1

knx` cywjk ¯§„wZ K‡jR AbyaveYg~jK cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1 | cigvYy †Kb AvavbMÖ¯’ nq?
‡kÖwY: `kg
Reading Materials
welq: imvqb
Aa¨vq : 3 (cigvYyi MVb)
Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi
cÖk-œ 1| cÖZxK Kx?
DËi : †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji Bs‡iwR ev j¨wUb bv‡gi mswÿß i~c‡K cÖkœ -2| eY©vwj ej‡Z Kx †evS?
†gŠ‡ji cÖZxK e‡j| DËi : eY©vwj n‡jv wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jvi mgv‡ek|
cÖk-œ 2| wbDwK¬qb msL¨v ev fi msL¨v Kx? Kÿc_ †_‡K B‡jKUªb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq wewKwiZ I †kvwlZ
kw³‡K eY©vwj wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| e„wói ci AvKv‡k m~‡h©i
DËi : wbDwK¬qb msL¨v ev fi msL¨v n‡jv †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi
wecixZ cv‡k eY©vwj †`Lv hvq| cigvYy †_‡K cÖvß eY©vwj
†K‡›`ª wbDwK¬qv‡m Ae¯’vbKvix †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨vi mgwó| †`L‡Z GKB iKg|
cÖk-œ 3| AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kx? cÖkœ t-3| wb‡gœi AiwUvjmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb †KvbwU m¤¢e
ev Am¤¢e-e¨vL¨v Ki|
2p, 1p, 3f, 4p
DËi t
2p-Gi †¶‡Î t
2p-Gi †¶‡Î n=1| myZivs l=0,1 A_©vr 2p
cÖk-œ 4| kw³¯Íi ev AiweU Kx?
AiweUv‡j `ywU Dc¯Íi 2s I 2p we`¨gvb e‡j,
DËi : †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K 2p m¤¢e|
B‡jKUªbmg~‡ni AveZ©‡bi Rb¨ e„ËvKvi Kÿc_‡K kw³¯Íi ev 1p-Gi †¶‡Î t
AiweU e‡j| 1p-Gi †¶‡Î n=1 | myZivs l=0 A_©vr p-
cÖk-œ 5| AiweUvj Kx? AiweUv‡ji Rb¨ l =1 n‡Z n‡e|
Kv‡RB 1p AiweUv‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB|
3f-Gi †¶‡Î t
3f AiweUv‡ji †¶‡Î n=3| myZivs l = 0,1,2
cÖkœ -6 | Av‡cw¶K cvigvYweK fi Kx? | l-Gi Rb¨ l=3 nIqv cÖ‡qvRb, hv l-Gi gv‡b
†bB| Kv‡RB 3f-Awe©Uvj Am¤¢e|
[5f I 4p-Gi †¶‡Î wb‡R Ki]
cÖktœ -4| cUvwmqv‡gi (K) 19-Zg B‡jKUªbwU 3d-
1
12
Dc¯Í‡i bv wM‡q 4s Dc¯Í‡i hvq †Kb-e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖkœ -7| †ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kx? DËi: AvDdevD bxwZ Abymv‡i B‡jKUªb mg~n wfbœ
AiweUv‡j Zv‡`i kw³i D”Pµg Abymv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|
KviY wbgœkw³¯Í‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv †ewk| `ywU Awe©Uv‡ji
g‡a¨ †KvbwU wbgœZi kw³i Zv cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v ,n
Ges mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v,l Gi gvb †_‡K wn‡me Kiv
hvq| †h AiweUv‡ji Rb¨ (n+l)-Gi gvb Kg †mwUB wbgœ
kw³i AiweUvj Ges B‡jKUªb Zv‡ZB cÖ_‡g cÖ‡ek
K‡i| †hgb-K-Gi 19Zg B‡jKUªbwU 3d-AiweUv‡j bv
4s AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Zv (n+l)-Gi gvb †_‡K †ei
Kiv hvq|
3d-AiweUv‡ji Rb¨, n+l = 3 + 2 = 5
Ges 4s AiweUv‡ji Rb¨, n+l = 4 + 0 = 4
 2

myZivs 3d-Gi †P‡q 4s AiweUv‡ji kw³ Kg|

†mRb¨ K-Gi 19Zg B‡jKUªbwU 3d- AiweUv‡j
cª‡ek bv K‡i wbgœ kw³i 4s AiweUv‡j wM‡q
w¯’wZkxj B‡jKUªb web¨vm cÖvß nq|
†hgb-K (19) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
cÖkœ -5| Av‡cwÿK AvYweK f‡ii GKK †bB †Kb?

