Global Governance

Also by Shirin M. Rai

GENDER AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEVELOPMENT

MAINSTREAMING GENDER, DEMOCRATIZING THE STATE (editor)
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND DEMOCRATIZATION (editor)
WOMEN AND THE STATE INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES (co-editor with
Geraldine Lievesley)

Also by Georgina Waylen

ENGENDERING TRANSITIONS
GENDER IN THIRD WORLD POLITICS
GENDER, POLITICS AND THE STATE (co-edited with Vicky Randall)
TOWARDS A GENDERED POLITICAL ECONOMY (co-edited with Joanne Cook and
Jennifer Roberts)
Global Governance
Feminist Perspectives

Edited by

Shirin M. Rai
and

Georgina Waylen
Introduction, selection and editorial matter © Shirin M. Rai and Georgina
Waylen 2008
Individual chapters © contributors 2008

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-53704-0

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Contents

Acknowledgements vii
List of Contributors viii

List of Acronyms xi

Introduction: Feminist Perspectives on Analysing and

Transforming Global Governance 1
Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen

1 Analysing Global Governance 19

Shirin M. Rai

2 Gender and the Making of Global Markets: An Exploration

of the Agricultural Sector 43
Elisabeth Prügl

3 Global Governance as Neo-liberal Governmentality:

Gender Mainstreaming in the European
Employment Strategy 64
Stefanie Woehl

4 Governing Intimacy in the World Bank 84

Kate Bedford

5 Governing the EU: Gender and Macroeconomics 107

Catherine Hoskyns

6 Gender Mainstreaming and Regional Trade Governance in

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 129
Jacqui True

v
vi Contents

7 The International Criminal Court: A New Arena for

Transforming Gender Justice 160
Louise Chappell

8 Mainstreaming Gender in UN Security Policy: A Path to

Political Transformation? 185
Carol Cohn

9 Governing Globalization: Feminist Engagements with

International Trade Policy 207
Debra J. Liebowitz

10 Gender, Governance, and Globalization at Borders:

Femicide at the US–Mexico Border 234
Kathleen Staudt

11 Transforming Global Governance: Challenges and

Opportunities 254
Georgina Waylen

Bibliography 276

Index 308
Acknowledgements

This book is the result of several years of collaborative work and as such
there are a number of people and institutions that deserve our thanks.
The seeds of this project on global governance grew out of an ESRC
seminar series on gender, globalization and governance that took place
in the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) at the University of
Sheffield and the Centre for the Study of Globalization and Regional-
ization (CSGR) at the University of Warwick between June 2002 and
July 2003. Further workshops and roundtables on this theme were held
at BISA conference in Birmingham in 2003 and ISA Conventions in
Montreal in 2004. These generated critical and wide-ranging discus-
sions as a result of which we decided to focus more directly on issues
of global governance. CSGR generously funded an international work-
shop on gender and global governance in September 2004 that provided
the jumping-off point for this book. Some of the chapters in this book
were presented at the ISA, Chicago in 2007 and it was clear from the
discussions that this book will be filling an important gap in the lit-
erature. All those who participated in all the different seminars and
workshops provided us with inspiration as well as critical insights that
have contributed to this later work. In particular we would to thank
Diane Elson, Eleonore Kofman, Gillian Youngs, Sumi Madhok, Diane Per-
rons, ThanDam Truong and Maxine Molyneux. Ruth Pearson, who was
the co-convenor of the original ESRC seminar series and contributor to
the subsequent special issue of International Feminist Journal of Politics that
came out of it, also deserves special thanks for the key role she has played
in the development of our ideas. Thanks are also due to Laura Mcleod
for editing the bibliography and to Ted Svensson for making the list of
acronyms. Finally, we would like to express our thanks to the contribut-
ors to this book who have all worked with us with patience, good cheer
and solidarity to make this an exciting project.

Shirin M. Rai
Georgina Waylen

vii
List of Contributors

Kate Bedford is a Research Fellow at the Kent Law School, University

of Kent, UK. She was the 2005–2007 Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow in
Women’s Studies at Barnard College, Columbia University. She received
a Ph.D. in Political Science from Rutgers in 2005. She has also worked
on various development projects in Asia, Europe and Latin America. Her
current research focuses on the interactions between heteronormativity,
international development and gender policy in the World Bank.

Louise Chappell teaches and researchers in the area of gender, polit-

ics and rights in Government and International Relations, University
of Sydney, Australia. In 2003 her book Gendering Government (UBC
Press) was awarded the American Political Science Association’s Victoria
Schuck Award for the best book in the field of Women and Politics. Her
recent publications include The Politics of Women’s Interests (Routledge)
co-edited with Lisa Hill as well as articles in Politics and Gender and Global
Society.

