2023-09-05

CIVI 6731
BIG DATA ANALYTICS FOR SMART CITIES

Week 1
Introduction – Smart City Infrastructure

Logistics of the Course

What to expect this term!?

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What’d be the course like?!

CONTENT
Smart Infrastructure Data Mining
 Smart Transportation  Urban Open Data
 Smart Buildings  Data Cleansing & Pre-
 Smart Grids (Energy) processing
 Urban Water & Drainage  Correlation Analysis
 Others  Supervised Learning
 Smart Street  Unsupervised Learning
 Smart Waste Mgmt.
…
3

What’d be the course like?!

STYLE
Most weeks we’ll have:
 Pre-lecture Activity
 Lecture
 Introducing theory (of data mining techniques/smart infrastructure)
 Tutorial
 Hands-on application of the techniques (in Rapidminer)
 Post Lecture Activity
 Weekly post-tutorial questionnaire
 Case study readings
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Please Carefully Read the

Course Outline Posted on
Moodle

Opening Up the Course

What is smart city?!

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Singapore

• Goal: to become the first “smart

nation”
• Program launched in 2014
• Calling for sensors & cameras to be
deployed across the island
• Tracking from “clean-ness” to “traffic”

Ref: https://www.iotworldtoday.com 7

Barcelona
• Award winning city (iCapital prize,
2013)
• Made an extensive use of sensors to
help monitoring & managing traffic
• Bus system equipped with eco-
friendly engines
• Bus stops having touch screen
machines to localize buses in the city &
navigate passengers
• Bike sharing system
• Smart parking spaces
• Pneumatic waste management system

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London
• Solving the issues with congestion
and parking scarcity (applying
congestion tax)
• Smart transport system of buses,
trains, and shared vehicles
• Partnered with O2 to launch Europe’s
largest free Wi-Fi network
• Has an institution called the Smart
Cities Research Center studying
initiatives to make the city more
innovative and technologically efficient

Ref: https://www.ecnmag.com 9

San Francisco
• Among the leaders in smart parking,
vehicle sharing services & internet speeds
• Has one of the highest ranked business
ecosystems (large number of start-up
companies)
• The city’s grid runs on >40% renewable
energy (in 2017)
• Smart grid deployment sector has
grown 130 percent in recent years
• Over 100 public charging stations for
electric vehicles
• Apps for most efficient travel routes

Ref: https://www.iotworldtoday.com 10

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Seoul

• Named the world’s first smart

city back in 2014
• “Smart Seoul 2015” campaign
provided top-notch healthcare facilities
for the disabled and elderly
• Host to the upcoming 5G network
• Among the world’s leaders of utilizing
smart technology in mobility and
transportation

Ref: https://www.ecnmag.com 11

So,… What is a “Smart City”?

 A bit of history
 The term “Smart City” was probably first coined by Cisco in 2005;
 The term became popular around 2006;
 By 2010, actual business solutions offered to sole district and city
problems (such as smart lighting, smart waste mgmt., smart lawn
watering, etc.)
 “Open Source” (& consequently open data) movement gave a
momentum to better scalable & more integrated solutions
 Today’s “ubiquitous computing” and IoT have turned all citizens to
distributed sensors, generating data day and night!

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So,… What is a “Smart City”?

 Zillions of definitions!

 “intelligent cities are “[…]territories with high capacity

for learning and innovation, which is built in the creativity
of their population, their institutions of knowledge
creation, and their digital infrastructure for
communication and knowledge management”.

[Prof. Nicos Komninos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]

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So,… What is a “Smart City”?

 Zillions of definitions!
 “Smart Cities are fixes for the dumb designs of the last
century to prepare [the cities] for challenges of the next
[century]. A new Industrial Revolution to deal with the
unintended consequences of the first one.
 Congestion, global warming, declining health, all can
simply be computed away behind the scenes.
 Sensors, software, digital networks, and remote
controls will automate the things we now operate
manually.”

[Anthony M. Townsend, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for
a New Utopia]
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So,… What is a “Smart City”?

 Zillions of definitions!
 “… smartness in cities [pertains] primarily to the ways in which
sensors can generate new data streams in real time with
precise geo-positioning, and how the databases that are
subsequently generated can be integrated so that value can be
added.”

