Zp
• Harley Oscillator

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 Av Ro Z1
~ V f = Vo = Vo
Z1 + Z 3
+
Vf Z1 Z2 Vo
Z p = Z 2 //(Z1 + Z 3 )
Z 2 (Z1 + Z 3 )
Z3 =
Zp Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
For the equivalent circuit from the output
Ro Io
+ − AvVi V V − Av Z p
= o or o =
+ Z p Vo Ro + Z p Z p Vi Ro + Z p
− −AvVi
−

Therefore, the amplifier gain is obtained,

Vo − Av Z 2 (Z1 + Z 3 )
A= =
Vi Ro (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) + Z 2 (Z1 + Z 3 )
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The loop gain,
− Av Z1Z 2
A =
Ro (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ) + Z 2 (Z1 + Z 3 )
If the impedance are all pure reactances, i.e.,
Z1 = jX 1 , Z 2 = jX 2 and Z 3 = jX 3
Av X 1 X 2
The loop gain becomes, A =
jRo ( X 1 + X 2 + X 3 ) − X 2 ( X 1 + X 3 )
The imaginary part = 0 only when X1+ X2+ X3=0
▪ It indicates that at least one reactance must be –ve (capacitor)
▪ X1 and X2 must be of same type and X3 must be of opposite type
− Av X 1 AX
With imaginary part = 0, A = = v 1
X1 + X 3 X2
X2
For Unit Gain & 180o Phase-shift, A = 1  Av =
X1
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Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator

C1
R L1 R
C L
C2
L2

1
o = o =
1
CT =
C1C2
(L1 + L2 )C LCT C1 + C2
L1 C2
gm = gm =
RL2 RC1
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 Colpitts Oscillator
Equivalent circuit
C1 L
R
L +
C2 C2 V R C1
− gmV

In the equivalent circuit, it is assumed that:

▪ Linear small signal model of transistor is used
▪ The transistor capacitances are neglected
▪ Input resistance of the transistor is large enough

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At node 1, L I1
V1 = V + i1 ( jL) I2 node 1
V
where, + I3
i1 = jC2V C2 V R C1
− gmV I4
 V = V (1−  2 LC )
1  2

Apply KCL at node 1, we have

+ V1
jC2V + g mV + jC1V1 = 0
R
1 
jC 2V + g mV + V (1−  LC 2 ) + jC1  = 0
2

R 
For Oscillator V must not be zero, therefore it enforces,
 1  2 LC 2 
 gm + −
R 
 
 + j (C1 + C 2 ) −  3 LC1C 2 = 0
 R
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 1  2 LC 2 
 gm + −
R 
 
 + j (C1 + C 2 ) −  3 LC1C 2 = 0
 R

Imaginary part = 0, we have

1 C1C2
o = CT =
LCT C1 + C2

Real part = 0, yields

C2
gm =
RC1

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