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Patterns of Development
IN WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES
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Patterns of Development in
Writing Across Disciplines

NARRATION DESCRIPTION DEFINITION EXEMPLIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION

COMPARISON CAUSE AND PROBLEM- PERSUASION

AND EFFECT SOLUTION
CONTRAST
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 How is a
CHISMIS
delivered by a
MARITES?
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NARRATION
It presents logically- arranged events which
should also describe what happened and when,
where, how and why something occurred. This is
usually told with action words. It should appeal
to readers’ feelings and understanding. Events
are organized according to time or chronology
so transitional devices used are usually first,
second, next, then, finally and others that denote
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time.
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TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
BEGINNING MIDDLE END
First Second Finally
One time Then As a result
Last night Next Last/Lastly
This summer All of a sudden At last
In the beginning Later on In the end
To start Meanwhile After all
Afterwards To end
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After that To sum up

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DESCRIPTION
This pattern aims to create
a picture in the minds of SENSORY IMAGES
the reader by using
adjectives and words that TYPES OF DESCRIPTION:
A. OBJECTIVE
appeal to the senses. Its
DESCRIPTION
purpose is to help the
B. SUBJECTIVE
readers imagine what the DESCRIPTION
writer saw, heard, smelled,
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tasted, felt or experienced.

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DEFINITION

It gives the meaning of an idea, concept or

word and may specify certain limits of its
meaning. This is commonly used in writing
scientific research or term papers.
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DEFINITION Informal Definition Formal Definition

- Denotation (dictionary

meaning of the word) E.g. Skimming

E.g. Rose is a family of prickly (species) is a reading
technique (class) of
shrub with pinnate leaves and
allowing the eyes to
showy flowers. travel over a page
very quickly, stopping
- Connotation (secondary only here and there
meaning of a word) to gain an idea
E.g. A dozen of pink roses is (differentiae).
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usually given to their beloved

ones.
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Methods Examples
San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines and today, it is
known as one of the first-class cities in the province of Laguna. It is also
called the City of Seven Lakes namely: Bunot Lake, Calibato Lake,
By stating its
Mohicap Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo
characteristics
lake. These seven freshwater lakes are crater form of a steam-blast
eruption from
Mt. Cristobal.
In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their actions,
By function such as following the precautionary measures given by
the health experts to avoid the spread of the virus.
Far f r o m the normal situations that we had before, the
By what it is not
pandemic makes each one of us skip buying unnecessary items.
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Methods Examples
Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and
By what it is similar delicious pasta that children love.
to

The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021 amidst the
pandemic is a great challenge to the Department of Education. They
continue researching different alternative ways of teaching and learning
By Examples to be implemented in schools such as online learning, modular learning,
and lastly learning
from TV shows and radio programs.

Writers around the world define literature in different ways. The origin of
By origin of word
the word literature is derived from the Latin word Litera
or etymology
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which means letter.

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Methods Examples
Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the world embraces
the new normal. People have become more conscious about sanitation
By its effect and hygiene. They now learn physical distancing in public places. And,
most of the people stay at home either working or developing new
hobbies and exploring new thing
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Exemplification and Classification

As you unravel the unique patterns of development in writing
exemplification and classification paragraphs and how to
incorporate them in your own writing, you must first begin to
learn how to identify the basic parts of these patterns – topic
sentence, classifications (types, categories), examples
(illustrations) and transitional expressions. These can be used
in writing other papers with different purposes other than
telling a story, describing something or defining a concept.
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Exemplification
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and
effective pattern to explain an idea or point. In developing
this kind of paragraph, the writer develops a general
statement –the topic sentence, with one or more examples
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to support it.
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Exemplification
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective
exemplification paragraphs: for instance, namely, to be
specific, to specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example, in
short, as an example.
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Classification
This is done by noting relationships among things.
Particular items are placed in categories that distinguish
them from the other groups of kinds based on certain
principles or bases.
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Classification
Classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or
arrange subjects to groups or categories based on their
common and shared characteristics.
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Classification
Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective
classification paragraphs: classified as, one kind, the last
group, another kind, another, final type, the first category,
are categorized as, the next part.
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Classification
1. German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky
2. on land, by water, by air, by bus
3. carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4. jazz, rock, pop, ballet
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5. Coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc

