Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering

LWE SP1-WATER RESOURCE PLANNING

Master Plan: Flood Control Plan on Selected Areas of Barangay

Apokon

Submitted by:

Althea Billones
Meraflor Mondigo
Gina Mae Pacon
Ethyl Joy Simblante
Rey Francis Tutor
BSABE 4A

Submitted to:
Dr. Joie D. Cataytay
Instructor

JANUARY 2024
 INTRODUCTION

A flood is a natural occurrence caused by excess water or rain runoff. People

residing in lowland areas often face flooding, resulting in water accumulation from
highland areas to lowland regions. The impact of floods on communities is severe,
affecting both residential and agricultural areas. A comprehensive planning process is
essential to address this issue and ensure long-term protection and mitigation.

Tagum City, surrounded by the Hijo River, Tagum-Liboganon River, and Davao
Gulf, is generally flat. Most flooding in the city occurs in the 13 barangays within the
floodplains. With increasing human intervention in upstream catchments, downstream
consequences and risks escalate. The city's overall land area with high susceptibility
to flooding is 5,797 hectares, accounting for 26.54% of the total land area. This area is
expected to experience a flood depth of equal to or higher than one meter, with a
likelihood of occurrence every 1-3 years. Additionally, 1,559 hectares (7.96%) have
moderate susceptibility, while 5,296 hectares (27.05%) have low susceptibility,
expecting a flood depth of less than one meter. Areas prone to flooding include those
along the coastline and major river systems, encompassing barangays Bincungan,
Busaon, Liboganon, Pagsabangan, west areas/portions of Canocotan, Cuambogan,
San Miguel, and Barangay Apokon. The typical effects of this hydro-meteorological
hazard include damage to roads, facilities, infrastructure, water intrusion into buildings,
disruptions to daily activities, and harm to the livelihoods of the locals.

In Barangay Apokon, Tagum City has identified a high risk of flooding with low
to high susceptibility, recording a value of 1.06. As indicated in Table 1, approximately
4,996 individuals, constituting the total population of Barangay Apokon, are affected
by flooding. In 2012, Typhoon Bopha (locally known as Pablo) caused extensive
damage in the Davao region, impacting buildings, infrastructure, and agriculture and
resulting in loss of life. Tagum City, including Barangay Apokon, experienced
significant destruction due to extensive flooding, affecting agriculture, businesses,
industries, and built environments, leading to secondary effects such as stress, anxiety,
and depression.
 The uncertainties of flooding in Tagum, Davao del Norte, have prompted the
development of adaptation strategies to mitigate flood risks and protect local
livelihoods. The local administration of Tagum City and associated organizations
actively collaborate with the local government of Barangay Apokon to address
flooding. They have initiated a project for the construction/rehabilitation of a drainage
canal to reduce flooding in the area. However, despite this solution, flooding persists,
particularly during heavy rains. Even light rain results in stagnant water in the area's
canals, which does not flow towards the main river, a factor locals believe to contribute
to severe flooding. The stagnant water also poses a health risk due to the presence of
insects like mosquitoes that can transmit the deadly Dengue virus.

Causes of Flood
Typical causes of flooding in areas of Brgy. Apokon are as follow:

1. Heavy Rainfall Due to Low Pressure

A low-pressure area is a common phenomenon that occurs affecting
different parts of the Philippines including Tagum City. Intense
precipitation occurs over an extended time which leads to flooding
specifically in lowland areas.

2. Inundation Flood in Low Areas

Lower areas where the elevation is lower than its surroundings lead to
the accumulation of water rapidly as all the water from higher areas flows
down to the lower terrain in which inundation can occur rapidly.

3. Low Capacity of Canals and Minimal Numbers of Drainage Canals

Constructed

The flood occurs due to the limited number of constructed drainage

canals, marked by design inaccurate designs and insufficient capacity
which causes ineffectively manage and channel excess water from rain.
Consequently, the accumulated water exceeded the designed capacity
of the canal system, leading to flooding in the affected areas. The
inadequacies in the construction of drainage infrastructure significantly
 contributed to the area's susceptibility to flooding events, with a minimal
number of drainage canals being constructed.