1
1
1 C12
12

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki Ges cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi `vI :

6+
+

M. wPÎ-1 G cÖ`wk©Z cigvYy g‡W‡ji g~j e³e¨¸wj

eY©bv Ki|
N. wPÎ-1 A‡cÿv wPÎ-2 cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯’vb
m¤úwK©Z aviYv‡K AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i‡QÑ hyw³
`vI|
 

1911
 3

2| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi `vI :

cÖK…wZ‡Z eû ai‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc we`¨gvb| G‡`i g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q
14
C, 99mTc, 131I, 153Sm, 89Sr, 60Co, 238Pu, 32P, 60
Co
137
Cs.
M. DÏxc‡Ki AvB‡mv‡Uvcmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb&
AvB‡mv‡Uvc †Kvb †ivM, †ivMvµvšÍ ¯’vb wbY©‡q I
†iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N.DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb †Kvb AvB‡mv‡Uvc gvby‡li Lv`¨
Dbœq‡b Kv‡R jv‡M, Av‡jvPbv Ki|
Aa¨vq : 4 (chv©q mviwY)
  Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi
99m 153
Tc, Sm, cÖkœ t 1| ch©vq mviwY Kv‡K e‡j ?
89
Sr, 60
Co, 131
I, 32 238
P, Pu, 137
Cs DËit wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g©i g‡a¨
wgj Ges G mKj a‡g©i µg cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨
†gŠjmg~n‡K KZ¸‡jv mvwi I Dj¤^ Kjv‡g mvwR‡q †h
99m
Tc ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K ch©vq mviwY e‡j|
cÖkœ t 2| ‡Wv‡eivBbvi Îqx m~Î Kx ?
DËi t Òch©vq mviwY‡Z `ywU †gŠ‡ji cvigvbweK f‡ii
99m
Tc  Mo Ab¨ GKwU †gŠ‡ji cvigvbweK f‡ii cÖvq mgvb Ges
'm' †gŠj wZbwUi ag© GKB iKg| GB wZbwU †gŠj‡K
metastable cvigvbweK fi Abymv‡i mvRv‡j cÖ_g Ges Z…Zxq †gŠ‡ji
99m 99
Tc Tc f‡ii Mo wØZxq †gŠ‡ji f‡ii mgvb nq|Ó
99m
Tc Tc + 
99
cÖkœ t 3| †g‡Ûwj‡di chv©q m~Î Kx ?
153
Sm 89
Sr DËi t Òhw` †gŠj¸‡jv‡K µgea©gvb cvigvYweK fi
60
Co  Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv nq, Z‡e G‡`i †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK
agv©ejx chv©qµ‡g AvewZ©Z nq|Ó
131 cÖkœ t 4| wbDj¨v‡Ûi AóK ZË¡wU wK ? D`vniY `vI|
I,
32 137 DËi tÒ†gŠjmg~n‡K Zv‡`i cvigvYweK f‡ii µg
P Cs Abymv‡i mvRv‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †h †Kvb †gŠj †_‡K ïiæ
238
Pu K‡i Aóg †gŠ‡ji †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g©i cybtive„wË
N‡U|Ó hv ch©vq mviwYi AóK ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
60
Co 32
P cÖkœ t 5| ¶vi avZz Kv‡K e‡j ?
DËi t †h mKj avZz cvwbi m‡½ mivmwi wewµqv K‡i
Zxeª ¶vi MVb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ¶vi avZz ejv nq| MÖæc-1
(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) Gi AšÍf~©³ †gŠjmg~n AZ¨šÍ
mwµq Ges cvwbi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i Zxeª ¶vi MVb K‡i,
ZvB G‡`i‡K ¶vi avZz e‡j |
cÖkœ t 6| g„r¶vi avZz Kv‡K e‡j ?
DËi t †h mKj avZz cvwbi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i ¶vi MVb
K‡i Ges hv‡`i f~-Z¡‡Ki g„wËKvq cvIqv hvq Zv‡`i‡K
32 g„r¶vi avZz ejv nq| MÖæc-2 (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,
 32
P
15P Ra) Gi †gŠjmg~n f~-Z¡‡Ki g„wËKvq †`Lv hvq Gescvwbi
32
P mv‡_ ¶vi MVb K‡i| GRb¨ G‡`i‡K g„r¶vi avZz e‡j|
 4

cÖkœ t 7| gy`ªv avZz Kv‡K e‡j ?

