Structural Theory Concepts Reviewer
Structural Theory Concepts Reviewer
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
1. MASS STRUCTURES
- Made by piling up of materials
- Pyramids, igloos, beaver dams
2. FRAME STRUCTURES
- Combination of beam, column, LOAD CONVERSION
and slab to resist lateral and
gravity loads
- Usually used to overcome large
moments due to applied loading
3. TRUSSES
- Consists of two-force members
only, that are organized so that the
assemblage as a whole behaves as
a single object
4. SHELL STRUCTURES
- Thin, curved plate structure EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
shaped to transmit forces by
compressive, tensile, and shear
Equilibrium means the forces are balanced, unt not
stresses that act in the plane of
necessarily equal.
the surface
BASIC CONDITIONS:
5. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES
1. Translational Equilibrium
- Horizontal planes supported by
- Object/body experiences no linear
cables (hangers) hung from the
acceleration
parabolic sag of large,
2. Rotational Equilibrium
high-strength steel cables
- Object/body experiences no
6. VAULTED STRUCTURES
rotational acceleration (a
- Usually having arches
component of torque)
7. GEODESIC STRUCTURES
Typically, an object at rest in a stable situation
- Similar to shell structures wherein
experiences both linear and rotational equilibrium.
shells are formed by polygons
BENDING
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
Rollers, 1 AXIAL
Rocker,
Frictionless
Surface
- Compressive axial are negative, while tensile axial
forces are positive
Frictionless 1-2
pin/hinge,
Rough surface PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
Collar on 1
frictionless
rod,
Frictionless
pin in slot
STABILITY
- A stable structure will support any
conceivable system of load, resisting these
loads elastically and immediately upon
FREE BODY DIAGRAM application. The strength of the member
and the capacity of the support being
considered infinite.
- A graphical illustration used to visualize the
- If a structure is stable for a particular load
applied forces, movements, and resulting
system but not for any conceivable load, it is
reactions on a body in a given condition.
considered to be unstable
SIGN CONVENTION
BEAMS
2D 3D
- Shear and moment are the internal forces in
𝑖𝑒 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 𝑖𝑒 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 a beam or frame produced by the applied
transverse loads.
- The shear acts perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis, and the moment
FRAMES
represents the internal couple produced
by the bending stresses.
2D 3D
REVIEW OF TRUSSES
Assumptions:
1. Members are connected together by
frictionless joints (pins)
2. External forces are subjected at the joints
only.
TYPES OF TRUSSES
BEAMS AND FRAMES
1. Simple - symmetrical and determinate
2. Compound - combination of two or more
BEAM
simple trusses by means of a link
- Structural element that primarily resists
3. Complex - neither simple nor compound
loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis.
- Mode of deflection is primarily by bending
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS
FRAME
- Two-dimensional structures constructed
with straight elements connected together
by rigid and/or hinged connections
Case 1 - two member joint : members are not parallel 7. Continue through the structure until all of
and there are no other external loads or reactions at the unknown truss member forces are
the joint, then both members are zero force known
members
METHOD OF SECTIONS
Case 2 - three member joint : if two members are
parallel and there are no external loads or reactions
at the joint, then the member that is not parallel is a - Consists of passing an imaginary line
zero force member. through the truss, cutting it into sections
- Each imaginary section must be in
equilibrium of the entire truss is in
COMMON TYPES OF ROOF TRUSSES
equilibrium
Steps:
1. Check for determinacy and stability
2. If possible, reduce the number of unknown
forces by identifying any zero force
members
3. Calculate the support reactions
4. Make a cut that will pass through a
COMMON TYPES OF BRIDGE TRUSSES maximum of three unknown members
5. Take summation moment at strategic joints
where two or atleast one of the members’
line of action will pass through OR if there
are only two unknowns in the cut you
made, you may use summation forces to
find these two member forces
3. Connect the points and check if all 1. Insert internal hinge at the section.
boundary conditions have been observed 2. Introduce a unit relative rotation equal to 1
radian measured clockwise from left
segment to right segment. Since all vertical
METHOD 2
deflections are so small, the intercepted
chord measures almost the same as the arc.
MUELLER-BRESLAU PRINCIPLE 3. Observe boundary conditions.
- States that the influence function of a
particular variable is proportional to the
elastic curve function which can be drawn
by releasing the restraint on the particular
variable and imposing a unit deformation in
the direction of the variable provided no
boundary condition is violated.
On Reaction Function:
1. Release the support reaction.
2. Introduce a unit displacement in the
direction of the reaction.
3. Observe boundary conditions.
On Shear Function:
1. Release the section - this will cut the beam
into two.
2. Introduce a unit relative displacement
without introducing a relative rotation, the
segments will rotate but will remain parallel.
3. Observe boundary conditions.
On Moment Function:
Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025
BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.
notes<3
STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226
MAXIMA/MINIMA