Project Goals and Objectives

The types of systems designed were based on the current situation, and design
and calculations were based on the amount of rainfall in 2023. The proposed solutions
in flood occurrence in Brgy. Apokon are the following:

a. Rehabilitation of Existing Drainage Canals

As per the assessment, the existing drainage canals in selected
areas cannot carry the volume of water due to rainfall, which
causes floods. The proposed dimensions are based on the
calculated run-off and rainfall.
b. Construction of Additional Drainage Canals

Scope of the Project

This paper focuses on developing a flood control plan in selected areas in

Barangay Apokon, Tagum City, Davao del Norte. The selected areas in Barangay
Apokon are listed below:
i. Some parts of Purok 5
ii. Gemini Village
iii. RTU Village
iv. Bermudez Village
 METHODOLOGY
The figure below shows the diagram outlining the formulation of the master plan.
Through the method of iteration, the dimensions of the drainage are determined by
assuming different depths that can withstand the calculated peak discharge. The
following sections show the detailed procedure for accomplishing this Master Plan.

Planning

Data Gathering

Mapping

Formulation of Mitigation

Calculations

Design Development

Master Plan Formulation

Figure 1: General Formulation in Doing this Master Plan

Planning

The needed baseline data were identified. This includes identifying the data
source and formulating the request letter to obtain the data. In addition, the tasks of
each member were assigned in this section.
Data Gathering

1. Land Use Map, Flood Susceptibility, and Hazard Map were obtained from the
architect's office in Tagum City Hall. They provide crucial information about the
land use patterns, flood-prone areas, and potential hazards in Barangay
Apokon.
2. The canal's width and depth dimensions were measured manually using steel
tape, while the length used QGIS.

3. The rainfall intensity data was obtained from PAGASA at USeP Tagum-Mabini
Campus. The maximum rainfall intensity is 143.4 mm/day for the entire year of
2023.

4. The runoff coefficient is determined based on land use type. Different land uses
have different runoff coefficients. The table below shows the different runoff
coefficients for every land use type (Krest, 2021).

Table 1: Runoff Coefficients Based on the Type of Land Use

Mapping

The project area was mapped using QGIS software and Google Maps. Each
drainage's length and location were determined using Google Maps. In contrast, the
topographic map was produced by the utilization of QGIS. The terrain and elevation of
the region were examined using the topographic map produced. Furthermore, the
scope of the project was determined in this phase.
Formulation of Mitigation

In formulating the mitigation for the flood in Barangay Apokon, several factors
were considered, such as the elevation of the place, the intensity of rainfall, the land
use of the area, etc.

a. The geographical height of the region plays a crucial role in flood mitigation.
Areas at lower elevations are more susceptible to flooding. By analyzing the
elevation of Barangay Apokon, they can identify vulnerable zones and
implement targeted measures.
b. Understanding the local precipitation patterns and the intensity of rainfall is
vital. This information helps in designing infrastructure that can handle
varying levels of water influx during heavy rains, preventing overflow and
subsequent flooding.
c. Examining how the land in Barangay Apokon is utilized is essential. Improper
land use, such as extensive urbanization or deforestation, can exacerbate
flooding by reducing natural water absorption. Implementing appropriate
land use policies helps maintain the balance between urban development
and environmental sustainability.

The mitigation for the problem in Apokon related to flooding was carefully
formulated using these factors.

Calculations

Listed below are the equations used in accomplishing this master plan.

i. Area of Channel
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

ii. Capacity of Channel

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

iii. Real Capacity of Channel

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − (𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙)

iv. Runoff

𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
1000

v. Velocity
1
𝑉= 𝑅 √𝑠
𝑛
 STUDY CRITERIA

Location
The study area is located in Barangay Apokon, a suburb in Tagum City, Davao
del Norte, Philippines. This barangay is home to approximately 38,000
residents. The specific areas of focus for the flood control plans are Prk 5,
Gemini, Bermudez, and Block 1 RTU. These areas are part of the larger
Barangay Apokon community and are close to each other.

The total area of focus for the flood control plans is approximately 115 hectares.
This area is known for its significant economic, societal, and cultural
contributions to Tagum City. It’s also noteworthy that this area has experienced
flooding in the past, which has impacted the everyday living conditions of its
residents. Therefore, developing effective flood control plans is crucial for this
area.