DËi t Cu, Ag Ges Au G wZbwU avZz wb‡q chv©q AbyaveYg~jK cÖkœ I DËi
mviYxi Mªyc-11 MwVZ| eû cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB GB wZbwU cÖkœ t 1| †mvwWqvg‡K (Na) ¶vi avZz ejv nq †Kb ?
avZz gy`ªv •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q e‡j G‡`i‡K gy`ªv DËi t Na chv©q mviwYi Mªyc-1 Gi †gŠj| Mªyc-1 Gi
avZz ejv nq| †gŠj¸‡jv †ek wµqvkxj| G‡`i ewntmn ¯Í‡iii
cÖkœ t 8| Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji msÁv `vI ?
B‡j±ªbxq KvVv‡gv ns1 ZvB Giv mn‡RB Zxeª Zwor
DËi t †h mKj ‡gŠ‡ji w¯’wZkxj AvqwbK Ae¯’vq
abvZ¥K Avqb MVb K‡i mwµqZv †`Lvq Ges cvwbi mv‡_
B‡jKUªb web¨vm Ki‡j d Awe©Uvj B‡j±ªb Øviv Ac~©Y wewµqv K‡i Zxeª ¶vi Drcbœ K‡i| GRb¨ ‡mvwWqvg‡K
_v‡K Zv‡`i‡K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj e‡j| mvaviYfv‡e MÖæc-3 ¶vi avZz ejv nq|
†_‡K MÖæc-11 Gi †gŠj mg~n‡K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj e‡j| 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
cÖkœ t 9| wbw®Œq M¨vm ev AwfRvZ M¨vm wK ? cªkœ t 2| K¨vjwmqvg‡K (Ca) †K g„r¶vi avZz ejv nq
DËi t wnwjqvg (He), wbqb (Ne), AvM©b (Ar), wµÞb †Kb ?
(Kr), †Rbb (Xe) I †iWb (Rn)-G QqwU †gŠj chv©q DËi t Ca chv©q mviwYi Mªyc-2 Gi †gŠj| cÖvPxYKv‡j
mviwYi MÖæc-18 Gi AšÍM©Z | mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq I Zvc cÖ‡qvM G me c`v‡_©i †hŠ‡Mi we‡kl †Kvb cwieZ©b
Pv‡c Giv mevB M¨vm| mvaviYZ Giv †Kvb c`v‡_©i mv‡_ j¶¨ Kiv †hZ bv e‡j Zv‡`i‡K gvwUi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv
ivmvqwbK wµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv, eis gy³ Ae¯’vq nq| f~-c„‡ôi gvwU‡Z Ca avZz‡K A·vBW wn‡m‡e cvIqv
¯^vaxbfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b wbwj©ß hvq| gvwUi gZ •ewkó¨ _vKvq Ges cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq
D`vmxb e‡j G‡`i‡K wbw®Œq M¨vm ev AwfRvZ M¨vm ejv ¶vi MVb Kivq G‡`i‡K g„rÿvi avZz ejv nq|
nq| Ca + 2H2O → Ca (OH)2 + H2
cÖkœ t 10| n¨v‡jv‡Rb ej‡Z wK eyS ? cÖkœ t 3| Sc I Zn †K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj ejv hvq bv
DËi t ch©vq mviwY‡Z MÖæc-17 †Z Aew¯’Z †gŠjmg~n‡K †Kb?
(F,Cl,Br,I I At) GK‡Î n¨v‡jv‡Rb ejv nq| DËi t †h mKj cigvYyi w¯’wZkxj AvqwbK Ae¯’vq
n¨v‡jv‡Rb k‡ãi A_© Ômvgyw`ªK jeb Drcv`bKvixÕ| B‡jKUªb web¨vm Ki‡j d Awe©Uvj B‡j±ªb Øviv Ac~©Y
mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z D³ ‡gŠjmg~‡ni jeb cvIqv hvq e‡j _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj e‡j| Sc I Zn Gi
G‡`i n¨v‡jv‡Rb e‡j| myw¯’Z Avqb h_vµ‡g Sc3+ Ges Zn2+ Gi B‡jKUªb
cÖkœ t 11| AvqbxKiY kw³ ej‡Z wK eyS ? web¨vm wb¤œiƒc :
DËi t M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †Kvb †gŠ‡ji 1 mol wew”Qbœ Sc3+(21)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
cigvYy †_‡K GKwU K‡i 1 mol B‡j±ªb mwi‡q G‡K Zn2+(30)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
M¨vmxq wew”Qbœ 1 mol GKK abvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ B‡jKUªb web¨vm †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Sc3+ Avq‡bi d
Ki‡Z †h kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji Awe©Uv†j †Kvb B‡jKUªb †bB Ges Zn2+ Avq‡bi d
AvqbxKiY kw³ ev AvqwbKiY wefe ev AvqbxKiY Awe©Uvj c~Y©| ZvB G‡`i c‡ÿ B‡jKUªb msL¨vi
c‡Ubwkqvj e‡j| cwieZ©b NUv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
cÖkœ t 12| B‡j±ªb Avmw³ ej‡Z wK eyS ? †mRb¨ Sc I Zn †K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj ejv hvq bv|
DËi t †Kvb †gŠ‡ji 1 mol PvR© wbi‡c¶ wew”Qbœ M¨vmxq cÖkœ : 4| He 2
cigvYy 1 mol B‡j±ª‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q 1 mol GKK He
FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ M¨vmxq Avqb m„wó Ki‡Z †h cwigvY 1s2
kw³ wbM©Z nq, Zv‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji B‡j±ªb Avmw³ e‡j|
cÖkœ t 13| Zwor FYvZ¥KZv ej‡Z wK eyS ?
DËi t †Kvb mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× `ywU cigvYyi g‡a¨
†kqviK„Z B‡jKUªb hyMj‡K GKwU †gŠ‡ji cigvYy KZ©„K
wb‡Ri w`‡K AwaK AvKl©Y Kivi Zzjbvg~jK ¶gZv‡K
†mB †gŠ‡ji B‡j‡±ªv‡b‡MwUwfwU ev Zwor FbvZ¥KZv He
e‡j| cÖkœ : 5| Ò†d¬vwib (F) mev©‡c¶v Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠjÓ-
e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi :
chv©q mviYx‡Z GKB chv©‡q evg n‡Z Wv‡b †M‡j
cigvYyi AvKvi n«vm cvq Avevi GKB Mªy‡c Dci n‡Z
 5

