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Lecture 10 12 MRIs 1

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33 views30 pages

Lecture 10 12 MRIs 1

Uploaded by

abmfuad225
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Central Dogma of

Molecular Biology

Lecture 11-12

1
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Replication

2
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

! DNA molecules serve as


templates for either
complementary DNA
strands during the
process of replication or
complementary RNA
during the process of
transcription.

! RNA molecules serve as


a template for ordering
amino acids by
ribosomes during
protein synthesis. 3
The “Central Dogma”
DNA

RNA

proteins

you
4
Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell

5
Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell

6
Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

(b) Eukaryotic cell

7
The RNA
Three major classes of RNA:

! Messenger (mRNA),
! Ribosomal (rRNA), and
! Transfer (tRNA)

! RNA is a single stranded; the


pyrimidine base uracil (U) replaces
thymine and ribose sugar replaces
deoxyribose. 8
9
Messenger RNA/ mRNA
• Transcripts of structural genes.
• Encode all the information necessary for the synthesis of
a polypeptide of protein.
• The 5' terminus is capped by 7 methylguanosine
triphosphate.
• Synthesis of the poly (A) tail involves cleavage of its 3'
end and then the addition of about 200 adenine residues.
• Intermediate carrier of genetic information; deliver
genetic information to the cytoplasm.

10
11
Ribosomal RNA/ rRNA

• Ribosome; factory for


protein synthesis; composed
of ribosomal RNA and
ribosomal proteins

• rRNA provides a
mechanism for decoding
mRNA into amino acids.

12
Transfer RNA/ tRNA
! All the tRNAs share a common
secondary structure resembles a
cloverleaf: They have four base-
paired stems defining three stem-
loops (the D loop, anticodon
loop, and T loop) and the
acceptor stem.

! tRNA carry correct amino acids to


their position along the mRNA
template to be added to the
growing polypeptide chain.
13
14
What is the genetic code?

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)


carries DNA’s protein-
building information to
ribosomes for translation

• mRNA’s genetic message


is written in codons
– Sets of three nucleotides
along mRNA strand
15
Codons
• Codons specify
different amino
acids
– A few codon signals
stop translation

• Sixty-four codons
constitute a highly
conserved genetic
code
16
Translation of
Genetic Code

Protein
Synthesis
17
18
Combined function of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA

19
DNA Replication

! The DNA duplication.


! The transfer the genetic
information from a parent
to a daughter cell.

! The DNA base sequences


are precisely copied.

20
Summary of DNA Replication

DNA are synthesized from 5’ to 3’ direction 21


DNA Transcription

mRNA
intermediate is
transcribed from
one of the strands
of the DNA
molecule

22
DNA
Transcription
(Cont…)

23
Summary of Protein Synthesis
DNA
Translation

24
DNA
template 3¢ 5¢ DNA
strand A C C A A A C C G A G T molecule

T G G T T T G G C T C A
3¢ Gene 1
5¢
TRANSCRIPTION
Gene 2
U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA 5¢ 3¢
Codon
TRANSLATION

Protein Trp Phe Gly Ser


Gene 3
Amino acid
25

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Comparison between translation and transcription

Transcription Translation
Purpose To make RNA copies of To synthesize proteins which are used
individual genes for cellular functions

Definition Transcription is the synthesis Translation is the synthesis of a protein


of RNA from a DNA from an mRNA template. i.e.,
template. translating the DNA genetic
information carried by mRNA to
synthesize proteins. This is the second
step of gene expression.

Products mRNA Proteins


Location Nucleus Cytoplasm
26
Genes
* The DNA in each chromosome constitutes many genes.
* The DNA also contains large sequences that do not code for
any protein and their function is not known.
* The gene of the coding region encodes instructions that
allow a cell to produce a specific protein or enzyme.
•There are nearly 50,000 to 100,000 genes with each being
made up of hundreds of thousands of chemical bases.

27
The Human Genome
All the DNA in the cell makes up the human genome.

There are about


20,000 important
genes located on one
of the 23 chromosome
pairs found in the
nucleus and/or on
long strands of DNA
located in the
mitochondria.
28
Application of Molecular Biology

Research
Diagnosis
Transplantation
Paternity
Forensic analysis
Gene therapy
Drug Design

29
Thank You

30

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