 Home Recent Tabs Comparison and Contrast

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Comparison and Contrast

This presents how a thing, person or a
certain subject is similar or different
from another. It is concerned with how
alike (compare) or unlike (contrast)
someone or something is from someone
or something else.
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Comparison and Contrast

Block Method - is used to compare and contrast two
subjects one at a time. You may begin by saying
everything you have to say about the first subject you
are discussing then move on and write everything
about your second subject.
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Comparison and Contrast

Transitional devices:

but, even so, conversely, differently, however, in

contrast, in spite of, in the same way, nevertheless,
on the contrary, on the other hand, still,yet.
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 Home Recent Tabs Cause and Effect

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Cause and Effect

It tells why something happens and what
happens after. It explains how an incident or
action produces results. It is fitting for
argumentation, explanation or narration. The
writer may begin from the cause, followed by
the effect or from the effect, followed by the
cause.
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Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect is a text development pattern
which explains why something happens. It also
states what results a particular event produces.
It usually gives a statement emphasizing the
cause and another emphasizing the effect.
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Cause and Effect

The following guide questions can be used for
cause-effect development:
• Why did it happen?
• What caused it?
• What does it cause?
• What are the effects?
• How is it related to something else?
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Cause and Effect

Signal words:
Cause – as a consequence of, as a result of,
because, because of, now that, since

Effect – while, accordingly, consequently, hence,

so, therefore, this resulted in
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Problem-Solution It is different
This pattern because it presents
identifies an issue or a solution to the
a problem and posts problem while
a suggested cause and effect
solution to solve it. just provides the
It may be compared effects of the
to cause-and-effect problem.
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pattern.
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Problem-Solution
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually
discussing several aspects of the problem, then concludes
by discussing solutions to the problem. The problem may
be addressed in the following ways:
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Effects only
● Describe the problem only in terms of its effects.
• Use examples.
Causes and effects
• Outline the causes of the problem.
• Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures.
Extended example
• After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by using an
extended example (through a story or an anecdote from your
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introduction).
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Problem-Solution
The solutions may be presented in various ways and you have
to think about which way would be the most appropriate for the
particular problem you are discussing.

Here are some ways to present solutions:

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Preventive measures
● Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place
● For example: How to prevent Covid-19
A series of steps
• Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if that
doesn’t work, try something else, etc.
• For example: if you have a neighbor who does not wear mask
nor practice social distancing, you might first talk to him/her; if
that doesn’t work, arrange for a mediator; etc. (a last resort might
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be to call the police).

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Advice
● Give some advice and helpful hints.

A choice of solutions
• Include solutions that have already been tried, have been
unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are proposing.
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Transitional devices:
Introduction
• Nowadays…
• It is a common trend that…
• Society is becoming increasingly concerned about…
Middle Section/ Body
• For instance…
• Such as/like…
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• Namely…
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Conclusion:

● In conclusion…
● To conclude…
● To sum up…
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 Home Recent Tabs Persuasion

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Persuasion The intention of this pattern is to convince or

influence the reader to do or believe in a
certain idea or perception.

In developing your own persuasive text, a

writer must first state the issue. This will
serve as a background information about the
topic. Then, it should be followed by a clear,
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strong and specific argument.

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Persuasion An argument is one’s claim or position that can

either support or reject the issue previously
stated. Arguments shall be supported with a well-
researched evidences, which will give details on
how and why it supports the argument. Evidences
can be factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in
nature. It can also explain counter- arguments
not because the writer wants to prove which
claims are wrong or right but to enlighten the
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readers about other positions.

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Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text will

be the end of the text. This will be your final statement to
persuade your readers. Some guide questions in constructing a
persuasive text include:

• What is the issue?

• What is your position or opinion?
• What is the opposing position/opinion?
• What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
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• What are some cases or examples that support this?