bx‡P †M‡j cigvYyi AvKvi e„w× cvq| cigvYyi AvKvi

hZ n«vm cvq Ges wbDwK¬qvm ZZ Kvh©Kifv‡e eÜb
B‡jKUªb‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| †d¬vwib
†h‡nZz chv©q mviYxi wØZxq chv©‡qi me© Wv‡b Ges 17-
MÖæ‡ci kx‡l© Aew¯’Z ZvB Gi AvKvi AwZkq ¶z`ª|
d‡j †d¬vwib (F) eÜb ‡Rvo B‡jKUªb‡K me‡P‡q †ewk
wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Z mg_© nq e‡j Gi Zwor
FYvZ¥KZv me‡P‡q †ewk| †hgb- F- Gi Zwor
FYvZ¥KZvi gvb 4.0 | (Cl)

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi `vI : A, B, C P, S Cl

15A B C
A, B, C P > S > Cl

A
F
Na Mg
A, B, C

 
A 15


P(15)  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 3
 
Na

(P)

3 Na Mg
Na Mg Na
11 Mg 12, Na
(P) Mg 1 Na
5, 5 Mg
F
A F

Na
A, B C 15,
Na
16 17 P,
S Cl
Na 17 F
Cl)
 6

Aa¨vq : 5 (ivmvqwbK eÜb)

Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ t 1| ‡hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb ev †hvRbx B‡jKUªb Kx?
DËit †Kvb †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i †gvU B‡jKUªb
msL¨v‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb ev †hvRbx
B‡jKUªb e‡j|
cÖkœ t 2| †gŠ‡ji ‡hvRbx ev †hvR¨Zv ej‡Z Kx †evS?
DËit †Kvb †gŠ‡ji cigvbyi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl
Kÿc‡_ †h KqwU B‡jKUªb _v‡K ev †h KqwU †e‡Rvo
B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zvi msL¨v‡K D³ †gŠ‡ji †hvRbx ev
1 †hvR¨Zv e‡j| GLv‡b avZzi ‡ÿ‡Î, me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i
17 B‡jKUªb msL¨vB Zvi †hvRbx| Ges AavZzi †ÿ‡Î,
me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i †e‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v Zvi †hvRbx|
cÖkœ t 3| †gŠ‡ji myß ‡hvRbx Kx?
DËit †Kvb †gŠ‡ji m‡e©v”P †hvRbx Ges mwµq †hvRbxi
-1 cv_©K¨‡K H †gŠ‡ji myß †hvRbx e‡j|
Na cÖkœ t 4| ivmvqwbK eÜb Kx ?
DËi t Òwewfbœ AYy‡Z cigvbymg~n †h AvK©lbx e‡ji
17 F
mvnv‡h¨ ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K ivmvqwbK
Na F
eÜb e‡j|Ó
Na F
cÖkœ t-5| Ô`yB Gi wbqgÕ Kx ?
DËit- ÔÔ †Kvb cigvby‡Z AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb _vK‡j Zv Ab¨
Na
cigvbyi AhyM¥ B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ hyM¥ n‡q mg‡hvRx eÜb
F
m„wó K‡i|ÕÕ
Na
cÖkœ t 6| AvqwbK ev Zwor †hvRx eÜb Kx ?
F DËi t B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g MwVZ K¨vUvqb
(abvZ¡K Avqb) Ges A¨vbvqbmg~n (FbvZ¡K Avqb) †h
w¯’i •e`y¨wZK AvKl©Y ej Øviv ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Ave× _v‡K
Zv‡K AvqwbK eÜb ev Zwor †hvRx eÜb e‡j|
cÖkœ t 7| mg‡hvRx eÜb Kx ?
DËi t Aby MV‡bi mgq `ywU cigvYy w¯’wZkxj B‡jKUªbxq
KvVv‡gv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ hw` mg msL¨K B‡jKUªb
mieivn K‡i GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb ‡Rvo m„wó K‡i
Ges Dfq cigvby Zv mgfv‡e †kqvi K‡i, Z‡e
cigvby؇qi g‡a¨ †h eÜb MwVZ nq Zv‡K mg‡hvRx eÜb
e‡j|
cÖkœ t-8| ‡cvjvi AYy ev WvB‡cvj Kx ?
DËit †h me mg‡hvRx Aby‡Z Dcv`vb †gŠjmg~‡ni Zwor
FbvZ¥KZvi cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y AvswkK abvZ¥K I AvswkK
FbvZ¥K cªv‡šÍi m„wó nq A_©¨vr `y‡Uv †cvj ev †giæi m„wó
nq, Zv‡K WvB‡cvj ev †cvjvi AYy e‡j|
cÖktœ -9| avZe eÜb Kx ? D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
KwVb Ae¯’vq avZzi cigvYymg~n †h AvKl©Y ej Øviv
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ave× _v‡K, Zv‡K avZe eÜb e‡j|
 7

