0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views6 pages

Structural Theory Concepts Reviewer

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views6 pages

Structural Theory Concepts Reviewer

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

notes<3

STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226

LECTURE 1: Introduction TYPES OF LOAD

GENERAL CONCEPTS 1. Combination of Loads


2. Dead Loads
3. Live Loads
4. Other Minimum Loads
5. Wind Loads
6. Earthquake Loads
7. Lateral Loads
8. Rain Loads
9. Flood Loads

TYPES OF STRUCTURES

1. MASS STRUCTURES
- Made by piling up of materials
- Pyramids, igloos, beaver dams

2. FRAME STRUCTURES
- Combination of beam, column, LOAD CONVERSION
and slab to resist lateral and
gravity loads
- Usually used to overcome large
moments due to applied loading

3. TRUSSES
- Consists of two-force members
only, that are organized so that the
assemblage as a whole behaves as
a single object

4. SHELL STRUCTURES
- Thin, curved plate structure EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
shaped to transmit forces by
compressive, tensile, and shear
Equilibrium means the forces are balanced, unt not
stresses that act in the plane of
necessarily equal.
the surface

BASIC CONDITIONS:
5. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES
1. Translational Equilibrium
- Horizontal planes supported by
- Object/body experiences no linear
cables (hangers) hung from the
acceleration
parabolic sag of large,
2. Rotational Equilibrium
high-strength steel cables
- Object/body experiences no
6. VAULTED STRUCTURES
rotational acceleration (a
- Usually having arches
component of torque)

7. GEODESIC STRUCTURES
Typically, an object at rest in a stable situation
- Similar to shell structures wherein
experiences both linear and rotational equilibrium.
shells are formed by polygons

Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025


BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.
notes<3
STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226

BENDING
TYPES OF SUPPORTS

- From the left hand side, all clockwise


moments are positive.
2-DIMENSIONAL
- From the right hand side, all
Support Reaction Number of anticlockwise moments are positive.
Unknowns

Rollers, 1 AXIAL
Rocker,
Frictionless
Surface
- Compressive axial are negative, while tensile axial
forces are positive

Frictionless 1-2
pin/hinge,
Rough surface PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

- States that for linear systems, the net


response caused by two or more inputs, is
Fixed support 2-3 the sum of the inputs each would have
caused on its own.

STABILITY AND DETERMINACY

Structure is in stable equilibrium when small loads


Short cable, 1 do not cause large movements.
Short link
If static equations = number of unknowns, the
structure is determinate.

Collar on 1
frictionless
rod,
Frictionless
pin in slot
STABILITY
- A stable structure will support any
conceivable system of load, resisting these
loads elastically and immediately upon
FREE BODY DIAGRAM application. The strength of the member
and the capacity of the support being
considered infinite.
- A graphical illustration used to visualize the
- If a structure is stable for a particular load
applied forces, movements, and resulting
system but not for any conceivable load, it is
reactions on a body in a given condition.
considered to be unstable

SIGN CONVENTION
BEAMS

SHEAR 2D 2D WITH AXIAL

- From the left, upward forces are 𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 2 − 𝑒𝑐 𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 3 − 𝑒𝑐


positive
- From the right, downward forces are
positive.
Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025
BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.
notes<3
STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226

TRUSSES SHEAR AND MOMENT

2D 3D
- Shear and moment are the internal forces in
𝑖𝑒 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 𝑖𝑒 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 a beam or frame produced by the applied
transverse loads.
- The shear acts perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis, and the moment
FRAMES
represents the internal couple produced
by the bending stresses.
2D 3D

𝑖𝑒 = 3𝑚 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 − 𝑒𝑐 𝑖𝑒 = 3𝑚 + 𝑟 − 6𝑗 − 𝑒𝑐 STEPS IN DRAWING THE V&M DIAGRAM

where 1. Check for determinacy and stability


𝑖𝑒 = degree of indeterminacy 2. Calculate support reactions through
𝑚 = number of members equations of equilibrium
𝑟 = number of reaction components 3. Draw the shear diagram
𝑗 = number of joints 4. Draw the moment diagram
𝑒𝑐 = number of equations of conditions
𝑓 = number of closed frames

REVIEW OF TRUSSES

LECTURE 2: Beams and Frames TRUSSES


- Defined as a structure composed of rigid
members connected together in a way that
UNIFORM LOADS
enables it to resist change in shape due to
the loads.
- Main purpose is to carry larger loads or
spans than any individual member can.

Assumptions:
1. Members are connected together by
frictionless joints (pins)
2. External forces are subjected at the joints
only.

