Sistema de ecuaciones lineales

Introducción
Forma algebraica

forma matrical

A=[1 5 4;2 6 1;3 2 3]

A = 3×3
1 5 4
2 6 1
3 2 3

b=[15 ;15 ;10]

b = 3×1
15
15
10

%solución
x=inv(A)*b

x = 3×1
1.0000
2.0000
1.0000

x=A\b

x = 3×1
1.0000
2.0000
1.0000

x=linsolve(A,b)

x = 3×1
1.0000
2.0000
1.0000

Clasificación de las soluciones

1
 A = 5×5
3 2 1 5 7
2 4 3 2 1
1 4 3 2 4
3 8 6 5 5
1 4 3 2 1

%Rango de una matriz

RangA = 5

Ea=rref(A) %Forma escalonada reducida

Ea = 5×5
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

Rouché Frobenius
b=[3;2;10;12;17]

b = 5×1
3
2
10
12
17

%Matriz Aumentada
Aa=[A b]

Aa = 5×6
3 2 1 5 7 3
2 4 3 2 1 2
1 4 3 2 4 10
3 8 6 5 5 12
1 4 3 2 1 17

RangA=rank(A)

RangA = 5

RangAa=rank(Aa)

RangAa = 5

[~,n]=size(A)

n = 5

Invocando a la función Frobenius

2
 frobenius(A,b)

Unrecognized function or variable 'frobenius'.

Método de eliminación Gaussiana

solución:

A=[6 -2 2 4; 12 -8 6 10;3 -13 9 3;-6 4 1 -18]

A = 4×4
6 -2 2 4
12 -8 6 10
3 -13 9 3
-6 4 1 -18

b=[12 34 27 -38]'

b = 4×1
12
34
27
-38

Aa=[A b]

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
12 -8 6 10 34
3 -13 9 3 27
-6 4 1 -18 -38

%Paso 1
pivo=Aa(1,1)

pivo = 6

%Multiplicadores
m21=Aa(2,1)/pivo

m21 = 2

3
m31=Aa(3,1)/pivo

m31 = 0.5000

m41=Aa(4,1)/pivo

m41 = -1

Aa(2,:)=Aa(2,:)-m21*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
0 -4 2 2 10
3 -13 9 3 27
-6 4 1 -18 -38

Aa(3,:)=Aa(3,:)-m31*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
0 -4 2 2 10
0 -12 8 1 21
-6 4 1 -18 -38

Aa(4,:)=Aa(4,:)-m41*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
0 -4 2 2 10
0 -12 8 1 21
0 2 3 -14 -26

%Paso 2
pivo2=Aa(2,2)

pivo2 = -4

m22=Aa(2,2)/pivo2

m22 = 1

m32=Aa(3,2)/pivo2

m32 = 3

m42=Aa(4,2)/pivo2

m42 = -0.5000

Aa(3,:)=Aa(3,:)-m32*Aa(2,:)

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
0 -4 2 2 10
0 0 2 -5 -9
0 2 3 -14 -26

Aa(4,:)=Aa(4,:)-m42*Aa(2,:)

Aa = 4×5

4
 6 -2 2 4 12
0 -4 2 2 10
0 0 2 -5 -9
0 0 4 -13 -21

%Paso 3
pivo3=Aa(3,3)

pivo3 = 2

m43=Aa(4,3)/pivo3

m43 = 2

Aa(4,:)=Aa(4,:)-m43*Aa(3,:)

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
0 -4 2 2 10
0 0 2 -5 -9
0 0 0 -3 -3

Llevar al sistema de ecuaciones

Ea=Aa(:,1:4)

Ea = 4×4
6 -2 2 4
0 -4 2 2
0 0 2 -5
0 0 0 -3

nb=Aa(:,5)

nb = 4×1
12
10
-9
-3

Sustitucióm regresiva

x4=nb(4)/Ea(4,4)

x4 = 1

x3=(nb(3)-Ea(3,4)*x4)/Ea(3,3)

x3 = -2

x2=(nb(2)-Ea(2,3)*x3-Ea(2,4)*x4)/Ea(2,2)

x2 = -3

x1=(nb(1)-Ea(1,2)*x2-Ea(1,3)*x3-Ea(1,4)*x4)/Ea(1,1)

5
 x1 = 1

Con pivoteo
Cuando el elemento cercano a la diagonal es 0

solución:

A=[6 -2 2 4; 12 -8 6 10;3 -13 9 3;-6 4 1 -18]

A = 4×4
6 -2 2 4
12 -8 6 10
3 -13 9 3
-6 4 1 -18

b=[12 34 27 -38]'

b = 4×1
12
34
27
-38

Aa=[A b]

Aa = 4×5
6 -2 2 4 12
12 -8 6 10 34
3 -13 9 3 27
-6 4 1 -18 -38

%Paso 1
Aa([1 2],:)=Aa([2 1],:)