Overview of key problems and situation in the Brgy. Apokon, Tagum City, Davao
del Norte
The drainage is too small, and there are clogs. Some channels have no drains
and cannot handle the volume of water that builds up due to intense
precipitation. Flooding may occur when water overflows the dikes, severely
damaging low-lying areas.

Criteria for Selected Area for Flood Area

 Hydrologic Factors
- Rainfall patterns: Analyze rainfall data to understand the frequency and
intensity of rainfall. This can help predict potential flooding events.
- Drainage density: Evaluate the density and condition of existing drainage
systems. Poor drainage can exacerbate flooding.

 Morphometric Factors
- Slope: Assess the slope of the area using topographic maps. Areas with
steep slopes can experience rapid runoff, increasing flood risk.
 - Elevation: Identify low-lying areas that are more prone to flooding using
topographic maps. These areas are often the first to flood during heavy
rainfall.

 Land Cover Dynamics

- Changes in land use: Monitor changes in land use over time using land
use maps. Urbanization, deforestation, etc., can increase flood risk by
reducing the land's capacity to absorb water.

Criteria for Flood Protection or Mitigation

 Reconstruction
- Evaluate the current state of flood control structures and identify areas that
need reconstruction.
- Consider the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of reconstruction.

 Rerouting
- Identify areas where rerouting of water flow could significantly reduce
flood risk.
- Consider the potential impact on the surrounding environment and
communities.

 Maintenance
- Regular desilting and cleaning of drainage systems to ensure they function
effectively.
- Consider the cost and manpower required for regular maintenance.

 Construction
- Identify areas where new flood control structures are needed.
- Consider the cost, feasibility, and potential impact on the community and
environment.
 STUDY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The formulation of the design discharge is a crucial aspect in determining the

appropriate countermeasures for flood control plans and the structural design of such
measures. In this context, it is essential to assess whether the existing canal in
Barangay Apokon, specifically in Bermudez, RTU, Gemini, and Purok 5, can effectively
accommodate the flow discharge resulting from the maximum rainfall intensity
recorded on December 30, 2023, measuring 143.4mm.

Upon conducting a survey, the canal dimensions at Bermudez and RTU (Point
1) were found to have a width of 0.5m, a depth of 0.6m, and a total length of 18,756m.
In Gemini and Purok 5 (Point 2), the dimensions were a width of 0.6m, a depth of 0.6m,
and a total length of 7,288m. Calculations based on these measurements resulted in
canal capacities of 5,626.8m³ and 2,623.68m³, respectively.

Moreover, for the recorded rainfall intensity of 143.4mm/day, the contributory

area for Point 1 was calculated to be 476,185.24m², and for Point 2, it was
671,994.33m². Considering a coefficient of runoff of 0.4 for medium-density residential
areas, the runoff for one day was estimated to be 27,313.99m³ and 38,545.59m³,
respectively. Converting these values to runoff discharge resulted in 0.316m³/s for
Point 1 and 0.446m³/s for Point 2.

The table below shows the calculated runoff for the area selected in Barangay
Apokon. It is important to note that the real capacity shown in the table entails the
current capacity of the drainage channel in the area since, based on the observations,
50-75% of the drainage channel is already occupied by sediments, wastes, etc., which
affects the capacity of the channel to receives another runoff.

Table 2: Total Runoff of the Selected Areas

 To determine the discharge flow of these canals, Manning's formula was applied
to calculate the velocity. Using a coefficient of roughness (n) of 0.022 and a channel
bed slope of 0.00025, the velocity at Point 1 was calculated as 0.541m/s, and at Point
2, it was 0.736m/s. Multiplying these velocities by the channel area, the discharge
capacity of the canal at Point 1 was determined to be 0.068m³/s, and at Point 2, it was
0.246m³/s.

Comparing the canal capacities to the runoff discharges, it is evident that the
existing design of the drainage canal in Bermudez and RTU is insufficient to handle the
maximum rainfall of 143.4mm/day, as the canal capacity is 0.068m³/s compared to the
runoff discharge of 0.316m³/s. Similarly, in Gemini and Purok 5, the canal capacity of
0.246m³/s is insufficient compared to the runoff discharge of 0.446m³/s. Consequently,
it is concluded that the current design of the drainage canal is inadequate for managing
such extreme rainfall events.