TYPES OF TRUSSES
BEAMS AND FRAMES
1. Simple - symmetrical and determinate
2. Compound - combination of two or more
BEAM
simple trusses by means of a link
- Structural element that primarily resists
3. Complex - neither simple nor compound
loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis.
- Mode of deflection is primarily by bending
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS
FRAME
- Two-dimensional structures constructed
with straight elements connected together
by rigid and/or hinged connections

Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025


BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.
notes<3
STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226

Case 1 - two member joint : members are not parallel 7. Continue through the structure until all of
and there are no other external loads or reactions at the unknown truss member forces are
the joint, then both members are zero force known
members

METHOD OF SECTIONS
Case 2 - three member joint : if two members are
parallel and there are no external loads or reactions
at the joint, then the member that is not parallel is a - Consists of passing an imaginary line
zero force member. through the truss, cutting it into sections
- Each imaginary section must be in
equilibrium of the entire truss is in
COMMON TYPES OF ROOF TRUSSES
equilibrium

Steps:
1. Check for determinacy and stability
2. If possible, reduce the number of unknown
forces by identifying any zero force
members
3. Calculate the support reactions
4. Make a cut that will pass through a
COMMON TYPES OF BRIDGE TRUSSES maximum of three unknown members
5. Take summation moment at strategic joints
where two or atleast one of the members’
line of action will pass through OR if there
are only two unknowns in the cut you
made, you may use summation forces to
find these two member forces

LECTURE 3: Influence Diagrams

INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR BEAMS

METHOD OF JOINTS - Response of the section as the load can be


graphically plotted along the structure
- Constructed to show the variation in the
- Procedure for finding the internal axial effect of a single moving unit load on some
forces in the members of a truss function at any section of a structure
- Involves a progression through each of the - Can also be used to establish the force at a
joints of the truss in turn, each time using point produced by several concentrated
equilibrium at the join to find the unknown loads or by a uniformly distributed load
member forces
Used to:
Steps: 1. Determine where to place live load
1. Check for determinacy and stability 2. Evaluate the magnitude of the force
2. If possible, reduce the number of unknown
forces by identifying any zero force
members
3. Calculate the support reactions METHOD 1
4. Identify a starting join that has two or fewer
unknown members 1. Assume unit load at intervals from a
5. Draw a free body diagram of the joint and starting point to an end point
use equilibrium methods 2. Plot the values of the variable aligned with
6. Move on to another joint that has two or the point of application of the unit load
fewer members

Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025


BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.
notes<3
STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226

3. Connect the points and check if all 1. Insert internal hinge at the section.
boundary conditions have been observed 2. Introduce a unit relative rotation equal to 1
radian measured clockwise from left
segment to right segment. Since all vertical
METHOD 2
deflections are so small, the intercepted
chord measures almost the same as the arc.
MUELLER-BRESLAU PRINCIPLE 3. Observe boundary conditions.
- States that the influence function of a
particular variable is proportional to the
elastic curve function which can be drawn
by releasing the restraint on the particular
variable and imposing a unit deformation in
the direction of the variable provided no
boundary condition is violated.

On Reaction Function:
1. Release the support reaction.
2. Introduce a unit displacement in the
direction of the reaction.
3. Observe boundary conditions.

Radian describes the plane


angle subtended by a circular
arc, as the length of the arc
divided by the radius of the
arc.

One Radian is the angle subtended at the center of a


circle by an arc that is equal in length to the radius of
the circle.

On Shear Function:
1. Release the section - this will cut the beam
into two.
2. Introduce a unit relative displacement
without introducing a relative rotation, the
segments will rotate but will remain parallel.
3. Observe boundary conditions.

INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR TRUSSES

- Since the truss members are affected only


by the joint loading, we can therefore obtain
the ordinate values of the influence line for
a member by loading each joint along the
deck with a unit load.
- Use the method or joints or sections to
calculate the force in the member. Tha date
can be arranged in tabular form, listing
“unit load at joint” versus “force in member.”

On Moment Function:
Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025
BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.
notes<3
STRUCTURAL THEORY CONCEPTS | CE226

- As a convention, if the member force is


tensile, it is considered positive; if it is
compressive, it is negative.

MAXIMA/MINIMA

Since the ordinate of an influence line represents the


value of a certain function produced by a unit load,
the value produced by a concentrated load can be
established by multiplying the influence line
ordinate by the magnitude of the concentrated
load.

Third Year A.Y. 2024-2025


BS CE | 1st Term
z.r.

You might also like