AbyaveYg~jK cÖkœ I DËi dmdiv‡mi †kl Kÿc‡_ dvuKv d-AiweUvj _vKvq

D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq Gi †kl Kÿc‡_i †Rvo B‡jKUªb †f‡O
cÖkœ t 1| g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq
GKB †Kb? | dmdiv‡mi †hvRbx 5 nq| A_©¨vr dmdiv‡mi `yÕwU
DËit g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wb¤œiƒc:- †hvRbx we`¨gvb h_v:-3 I 5 | (ev, PCl5 Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡
Mg(12) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Av‡Q)
Dc‡iv³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, cÖkœ t-4| HF GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM - e¨vL¨v Ki
g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi me©‡kl Kÿc‡_ `yBwU B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| DËi t- HF (H-F) Aby‡Z mg‡hvRx eÜb we`¨gvb _vKv
†h‡nZz avZzi †ÿ‡Î me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i B‡jKUªb msL¨vB m‡Ë¡I HF GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM| KviY HF Aby‡Z
Zvi †hvRbx ZvB K¨vjwmqv‡gi †hvRbx 2 (`yB)| B‡jKUªb †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g mg‡hvRx eÜb MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
Avevi, †Kvb †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i †gvU B‡jKUªb wKš‘ H (2.1) A‡c¶v F (4.0) AwaK Zwor FbvZ¥K
msL¨v‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb ev †hvRbx A_©vr B‡jKUªb AvKl©‡Yi ¶gZv †ewk nIqvq Zv‡`i
B‡jKUªb e‡j| ‡h‡nZz g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi me©‡kl Kÿc‡_ ga¨Kvi †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb †Rvo H A‡c¶v F cigvYyi
`yBwU B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| ZvB g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi †hvR¨Zv AwaK wbK‡U _v‡K| d‡j HF AbywUi F cÖvšÍ AvswkK
B‡jKUªbI 2 (`yB)| FbvZ¥K (F-) Ges H cÖvšÍ AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© (H+)
A_©¨vr g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb jvf K‡i|
GKB| †hgb- H+ - F-
cÖkœ t 2| Aw·‡R‡bi †hvR¨Zv I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb wfbœÑ Gfv‡e mg‡hvRx e܇b abvZ¥K I FbvZ¥K †gi~im„wói
e¨vL¨v Ki|
welq‡K †cvjvwiwU e‡j| GRb¨ HF GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM ev
DËit †Kvb †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i †gvU B‡jKUªb
Aby|
msL¨v‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb ev †hvRbx
cÖkœ : 5| Ar Gi wbw®ŒqZvi KviY Kx ?
B‡jKUªb e‡j|
AavZzi †ÿ‡Î, me©‡kl Kÿc‡_i †e‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v DËi : Ar Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wb¤œiƒc :
Zvi †hvRbx| Ar (18) –– 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
O(8)1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z Dc‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi cÖwZ j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h,
6 Ar Gi me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯Í‡ii s I p AiweUv‡j †gvU
6 Aw·‡R‡bi AvUwU B‡j±ªb (ns2np6) Av‡Q| G c~Y© B‡jKUªb KvVv‡gv
2 ZvB 2 †f‡½ Ar Gi cigvY~‡K Avq‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j
AZ¨šÍ D”P AvqwbKKiY kw³ cÖ‡qvRb nq| GZ D”P
cÖkœ t 3| N-Gi †hvRbx w¯’i wKš‘ P-Gi †hvRbx
AvqwbKiY kw³ AR©b Kiv †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡ZB
cwieZb©kxj †Kb?
DËit bvB†Uªv‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wb¤œiƒc:- m¤¢e bq| GRb¨AóK KvVv‡gv AZ¨šÍ w¯’wZkxj nq|
N(7)1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z d‡j Ar Ab¨ †Kvb †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ mvaviYZ †Kvb cÖKvi
Dc‡iv³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, B‡jKUªb Av`vb cÖ`vb ev †kqv‡i Ask MÖnY K‡i bv Ges
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi me©‡kl Kÿc‡_ wZbwU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †Kvb eÜb MV‡b ev ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i
i‡q‡Q| ZvB bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †hvRbx 3| bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †kl bv| GRb¨B Ar ivmvqwbK fv‡e wbw®Œq|
Kÿc‡_ †Kv‡bv dvuKv AiweUvj bv _vKvq Gi †kl
Kÿc‡_i †Rvo B‡jKUªb †f‡O we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb m„w ó
n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †hvRbx w¯’i|
Aciw`‡K, dmdiv‡mi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wb¤œiƒc:-
P(15) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z
(¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq)
P*(15) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z 3d1xy
(D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq)
Dc‡iv³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, ¯^vfvweK
Ae¯’vq dmdiv‡mi me©‡kl Kÿc‡_ wZbwU †e‡Rvo
B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| ZvB dmdiv‡mi †hvRbxI 3| wKš‘
 8

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi `vI :
A I B `yBwU †gŠj †hLv‡b A †gŠ‡j PviwU kw³¯Íi
I B †gŠ‡j `yBwU kw³¯Íi we`¨gvb, G‡`i me©‡kl
kw³¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 2 I 7.
M. A I B Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi ms‡KZ wbY©q Ki|
N. B †gŠjwU AvqwbK I mg‡hvRx Dfq ai‡bi †hŠM
MVb Ki‡jI A †gŠjwU ïay AvqwbK †hŠM MVb F2
K‡i hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki| F
 
A Ca

2 2|
20 A D E R
myZivs †gŠjwU Ca 1 6 11 17
Ca(20) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 A, D I R cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq|
2 B A R
7
DR ER
9 myZivs †gŠjwU F
F(7)1s 2s2 2p5
2