Table 3: Original Runoff Discharges

PLACE DISCHARGE CAPACITY PEAK DISCHARGE
(m3/s) (m3/s)

BERMUDEZ + RTU 0.068 0.316

GEMINI + PRK 5 0.246 0.446

The Proposed Project

In the process of designing a drainage canal capable of accommodating a peak
runoff of 0.316m³/s in Bermudez and RTU (Point 1) and 0.446m³/s in Gemini and Purok
5 (Point 2), a trial-and-error approach was employed. The final dimensions obtained
for the drainage canal at Point 1 are 0.6m in width and 1m in depth, while at Point 2,
the dimensions are 0.6m in width and 1.1m in depth, with both locations having a
freeboard of 20cm.

The design velocity of the drainage canal was determined to be 0.541m/s at

Point 1 and 0.736m/s at Point 2, utilizing Manning’s coefficient of roughness (n) set at
0.022 for soil cement and a bed slope of 0.001. By multiplying the design area by its
corresponding design velocity, the calculated design discharge for the drainage canal
was found to be 0.324m³/s at Point 1 and 0.486m³/s at Point 2.

Upon comparing these design discharge values to their respective peak runoff
values, it was observed that the design discharge of 0.324m³/s is greater than the peak
runoff of 0.316m³/s at Point 1, and the design discharge of 0.486m³/s is greater than
the peak runoff of 0.446m³/s at Point 2. As a result, it can be concluded that the design
of the drainage canal is acceptable and capable of effectively handling the maximum
rainfall of 143.4mm/day.

Table 4: Runoff Discharges

PLACE DISCHARGE WETTED HYDRAULIC VELOCITY DISCHARGE PEAK
CAPACITY PERIMETER RADIUS (m/s) (m /s)
3
DISCHARGE
OF CANAL (m3/s)
(m3/s)
BERMUDEZ 0.68 2.6 0.2308 0.541 0.324 0.316
+ RTU
GEMINI 0.246 1.8 0.3667 0.736 0.486 0.446
+PRK. 5

The figure below shows the location where new drainage canal will be
constructed. The dimensions of this channel are just the same with the dimension of
the drainage canal in Gemini and Purok 5.

Figure 2: Construction of New Drainage Channel

Design
The modified dimensions of the suggested drainage channel are displayed in
the accompanying figure. Figure 3 shows the new dimensions of the drainage channel
in Bermudez and RTU. Figure 4, on the other hand, depicts the drainage channel's
altered dimensions in Gemini and Purok 5. Note that this measurement is also the
dimension for the proposed new construction of drainage channel.

Figure 4: New Dimensions of Drainage Channel in Bermudez-RTU

Figure 3: New Dimensions of Drainage Channel in Gemini-Purok 5

 COST ESTIMATES, FINANCING, AND IMPLEMENTATION

Cost Estimates

The total costs of the flood control management plan in some selected areas in
Barangay Apokon, Tagum City, Davao del Norte is estimates at Php 34,954,004.01. for
the rehabilitation in both RTU-Bermudez and Gemini-Prk. 5 is estimated at Php
32,656,722.75. for the construction of new drainage channel on the other hand, is
estimated at Php 2,297,281.26. The table below shows the cost estimates for the
propose project.

Table 5: Total Projected Cost Estimates

REHABILITATION CONSTRUCTION
AREA RTU-Bermudez GEMINI - PRK. 5 GEMINI - PRK. 5
MATERIALS
CHB ₱5,572,980.00 ₱2,551,010.00 ₱838,890.00
CEMENT ₱4,204,144.65 ₱1,881,136.64 ₱32,176.59
SAND ₱2,831,073.84 ₱1,266,758.68 ₱390,019.32
STEEL BAR ₱2,742,608.27 ₱1,165,745.57 ₱301,690.45
SUB-TOTAL ₱15,350,806.76 ₱6,864,650.89 ₱1,562,776.37
MAN-POWER (30%) ₱4,605,242.03 ₱2,059,395.27 ₱468,832.91
MACHINERY (10%) ₱1,535,080.68 ₱686,465.09 ₱156,277.64
SUB-TOTAL ₱21,491,129.46 ₱9,610,511.25 ₱2,187,886.91
CONTINGENCY ₱1,074,556.47 ₱480,525.56 ₱109,394.35
SUB-TOTAL ₱22,565,685.94 ₱10,091,036.81 ₱2,297,281.26
TOTAL ₱32,656,722.75 ₱2,297,281.26

Financing Plan

The official funder for the estimated output to cover the foreign exchange cost
(Php 35 million) is the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This will cover the annual
commitment fees, a front-end charge, and additional terms and conditions outlined in
the Loan Agreement draft. The foreign exchange expenses of the structural works and
related non-structural works, as well as the project management at the provincial and
local levels, will be paid for with the loan.