Carol Cohn is the Director of the Boston Consortium on Gender, Secur-

ity and Human Rights. Her research interests are in the fields of Gender
and Armed Conflict, Gender and Peacekeeping, Gender Mainstreaming,
Feminist Security Studies and Weapons of Mass Destruction. She has
written widely on these topics. Her recent publications include, “The
Relevance of Gender for Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction’’,
co-authored with Felicity Hill and Sara Ruddick, Disarmament Diplomacy,
80 (Autumn 2005), 39–48 and “Women, Peace and Security: Resolution
1325’’, co-authored with Helen Kinsella and Sheri Gibbings, International
Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 6, no. 1 (March 2004): 130–140.

Catherine Hoskyns is Emeritus Professor in European Studies at

Coventry University and a visiting fellow at the Centre for the Study
of Globalization and Regionalization at the University of Warwick. Her
main area of study is the implementation of gender equality policies
and she is the author of Integrating Gender – Women, Law and Politics in
the European Union (Verso 1996). She currently holds a grant from the
British Academy to study the application of gender mainstreaming in
the macroeconomic policy of the EU.

viii
 List of Contributors ix

Debra J. Liebowitz is Associate Professor of Political Science and

Women’s Studies at Drew University in New Jersey, USA. Dr Liebowitz
has worked for the past five years doing gender and human rights-related
training and research at the United Nations. Her research interests are in
the areas of gender and transnational political organizing, with particu-
lar attention to human rights, international economic issues, the United
Nations and Latin American Politics. She is currently working on a book
focused on gender and United Nations human rights agreements. She
guest-edited a special issue of the International Feminist Journal of Politics
(IFJP) and has published articles in journal like Women’s Studies Quarterly
and IFJP as well as in many edited volumes.

Elisabeth Prügl is Associate Professor in the Department of International

Relations and Geography at Florida International University, the public
university in Miami. Her research focuses on international organiza-
tions, the European Union and women’s labour; current projects involve
gender construction in European agriculture and gender mainstreaming
in international organizations. In addition to articles in International
Relations and Women’s Studies journals, she has published The Global
Construction of Gender: Home-based Work in the Political Economy of the
20th Century (Columbia 1999), and is the co-editor of Gender Politics in
Global Governance (Rowman and Littlefield 1999).
Shirin M. Rai is Professor in the Department of Politics and Inter-
national Studies, University Of Warwick. Her research interests are in
the area of feminist politics, democratization and development stud-
ies. She has written extensively on issues of gender, governance and
democratization. Her most recent publications are Gender and Political
Economy of Development: From Nationalism to Globalisation, Polity Press,
2002, Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global/Local
World (co-edited with Jane Parpart and Kathleen Staudt) Routledge, 2002,
Mainstreaming Gender, Democratising the State? Institutional Mechanisms
for the advancement of women, 2003, published for and on behalf of the
United Nations, Manchester University Press. She is currently working
on a manuscript “The Gender Politics of Development’’ for Zed Books. She
is the co-editor of the Series “Perspectives on Democratic Practice’’.
Kathleen (Kathy) Staudt (Ph.D. University of Wisconsin 1976) is
Professor of Political Science and Director, Center for Civic Engagement,
at the University of Texas at El Paso. She teaches courses on borders, lead-
ership, public policy and women/gender. Kathy has published twelve
books, four of which focus on the US–Mexico Border, the latest being
x List of Contributors

Fronteras No Mas with Irasema Coronado 2002; Pledging Allegiance . . . with

Susan Rippberger 2002. Her forthcoming book is titled Violence and Act-
ivism at the Border: Gender, Fear and Everyday Life in CD. Juarez. Kathy
is a community activist and nonprofit board member; she co-chaired
Border Interfaith for three years, a coalition of faith-based organizations
affiliated with the Industrial Areas Foundation, organizing around social
justice.

