Engineering Hydrology

(CE – 356)
3+1
 Course Objective

• Understanding and application of models for

major hydrological processes including
precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration,
surface and ground water.
• Design hydrographs to interpolate/
extrapolate for past and future events.

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 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
S. Taxonomy
CLOs Domain PLOs
No. Level
Explain components of hydrological 1
2
1 cycle in relation to environmental Cognitive (Engg.
(Understand)
engineering Knowl.)
Apply models for precipitation, 3
evapotranspiration, infiltration, 3
2 Cognitive (Design/
surface and ground water flow (Apply)
Dev.)
Analyze and generate unit 3
4
3 hydrograph for a watershed and Cognitive (Design/
(Analyse)
flood routing. Dev.)
Practice response of processes
3
involved in Precipitation, infiltration, Psychomot 4
4 (Guided
surface and ground water flow in lab or (Investigat.)
Response)
conditions.
 Course Outline
Week Topic Covered Reading Assignment/ Homework CLO #
1-3 Introduction to Hydrology Assignment 1,2
1
Quiz 1
4-6 Precipitation Assignment 3
2
Quiz 2
7-8 Evapotranspiration Assignment 4
2
Quiz 3
9 Mid Semester Exam
10 Infiltration Quiz 4 2
10-11 Groundwater hydrology Assignment 5 2
12-14 Streamflow, Quiz 5 2, 3
15-16 Hydrology of extreme events Assignment 6
2,3
Quiz 6
17 Hydrology aspect of water quality Chapter 8 1,2
9
18 End Semester Exam
 Course Outline
Sr.
Practical CLO #
No.

1 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Long Duration Rainstorm on Dry Catchment. 4

2 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Short Duration Rainstorm on Dry Catchment. 4

3 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Long Duration Rainstorm on Wet Catchment. 4

4 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Short Duration Rainstorm on Wet Catchment. 4

5 Investigation of Infiltration rate of soil in field with ring infiltrometer. 4

7-8 Investigation of Flow of ground water in unconfined aquifer. 4

9 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Long Duration Rainstorm on Impermeable Catchment. 4

10 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Short Duration Rainstorm on Impermeable Catchment. 4

11 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Long Duration Rainstorm on Catchment with Slope. 4

13-14 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of a Short Duration Rainstorm on Catchment with Slope. 4

15-16 Investigating rainfall-runoff relation of multiple simulated moving storms. 4

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 Course Grading
Students will be evaluated based on their completion of assignments,
Mid Semester Exam, final exam and practical. Your overall grade will be
determined on the basis of

• 5-6 Assignments, reports, case studies etc. 10%

• Class Participation 5%
• 6 Quiz 10% 75%
• 1 Mid Semester Exam 25%
• Final Exam 50%
• Lab Work 60%
– (Lab report 10%, Lab attendance 10%, Rubrics 40%)
25%
• Lab Quiz 10%
• Mid and Final Assessment 30%
– (Written, viva, hands-on experimentation, group task)
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 Text and Material
• Textbook (s)
• Hydrology for Engineers, Geologists and Environmental
Professionals (2010 Edition) by Sergio E. Serrano
 Text and Material
• References Books:
• Engineering Hydrology by K. Subramanya,
McGraw-Hill, (Latest Edition).
• Applied Hydrology by V.T. Chow, D.R.
Maidment and L.W. Mays, McGraw-Hill,
(Latest Edition).
• Engineering Hydrology by A.R. Ghuman,
Nastaleeq Publishers, Rawalpindi.
 Content
• Introduction
• Origins and Evaluation of Scientific Hydrology
• Major Aspects of Hydrology
• Hydrology for Environmental Engineers

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 Introduction
• Water is vital for all living organisms
on Earth.
• Humans dependence on water as
pre requisite to life, essential for
health, affects production of food
and fundamental means of
transportation.
• The name of the discipline is
hydrology and is formed by two
Greek words: "hydro" and "logos"
meaning "water" and "science".

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 What is Hydrology?
• It is a science of water.
• It is the science that deals with the
occurrence, circulation and distribution of
water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere.

• A good understanding of the hydrologic

processes is important for the assessment of
the water resources, their management and
conservation on global and regional scales.

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 Engineering Hydrology
• Spatial and temporal distribution of water on
terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric level.
• The study of processes such as precipitation,
runoff, evapotranspiration, infiltration
• The study of hydrologic problems such as
floods and droughts, and strategies to combat
them

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Origins and Evaluation of
Hydrology

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Origins and Evaluation of Hydrology

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 Origins and Evaluation of Hydrology
• Egyptians built dam, Greeks and Romans constructed aqueducts
4000 • Greek philosophers Thales, Plato, Aristotle etc. gave concept of hydrologic cycle
B.C

• Leonadro Di Vinci: Water goes from the rivers to the sea and from seas to rivers, thus constantly
16th circulating and returning.
Cent

17th - • Quantitaive measurements for origin of streamflow by French Scientists Perrault & Mariotte
18th • Halley: Quantification of amount of water in oceans, river, soil and atmosphere for hydrologic cycle
cent

• Mathematical application to Hydraulic experiments flourished by Bernoulli, Chezy, Dalton, Darcy

18th and Pitot etc.
Cent

Until • Pragmatic considerations dominated hydrology

1950

• Due to the development and availability of the digital computing, theoretical approaches in
Current hydrology are increasingly subjected to rigorous mathematical analysis
Scenario
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Major Aspects of Hydrology
 Major Aspects of Hydrology
The main jobs of hydrologist are:

1. Collection of data

2. Analysis of data

3. Making prediction out of this analysis

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 1. Collection of Data
• Rainfall Data
• Snowfall and Snowmelt Data
• Runoff Data (Catchment Runoff and Stream
Flows)
• Topographic Maps, Satellite Imageries, and
• Groundwater Data

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 2. Analysis of Data
Analysis of hydrologic data includes
• Checking the data for
– Consistency (turning point test, double mass
curve, regression test etc.)
– Homogeneity (cumulative deviation test, turkey
test, von Neuman test etc.)
• Finding various statistical parameters

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 3. Prediction
Based upon the analysis followings can be
predicted

• Design values
• Maximum possible flood
• Maximum outflows from catchments

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Importance of Engineering Hydrology
• Hydrology has an important role in the design
and operation of water resources engineering
projects like irrigation, flood control, water
supply schemes, hydropower projects and
navigation.

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Hydrology - Environmental Engineers
Hydrology - Environmental Engineers
• Groundwater system contaminated by
chemical spill
• What will engineer do?

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Hydrology - Environmental Engineers
1. Collect contaminated water sample
2. Analysis and quantification of groundwater flow
velocity and direction
3. Study of regional recharge from rainfall and areas of
natural discharge
4. Investigation of paths the contaminant may
propagate
5. Use of mathematical models to predict concentration
at sensitive areas in future
6. Compare values with maximum permissible limits
7. Offer alternatives of contaminants for remediation
and design of respective measures
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 Problems Requiring Hydrological
Understanding
• Water supply
• Flood control
• Water quality control
• Recreation
• Navigation

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 Content
 Introduction
 Origins and Evaluation of Scientific Hydrology
 Major Aspects of Hydrology
 Hydrology for Environmental Engineers

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Engineering Hydrology
(CE – 356)
 Must Have in Hydrology Class
Individually
• Calculator

• Scale

• Graph Copy

• Lead Pencil

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 Content

• Residence Time

• The Hydrologic Cycle

• Hydrologic Systems

• Physical Laws of Application in Hydrology

• Concept of Watershed

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 Residence Time (Tr)

• Average time a particle of water takes to pass

through a phase of hydrologic cycle is called
residence time for that particular phase.
Tr = Volume of water in phase/Net rate of flow

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 Residence Time (Tr)

• Atmospheric Water:
– 8.16 days
• Rivers:
– 17.3 days
• Oceans:
– 2650 years
• Groundwater:
– 10636 years
The Hydrologic Cycle
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43
 Precipitation
• “Precipitation is any product of the condensation of
atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity.”
• The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain,
sleet, snow, graupel and hail.
• Fundamental physical process in hydrology
• Nature
• Occurrence
• Spatial Distribution at a fixed time
• Time distribution at fixed location

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 Interception (In)

• “Retention of precipitation water by

vegetation and other forms of cover on the
drainage area”
• Water is temporarily stored on the leaves and
other surfaces and then evaporates back to
the atmosphere
• Interception depends upon the vegetation
type, density, and season
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 Depression Storage (Id)

• Precipitation that has reached the ground

surface may be temporarily stored in surface
depressions
• This water may evaporate or infiltrate after
the storm
• Depends upon the soil hydraulics, vegetation
and topography of the area
• Depression storage may affect the
redistribution of water in the watershed
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Depression Storage (Id)

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 Infiltration(I)

• Water penetration and redistribution in the

soil is called infiltration
• It not only divide water between surface and
subsurface, but also recharge acquifers and
transport contaminants through the
subsurface

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Infiltration(I)

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 Evaporation (E)
• Evaporation is the change of state from liquid
to vapor, and the subsequent transport of
water from oceans, lakes, rivers and soils to
the atmosphere
• Evaporation constitutes an important part of
the water loss depending upon availability of
water
• Spatial and time distribution of evaporation is
of interest in the hydrology

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 Transpiration (T)

• Transpiration is a form of “evaporation

occurring from the leaves of plants and trees.”
• Transpiration depends upon the plant
biological processes, species, location and soil
moisture, as well as meteorological factors
affecting precipitations

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 Groundwater (Qg)

• “Water moving through geological

formations”
• Hydrology studies occurrence of groundwater,
its seasonal recharge behavior, movement of
water through aquifer, and discharge of water
into streams, rivers and lakes
• Controls low levels in rivers and lakes
• most important sources of fresh water

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Groundwater (Qg)

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 Surface Runoff (Ro)
• “Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the
flow of water that occurs when excess water from rain,
melt water, or other sources flows over the earth's
surface.”
• This might occur because soil is saturated to full
capacity, or because rain arrives more quickly than soil
can absorb it.
• Surface runoff is a major component of the water
cycle.
• It is the primary agent in soil erosion by water.
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Surface Runoff (Ro)

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 Interflow (Qs)
• Interflow (Qs) is the lateral movement
of water in the unsaturated zone, or vadose zone,
that first returns to the surface or enters a stream
prior to becoming groundwater.
• Occurs rapidly than groundwater flow, but slowly
than surface runoff
• In regions with high infiltration rates and steep
terrain, interflow may be the dominant process
by which streams react quickly to rainfall or
snowmelt
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Interflow (Qs)

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 Stream Flow (Q)
• Streamflow is resultant of combination from
surface or overland flow (Ro), subsurface or
interflow (Qs) and groundwater flow (Qg)
Q = Ro + Qs + Qg
• Many applications are centered on analysis of
streamflow in particular watershed.

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The Hydrologic Cycle

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