 “Smart cities can also be synonymous with intelligent cities,

information cities, virtual cities, amongst many other
nomenclatures.”
[Prof. Michael Batty, UCL London]

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So,… What is a “Smart City”?

 Zillions of definitions!
 “… In any case, Smart Cities will become a major field of
investment in the next years […] and the distribution of
decision-making will change rapidly. In general, the reaction
time of urban services will become shorter, and urban
infrastructure use will change in a much faster way than before.”

 “Sensor installations in public spaces first change the behavior

of citizens, and will then lead to infrastructure and spatial
modifications as a consequence.”

[Prof. Gerhard Schmitt, ETH Zurich]

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So,… What is a “Smart City”?

 Zillions of definitions!
 “… By 2017, Montréal will be the world’s leading smart city. As part of
this process, the city and community intend to invest in innovative,
growth-generating projects.”

 “Montréal seeks to devise and develop an outstanding quality of life

and a prosperous economy with and for citizens through
collaborative innovation, state-of-the-art technologies and a bold
approach, backed by Montréal’s trademark creativity.”

[Montréal Smart & Digital City, 2014-17 Strategic Plan]

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NOT
So,… What is a “Smart City”?
^

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How to Evaluate Cities?

KPIs for [Smart] Cities

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IESE “Cities in Motion Index” CMI

 Evaluated 183 cities from 92 countries (2022 version)
 9 High-level dimensions:
 Human Capital
 Social Cohesion
 Economy
 Governance
 Environment
 Mobility & Transportation
 Urban Planning
 International Outreach
 Technology
 114 Indicators coming from various resources (2022 Version)
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IESE “Cities in Motion Index” CMI

Class Activity
 Understanding IESE CMI – criteria which are relevant to Civil
Engineering / Infrastructure
 Go to the breakout room and start by introducing yourself and getting
to know others
 Go to the activity file (google spreadsheet) shared on moodle
 Go to the Tab of the spreadsheet which relates to your room
 Read each indicator, and try to classify them (first individually)
 Discuss among the group and reach a consensus on each item
 At the end, each room must submit ONE set of answers
 Keep a list of the items on which you could not reach consensus
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IESE “Cities in Motion Index” CMI

Class Activity
 Understanding IESE CMI – criteria which are relevant to Civil
Engineering / Infrastructure
 Go to the breakout room and start by introducing yourself and getting
to know others
 Go to the activity file (google spreadsheet) shared on moodle
 Go to the Tab of the spreadsheet which relates to your room
 Read each indicator, and try to classify them (first individually)
 Discuss among the group and reach a consensus on each item
 At the end, each room must submit ONE set of answers
 Keep a list of the items on which you could not reach consensus

22

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CMI
2022
Results
Top 9
cities

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2018 rank (#8)

2019 rank (# 18) Canadian Cities
2018 rank (#35)
2019 rank (#39)

CMI
2022
2018 & 2019 rank (#38)
Results
2018 rank (#36)
2019 rank (#55)

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Eden Strategy Institute Ranking

System
CMI is not the only ranking system!
 Eden Strategy Institute Ranking System (2018) is another example.
 Ranking “Smart City Governments” on:
 Vision
 Leadership
 Budget
 Financial Incentives
 Support Programmes
 Talent-readiness
 People Centricity
 Innovative Ecosystem
 Smart Policies
 Track Records
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Eden Strategy Institute Ranking

System

… …

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McKinsey Ranking
 More infrastructure-oriented ranking
 McKinsey Global Institute (2018) evaluated smartest cities on:
 Their underlying infrastructure; and
 Their overlying applications

Ref: https://enterpriseiotinsights.com 30

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BUT IT AINT NO RACE!

… Or let’s hope it’s not!!

Ref: https://www.cartoonstock.com 31

Any questions So far?

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Conceptualization of urban
Infrastructure

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City (Urban Systems)

 Cities as “Socio-technical Systems”
 Political System
 Social System Economic Political
 Economic System System System
 Technological System
Technological
Social System
System
 In the same way, infrastructure can
Socio-technical model of
be considered as “Socio-technical
Urban infrastructure
Systems”

Ref: Finger & Razaghi (2016) 34

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What is Urban Infrastructure?