Jacqui True is a senior lecturer in the Department of Political Stud-

ies, University of Auckland, New Zealand, where she teaches courses
on international political economy, international relations theory and
global civil society. She is the author of Gender, Globalization and Post-
socialism (Columbia University Press 2003), a co-author of Theories of
International Relations (third edition, Palgave 2005) and a co-editor of
Feminist Methodologies for International Relations (Cambridge University
Press 2006).
Georgina Waylen is Reader in the Department of Politics at the Uni-
versity of Sheffield. Her research focuses on gender and transitions to
democracy, governance and political economy. In addition to publish-
ing articles in large number of journals including Comparative Political
Studies, World Politics, International Feminist Journal of Politics and Review
of International Studies, she is the author of Gender in Third World Polit-
ics (Lynne Rienner 1996) and Engendering Transitions (Oxford University
Press 2007) and the co-editor of Gender, Politics and the State (Routledge
1998) and Towards a Gendered Political Economy (Palgrave 2000).
Stefanie Woehl is Assistant Lecturer at the political science depart-
ment at the University of Vienna, Austria. She received her Ph.D.
“Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union. A State-theoretical
Approach’’ from the University of Marburg, Germany. Main subjects
of interest are Gender and State theory, European Integration and
social transformation. Latest publications include: “Staatlichkeit und
Geschlechterverhältnisse im Anschluss an Antonio Gramsci, in: Buckel,
Sonja/ Fischer-Lescano, Andreas (eds) 2007: Hegemonie gepanzert
mit Zwang. Zivilgesellschaft und Politik im Staatsverständnis Antonio
Gramscis, Baden-Baden: Nomos. Email: [email protected]
List of Acronyms

ABAC APEC Business Advisory Council

AGGI SOM Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Gender Integration
AOA Agreement on Agriculture
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AWID Association for Women’s Rights in Development
BEPG Broad Economic Policy Guidelines
BIA Bilateral immunity agreement
BMC Budget and Management Committee
BPA Beijing Platform for Action
CAH Crime against Humanity
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CAS Country Assistance Strategies
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CICC Coalition for the International Criminal Court
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CGA Country Gender Assessment
CHR Commission on Human Rights
CONAMU Consejo Nacional de las Mujeres (The Ecuadorian
State’s Women council)
CSD Civil Society Dialogue
CSW United Nations Commission on the Status of Women
CTI Committee on Trade and Investment
CWHRCS Coalition for Women’s Human Rights in Conflict
Situations
DAW United Nations Division for the Advancement of
Women
DAWN Development Alternative with Women for a New Era
DC District of Columbia
DDR Doha Development Round
DG Directorate-General
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
EAGGF European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund

xi
xii List of Acronyms

EC European Community
ECA Elements of Crime Annex
ECOFIN Economic and Financial Affairs
ECOSOC Commissions of the Economic and Social Council
EES European Employment Strategy
EGGE European Union Expert Group on Gender and
Employment
EMU Economic and Monetary Union
EOU European Commission’s Equal Opportunities Unit
EP European Parliament
EPZ Export Processing Zone
EU European Union
FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FTA Free Trade Agreement
FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas
FTE Full Time Equivalent
FY2005 Fiscal Year 2005
G-21 Group of 21
G98 Group of 98
GA General Assembly
GAD Gender and Development
GATS General Agreement on Trade and Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GDR German Democratic Republic
GFPN Gender Focal Points Network
GIF Gender Integration Framework
HC Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
HSA Hemispheric Social Alliance
IAP Individual Action Plans
ICC International Criminal Court
ICHIMU Instituto Chihuahuense de la Mujer
ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for Former
Yugoslavia
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IGTN International Gender and Trade Network
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
INGO International Non-Governmental Organization
 List of Acronyms xiii

INMUJER Instituto Nacional de la Mujer

IO International Organization
IPE International Political Economy
IR International Relations
IWHR International Women’s Human Right Clinic
MAI Multilateral Agreement on Investment
MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (Southern Cone
Common Market)
MGJ Movement for Global Justice
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAP National Action Plan
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NY New York
OAS Organization for American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
OMC Open Method of Coordination
OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
PAN Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party)
PRD Partido de la Revolución Democrática (Democratic
Revolutionary Party)
PREM Poverty Reduction and Economic Management
PRI Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional
Revolutionary Party)
PRODEPINE Proyecto de Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas y
Negros del Ecuador (Development project for
indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian peoples)
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
RPE Rules of Procedure and Evidence
SC Security Council
SME Small and Medium Enterprises
SOM Senior Officials Meeting
SWW Second World War
TAN Transnational Advocacy Network
TAXUD Taxation and Customs Union
TNC Trans-National Corporation
TRIPs Trade Related International Property Rights
UCLA University of California Los Angeles
UK United Kingdom
UMIST University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology
UN United Nations
xiv List of Acronyms

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
US United States
USA United States of America
USD United States Dollar
VAT Value Added Tax
WCGJ Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice
WEDO Women’s Environment and Development
Organization
WICEJ Women’s International Coalition for Economic
Justice
WID Women in Development
WIDE Women in Development Europe
WIGJ Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice
WILPF Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
WHO World Health Organization
WLN Women Leader’s Network
WPS Women, Peace and Security
WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development
WTO World Trade Organization