In the meantime, the province of Davao Del Norte, Philippines, will finance the
Php 5 million in local currency costs for provincial project management. These costs
include the cost of office operating expenses, vehicle, and equipment maintenance.
The projects of the City of Tagum and Barangay Apokon, local authorities, would cover
the remaining local currency expenditures, totaling Php 10 billion. In addition, in terms
of local authorities, the financing will be strictly investigated.

Implementation

The plan outlines the project's timeline, spanning four dry seasons starting after the
typical flooding period between May and the subsequent years. The execution is slated
across four financial years, aligned with January to December cycles. The Provincial
Government aims to initiate work by around December 2024, with the remaining
projects commencing the following year, aiming for completion by August 2027. Non-
core projects are set to begin promptly, potentially as early as August 2024.

Procurement

In flood control management it encompasses civil work and the use of machines. In
project implementation, bidding will be required before implementation. To facilitate
local competitive bidding, individual subprojects will have limited-value civil work
contracts. Procurement will involve supply and installation package. A specialized
committee will draft tender documents based on approved detailed designs. The
bidding process will be overseen by a qualified official agency, inviting potential
contractors and suppliers. This process ensures the eligibility of contractors interested
in specific packages and adheres to the ADB guidelines.
 BENEFITS, IMPACTS, RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS

Flood control is a crucial aspect of urban planning, particularly in flood-prone

areas such as Barangay Apokon, specifically Prk 5, Gemini, Bermudez, and Block 1
RTU, in Tagum City. This involves a comprehensive strategy that includes the
reconstruction of existing flood control structures, rerouting of water flow, regular
maintenance of drainage systems, and construction of new flood control structures.
Each of these components is vital in mitigating flood risks and safeguarding
communities. However, they each come with their own set of benefits, impacts, risks,
and assumptions. These factors need to be accurately considered during the planning
and implementation stages to ensure effective flood control.

The reconstruction of existing flood control structures can significantly improve

the area’s resilience to flooding. The benefits include enhanced protection against
floods and potentially increased property values in the area. However, reconstruction
may also lead to temporary disruptions and requires careful cost-benefit analysis to
ensure feasibility. The assumption here is that the existing structures are
fundamentally sound and that improvements can effectively reduce flood risks.

Rerouting of water flow can be a highly effective flood mitigation strategy. It can
significantly reduce flood risk in high-risk areas by diverting water flow to less
vulnerable areas. However, rerouting can also impact the surrounding environment
and communities, and these impacts need to be carefully considered. The assumption
is that suitable areas for rerouting exist and that changes in water flow patterns can be
managed without causing undue harm.

Regular maintenance, including desilting and cleaning of drainage systems, is

crucial to ensure they function effectively. The benefits include improved water flow
and reduced risk of blockages leading to flooding. However, maintenance activities
require resources and manpower, and there’s a risk that inadequate maintenance can
lead to system failures. The assumption is that regular maintenance activities can be
adequately funded and managed.

The construction of new flood control structures (drainage system) can provide
additional protection for vulnerable areas. The benefits include enhanced flood
protection and potential increases in property values. However, construction projects
carry inherent risks, including cost overruns, delays, and potential negative effects on
local ecosystems. The assumption is that suitable locations for new structures exist
and that construction activities can be adequately managed. In summary, flood control
involves reconstruction, rerouting, maintenance, and construction of structures. Each
has benefits and risks, and requires careful planning and resource allocation. By
effectively implementing these measures, we can mitigate flood risks and safeguard
our communities.
APPENDICES
Figure 5: Bermudez and RTU Area

Figure 6: Gemini and Purok 5

Figure 7: Tagum City Land Use Maps
Figure 8: Flood Susceptibility Map of Tagum City
Figure 9: Exposure Map to Flooding of Barangay Apokon

Figure 10: Topographic Map