1  
Ca F CaF2 A R
Ca (H) (Cl)
Ar 2, 8, 8
2 Ca2+

F Ne
2, 8 1

F

(H) (Cl)
HCl Cl
Ca
HCl Abyi g‡a¨ †h mg‡hvRx eÜb i‡q‡Q Zv
2 wbgœiƒ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq t
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I †K¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbgœiƒct
1H  1s
1

17 Cl  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z
2 2 6 2 2 2 1
F
 9

A_©vr H-cigvYy‡Z †hvRbx B‡jKUªb nj 1 wU Ges Aa¨vq :6

Cl cigvbyi †hvRbx B‡jKUªb 7 wU| ZvB
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges †K¬vwib Zv‡`i we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb (‡gv‡ji avibv I ivmvqwbK MYbv)
w`‡q GKwU B‡jKUªb ‡Rvo m„wó I †kqvi K‡i| Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi
d‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvbyi me©‡gvU `ywU Ges †K¬vwib
cigvYyi me©‡kl kw³¯Í‡i me©‡gvU 8 wU B‡jKUªb
AwR©Z nq| d‡j H I Cl cigvYyi g‡a¨ mg‡hvRx cÖk-œ 1| †gvj ej‡Z wK eyS?
GKK eÜb m„wó nq| DËit †Kvb †gŠwjK ev †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i AvbweK fi‡K
HCl MÖv‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j †h cwigvY cvIqv hvq †mB cwigvY‡K
D³ c`v‡_©i GK ‡gvj e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e, ‡Kvb c`v‡_©i hZ MÖvg f‡i 6.023  1023 wU
KYv (AYy, cigvYy ev Avqb) _v‡K ZZ MÖvg fi‡K D³
c`v‡_©i GK †gvj e‡j|
cÖk-œ 2| M¨v‡mi †gvjvi AvqZb ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t †Kvb M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i GK †gvj †h AvqZb `Lj
K‡i Zv‡K Zvi †gvjvi AvqZb e‡j|
cÖk-œ 3| †gvjvwiwU ej‡Z wK eyS? e¨vL¨v Ki|
ev, HCl DËit- wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq cÖwZwjUvi `ªe‡Y `ªexf~Z `ª‡ei
†gvj msL¨v‡K H `ªe‡Yi †gvjvwiwU ev †gvjvi NbgvÎv
DR ER ejv nq| G‡K M ev mol L–1 Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq |
CC14 NaCl NaCl cÖkœ -4| †gvjvi `ªeb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb `ªe‡bi cÖwZ wjUvi AvqZ‡b
MÖvg AvYweK fi cwigvY ev 1 mole `ªe `ªexf~Z _vK‡j
†m `ªeb‡K H `ª‡ei †gvjvi `ªeb ejv nq|
cÖk-œ 5| Choichiometry Kx?
DR CCl4 ER NaCl CCl4 DËi: imvq‡bi †h kvLvq wewµqvK…Z wewµqK Ges
CCl4- Drcv‡`i cwigv‡Yi wnmve Kiv nq Zv‡K
Choichiometry e‡j|
cÖk-œ 6| wjwgwUs wewµqK Kx?
DËi: †Kv‡bv GKwU ivmvqwbK wewµqv msMVbKv‡j
NaCl
GKvwaK wewµq‡Ki g‡a¨ †h wewµqK Aewkó _v‡K bv,
Na+ Cl
Zv‡K wjwgwUs wewµqK e‡j|
NaCl cÖk-œ 7| A¨vbvjvi ev A¨vbvjvi ‡MÖW c`v_© Kx?
DËi: me‡P‡q weï× A_©¨vr 99% weï× ivmvqwbK
c`v_©‡K A¨vbvjvi ev A¨vbvjvi ‡MÖW c`v_© e‡j|
NaCl