Aa = 4×5
12 -8 6 10 34
6 -2 2 4 12
3 -13 9 3 27
-6 4 1 -18 -38

6
pivo=Aa(1,1)

pivo = 12

%Multiplicadores
m21=Aa(2,1)/pivo

m21 = 0.5000

m31=Aa(3,1)/pivo

m31 = 0.2500

m41=Aa(4,1)/pivo

m41 = -0.5000

Aa(2,:)=Aa(2,:)-m21*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 4×5
12 -8 6 10 34
0 2 -1 -1 -5
3 -13 9 3 27
-6 4 1 -18 -38

Aa(3,:)=Aa(3,:)-m31*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 2.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -5.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
-6.0000 4.0000 1.0000 -18.0000 -38.0000

Aa(4,:)=Aa(4,:)-m41*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 2.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -5.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000 -21.0000

%Paso 2
Aa([2 3],:)=Aa([3 2],:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
0 2.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 -5.0000
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000 -21.0000

pivo2=Aa(2,2)

pivo2 = -11

m22=Aa(2,2)/pivo2

m22 = 1

m32=Aa(3,2)/pivo2

7
 m32 = -0.1818

m42=Aa(4,2)/pivo2

m42 = 0

Aa(3,:)=Aa(3,:)-m32*Aa(2,:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
0 0 0.3636 -0.9091 -1.6364
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000 -21.0000

Aa(4,:)=Aa(4,:)-m42*Aa(2,:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
0 0 0.3636 -0.9091 -1.6364
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000 -21.0000

%Paso 3
Aa([3 4],:)=Aa([4 3],:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000 -21.0000
0 0 0.3636 -0.9091 -1.6364

pivo3=Aa(3,3)

pivo3 = 4

m43=Aa(4,3)/pivo3

m43 = 0.0909

Aa(4,:)=Aa(4,:)-m43*Aa(3,:)

Aa = 4×5
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000 34.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000 18.5000
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000 -21.0000
0 0 0 0.2727 0.2727

Llevar al sistema de ecuaciones

Ea=Aa(:,1:4)

Ea = 4×4
12.0000 -8.0000 6.0000 10.0000
0 -11.0000 7.5000 0.5000
0 0 4.0000 -13.0000
0 0 0 0.2727

nb=Aa(:,5)

nb = 4×1

8
 34.0000
18.5000
-21.0000
0.2727

Sustitucióm regresiva

x4=nb(4)/Ea(4,4)

x4 = 1.0000

x3=(nb(3)-Ea(3,4)*x4)/Ea(3,3)

x3 = -2.0000

x2=(nb(2)-Ea(2,3)*x3-Ea(2,4)*x4)/Ea(2,2)

x2 = -3.0000

x1=(nb(1)-Ea(1,2)*x2-Ea(1,3)*x3-Ea(1,4)*x4)/Ea(1,1)

x1 = 1.0000

Factorización

A=[5 1 1; 2 8 4;2 3 10]

A = 3×3
5 1 1
2 8 4
2 3 10

b=[10;34;31]

b = 3×1
10
34
31

Aa=[A b]

Aa = 3×4
5 1 1 10
2 8 4 34
2 3 10 31

%Paso 1
pivo=Aa(1,1)

pivo = 5

%Multiplicadores
m21=Aa(2,1)/pivo

m21 = 0.4000

9
m31=Aa(3,1)/pivo

m31 = 0.4000

Aa(2,:)=Aa(2,:)-m21*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 3×4
5.0000 1.0000 1.0000 10.0000
0 7.6000 3.6000 30.0000
2.0000 3.0000 10.0000 31.0000

Aa(3,:)=Aa(3,:)-m31*Aa(1,:)

Aa = 3×4
5.0000 1.0000 1.0000 10.0000
0 7.6000 3.6000 30.0000
0 2.6000 9.6000 27.0000

%Paso 2
pivo2=Aa(2,2)

pivo2 = 7.6000

m32=Aa(3,2)/pivo2

m32 = 0.3421

Aa(3,:)=Aa(3,:)-m32*Aa(2,:)

Aa = 3×4
5.0000 1.0000 1.0000 10.0000
0 7.6000 3.6000 30.0000
0 0 8.3684 16.7368

%Matriz triangular superior

U = 3×3
5.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0 7.6000 3.6000
0 0 8.3684

L=eye(3)

L = 3×3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

L(2,1)=m21

L = 3×3
1.0000 0 0
0.4000 1.0000 0
0 0 1.0000

L(3,1)=m31

10
L = 3×3
1.0000 0 0
0.4000 1.0000 0
0.4000 0 1.0000

L(3,2)=m32

L = 3×3
1.0000 0 0
0.4000 1.0000 0
0.4000 0.3421 1.0000

L = 3×3
1.0000 0 0
0.4000 1.0000 0
0.4000 0.3421 1.0000

disp('Producto L*U')

Producto L*U

L*U

ans = 3×3
5 1 1
2 8 4
2 3 10

A = 3×3
5 1 1
2 8 4
2 3 10

[L,U]=lu(A)

L = 3×3
1.0000 0 0
0.4000 1.0000 0
0.4000 0.3421 1.0000
U = 3×3
5.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0 7.6000 3.6000
0 0 8.3684

L*U

ans = 3×3
5 1 1
2 8 4
2 3 10

11