35

What is Urban Infrastructure?

36

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What is Urban Infrastructure?

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The Wheel of Urban Infrastructure

Social Systems

a
Socio-
Technical
System
Technological

of
Systems

Systems

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Expectations

Social Systems
Technological
Systems
39

Threats!

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Any questions So far?

41

Conceptualization of Smart
Infrastructure

42

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Internet of Things
1. Ubiquitous Data generation
(Pervasive sensing)
 Sensors ▪ GPS
 Cameras ▪ RFIDs
 Smart phones ▪ Actuators

2. Communication & Network

IoT
(Connecting generated data)
1. Telecommunication infrastructure
2. Communication protocols
3. WWW

Ref: Finger & Razaghi (2016) 43

Digitalization
Digitalization is in fact the combination of:

&
 IoT  Data analytics &
(and the exponential growth in visualization
data generation):  Artificial Intelligence
 Machine Learning
BIG data  Deep Learning
…

Ref: Finger & Razaghi (2016) 44

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Digitalization
 Adds a whole new dimension (known as digital transformation)
to any industry
 Creating a digital interface with the customer
 Allowing the service consumer to also be a service provider : a
“PROSUMER”

 The information in the digitalization can be used to generate

new business intelligence & even new business models
 The secret sauce is: DATA ANALYTICS

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SMART
Infrastructure

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Digitalization is disruptive!
In two major directions:
1. Re-shaping existing business models
2. Creating new business models

Source: The Strategy Journey®

47

Digitalization is disruptive!
In two major directions:
1. Re-shaping existing business models
2. Creating new business models

Smart cities are in fact the result of disruption (and

improvement) in the [legacy] cities, due to digitalization!

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Smart City Infrastructure EXAMPLES

 Transport
 ITS ▪ Ride Share ▪ Autonomous Vehicles ▪ Smart parking …
 Energy
 Smart meters ▪ Urban batteries ▪ Energy sheds …
 Water
 Digital meters ▪ Leak detection ▪ Smart storm mgmt. …
 Housing
 Smart HVAC ▪ Smart lighting ▪ Smart appliances ▪ Security …
 Waste
 Smart waste collection ▪ Smart recycle bin …

Ref: Finger & Razaghi (2016) 49

Ref: https://www.nlc.org 50

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Why this course?

& What is it like?

51

WHY THIS COURSE?!

Applications in Research?

& it’s been

exponentially
growing ever since!

Growth in number of publications & authors on Smart Cities Ref: Komninos & Mora (2018) “Exploring the Big Picture of Smart City Research”
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1992 ~ 2012

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WHY THIS COURSE?!

Applications in Research?

“CIVIL ENGINEERING” “CONSTRUCTION

Literature ENGINEERING” Literature

Ref: Kapliński, et al., (2016) “Big data in civil engineering: a state-of-the-art survey”, Ref: Omran & Chen (2016), "Trend on the implementation of analytical techniques
Engineering Structures and Technologies for big data in construction research”

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WHY THIS COURSE?!

Possible Career Paths?

$57,236 (2022) $64,326 $81,582

$132,809 $106,082

Ref: https://www.indeed.ca 54

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WHY THIS COURSE?!

START-UP OPPORTUNITIES

Ref: https://www.cbinsights.com 55

WHY THIS COURSE?!

START-UP OPPORTUNITIES

https://www.cbinsights.com 56

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What do you think?

57

To do for the next week

 Background quiz (on moodle): MADNATORY (for 0%!)

 Reading(s) on the moodle for week 1

 Pre-lecture activity for week 2

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Background Quiz
 Open NOW – Closes on Sunday 17th (the day before the DNE
deadline)

 15 Questions – 25 minutes – on moodle

 Topics – Fundamental math:

 Calculus
 Linear Algebra
 Statistics
 Probability
The objective is to help you decide whether this course can be a
good option for you. 59

Background Quiz
 Mandatory

 Unlimited attempts

 Weight: 0%

 You may search for how to solve the questions, via your
textbooks, websites, etc. & give the quiz additional tries.

The objective is to help you decide whether this course can be a

good option for you. 60

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