Na+ Cl

CCl4-
(NaCl)
 10

AbyaveYg~jK cÖkœ I DËi †ebwR‡bi ¯’yj ms‡KZ CH

cÖk-œ 2| Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi †gvjvi AvqZb e¨vL¨v Ki| wKš‘ AvYweK ms‡KZ
DËi: (CH)6 ev C6H6.
3| 3. †hŠ‡Mi ¯’yj ms‡KZ 3| 3. †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ
CO2 wbY©‡qi Rb¨ ïay Gi Aby¯’ wbY©‡q Gi ¯’yj ms‡KZ I
= cÖwZwU †gŠ‡ji kZKiv AvYweK fi Aek¨B Rvbv
12 + 16  2= 44 mshyw³ I cvigvbweK fi cÖ‡qvRb|
1 CO2 = 44g RvbvB h‡_ó AvYweK fi
CO2 Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
44g 4| 4. ¯’~j ms‡KZ †Kej †hŠ‡Mi 4. AvbweK ms‡KZ †hŠM I
44g CO2 †¶‡Î n‡Z cv‡i| †gŠ‡ji †gŠj Df‡qi †¶‡Î n‡q
22.4L †¶‡Î nq bv| _v‡K|
5| 5. GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi Rb¨ 5| 5. mgvbyZvi †¶Î Qvov me
= 18 GKB ¯’~j ms‡KZ n‡Z mgq GKB †hŠ‡Mi GKB
1mole- cv‡i| †hgb B_vBb I AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡q _v‡K|
(N) 6.02  1023 †ebwR‡bi GKB ¯’~j ms‡KZ †hgb- C6H6 AvYweK
1 mole = 18g CH . ms‡KZ †Kej †ebwR‡biB
23 n‡q _v‡K|
6.02  10 = 18g
18
1 = 23 g
6.02  10
–23
= 2.99  10 g m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
cÖk-œ 1. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk-œ 1| ¯’yj ms‡KZ I AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ 180 fiwewkó †hŠM M Gi 6.75g we‡kølY K‡i
D‡jøL Ki| 045g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, 27g Kve©b Ges 36g
DËi: wb‡Pi Q‡K ¯’yj ms‡KZ I AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi g‡a¨ Aw·‡Rb cvIqv †Mj|
cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt-
¯’yj ms‡KZ AvYweK ms‡KZ M
1| 1. ¯’yj ms‡KZ †hŠ‡Mi Aby1|
‡Z 1. AvYweK ms‡KZ †hŠ‡Mi
eZ©gvb cÖwZwU †gŠ‡ji cigvby Aby‡Z we`¨gvb me †gŠ‡ji  
msL¨vi mij AbycvZ eySvq, cigvby mg~‡ni cÖK…Z msL¨v M-
cÖK„Z msL¨v eySvq bv| cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb- 675g
†hgb, †ebwR‡bi ¯’~j ms‡KZ †ebwR‡bi AvYweK ms‡KZ 045
 100= 667%
CH myZivs Gi Aby‡Z C I C6H6 n‡Z eySv hvq Gi 675
H Gi cigvby msL¨vi Aby‡Z C I H cigvbyi 27
  100 = 40%
675
AbycvZ 1:1 | cÖK…Z msL¨v 6:6 |
36
2| 2. ¯’yj ms‡KZ KLbI KLbI 2. AvYweK ms‡KZ me mgq  100 = 5333%
675
AvbweK ms‡K‡Zi mgvb ¯’yj ms‡K‡Zi mgvb ev
nq| †hgb - cvwbi ¯’yj Zvi mij¸wbZ‡Ki mgvb
ms‡KZ H20 hv Zvi AvbweK nq| †hgb: cvwbi AvYweK
ms‡KZ H20 Gi mgvb| ms‡KZ H20 Zvi ¯’yj
ms‡K‡Zi mgvb Ges
 11

M 212g Na2CO3
Na2CO3 = (23  2 + 12 +
16  3) = 106
106 Na2CO3 1 Na2CO3
1  212
212 Na2CO3 = Na2CO3
106
C 40 12 40
3.33
=1 =2 Na2CO3
= 333 3.33
12
1 1 1000
H 667 1 667
6.67
=2 CH2O
1 =
3.33
Na2CO3 
667 1 Na2CO3 1
5333 3.33 2 1 2
3.33
=1
O 5333 16 16 = =2
333 212
Na2CO3 2
M CH2O

M (CH2O)n
M (12 + 2 + 16)  n 49 H2SO4 159.5 CuSO4
= 30n
H2SO4 =
30n = 180 M
180] 1  2 + 32 + 16  4 = 98
180  98 H2SO4 = 1 H2SO4
n= 1  49
30  49 H2SO4
n=6 98
 (CH2O)6 = 0.5
= C6H12O6 CuSO4 =
63.5 + 32 + 16 4 = 159.5
M  159.5 CuSO4 = 1 CuSO4
0.5
H2SO4 1 CuSO4
23
(6.02  10 )
212g 49g 159.5g
NA
H2SO4 = 0.5  NA =
2
CuSO4 1
NA = NA
NA

 
Na2CO3

 mgvß