2/20/2024

Course Learning Out come -3

Explain series R-L circuit transients, Study the reactance of synchronous

machines. Estimation of the short circuit currents. Simulation of Fault at
Load end and Generator end and assessing the impact of them.

Reference :Sivanagaraju, S., Reddy, Rami B. V..; Electrical Power System Analysis
University science press

Transients:
• Transients phenomenon is an aperiodic function of time and does not last
longer.

• The duration for which they last is very insignificant as compared with the
operating time of the system.

• Transient is very important because depending upon the severity of these

transients, the system may result into black out in a city, shut down of a
plant, fires in some buildings, etc.

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Series R-L circuit Transients :

• The Fig shows the equivalent circuit of the transmission line.

• Consider the line is unloaded, under short condition the line capacitance is
neglected and the lines can be represented by a lumped R-L series circuit.

• Let i(t) is the current in the transmission line under short circuit or fault condition.
𝑋𝐿
−1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 , 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 , 𝑧 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅

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• Assuming that under fault condition the switch ‘S’ is closed at t = 0. At this instant,
fault current flows in the circuit. The current equation can be written by using
KVL.

Re-arranging the above equation and putting in differential form as

The complete solution is

--- 1

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Apply initial condition

𝑋𝐿
−1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅

Then the equation ---1 becomes

• The first term is called “symmetrical short circuit current”. This is

alternating quantity. at t = 0, this fault current is maximum.

• The second term is the unidirectional transient component is called

the “D.C. off-set current, the total short circuit current to be
unsymmetrical till the transient decays
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• Let assuming line resistance is small, i.e., 𝜃 = 90° and at t=0

• Then the total momentary current

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑖𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚 cos 𝛼 + 𝑚 cos 𝛼 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 = 0 then the 𝑖𝑚𝑚 = 2 . 𝑚
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
• Therefore, 𝑖𝑚𝑚 is twice the maximum of symmetrical short circuit
current is known as Doubling Effect.

Fig. wave form of the short circuit current on a transmission line.

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Transients due to short circuit in unloaded synchronous

machines (Alternator):

• A sudden short circuit occurs on the terminals of the synchronous

generator, the following assumptions are followed :

1. Armature resistance is negligible

2. The machine is under no load condition before short circuit.

3. All the three-phases are short-circuited simultaneously.

Current wave form of the synchronous machines (alternator) under short

circuit condition.

Fig. The symmetrical short circuit current decays in 3 phase alternator

• The three states, sub-transient, transient and steady-state are on the current
envelop.

• The symmetrical short circuit current till the steady-state short current is reached.
This period of the short circuit is called the “transient state period”

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Reactance of synchronous machines (Alternator ) under short circuit

The equivalent circuit and subtransient reactance of a synchronous
generator immediately after the short circuit is given bellow

Fig. Equivalent circuit

Where
• Field winding reactance is 𝑋𝑓
• Leakage reactance is 𝑋𝑙
• Damper winding reactance 𝑋𝑐𝑑 and
• Armature reactance 𝑋𝑎𝑑

• The equivalent circuit and the direct axis transient reactance of the
machine after few cycles of short circuit is shown bellow

• After sometime the fault will be clear then the current will come to
steady-state condition. The steady-state equivalent circuit and the
direct axis synchronous reactance is shown bellow

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Synchronous machines reactance equation expressed with voltage and current:

PERCENTAGE REACTANCE:
• The reactance of synchronous machines is usually expressed in percentage
reactance for short circuit calculations.
• The percentage reactance of a circuit is defined as:
It is the percentage of total phase voltage drop in the circuit when full load
current is flowing.

• where, I is the full load current, V is the phase voltage, X is the reactance
in ohms /phase.

• If X is the only reactance in the circuit, the short circuit current is given by
V/X.
Therefore, from equation (i) , Short circuit current (Isc) is given by

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SHORT CIRCUIT MVA

• The short circuit current (Isc) express interms of short circuit MVA based on
the normal system voltage at the point of fault.
• The product of normal system voltage and short circuit current (Isc) at the
point of fault expressed in MVA is known as “short circuit MVA”
• The Short circuit MVA for 3-phase circuit = 3 V Isc ……..(2)
We have
Substitute Isc in equation 2 , then
Short circuit MVA for 3 phase circuit

Loaded Synchronous Machine :

When there is a prefault load current,
• Three internal voltages E”, E’ and E may be considered to be during
subtransient, transient and the steady state periods.
•These voltages are the voltage behind subtransient reactance, voltage
behind transient reactance and voltage behind synchronous reactance.

internal emf of the loaded

synchronous machine

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Procedure for short –circuit Calculation using Thevenins Theorem :

Assume all prefault voltage magnitude are 1.0 p.u
and all prefault currents are zero
Draw the single line diagram of the given system (consider fault at
bus 2)

Draw the reactance diagram for the system(p.u reactance values are
determined from p.u. analysis)

Power System Analysis – M.Jeraldin Ahila ,Lakshmi Publications, Edition 2014

Short circuit the voltage sources and determine Thevenin’s equivalent

reactance

Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent viewed from the faulted bus

Power System Analysis – M.Jeraldin Ahila ,Lakshmi Publications, Edition 2014

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Find the fault current using

If =

Determine the current contributed by the two generators (using

current dividing rule)

Power System Analysis – M.Jeraldin Ahila ,Lakshmi Publications, Edition 2014

Problems: Using Thevenins method

Problem :1
For the four bus system as shown in Fig. Determine the fault
current and current contribution from the generators when the bolted
fault at bus 4. The Subtransient reactance of the generators and
positive sequence reactance of other elements are given.
Generator X = 15% ; Transmission line X = 30% ; Transformer X = 20%

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Problem:2
A 3φ transmission line operating at 33 KV and having resistance
and reactance of 5Ω and 15Ω respectively is connected to the
generating station bus bar through a 5000 KVA step up transformer
which has a reactance of 0.05 p.u. Connected to the bus bar are two
alternators, are 10000 KVA having 0.08 p.u. reactance and another
5000 KVA having 0.06 p.u. reactance. Calculate the fault current when
the bolted fault occurring at the high voltage terminals of the transformers
as shown in fig.

Problem: 3
For the radial network shown in the Fig., Three phase fault
occurs at F. Determine the fault current.

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Problem: 4
Two generators A and B are similar and rated 15 MVA,10.5 kV
and have transient reactance of 35% at own base. The two transformers
are also identical, and are rated 7.5 MVA, 10.5/110 kV and have a
reactance of 6% to their own base MVA. The tie line is 75 km, and each
conductor has reactance of 0.9 ohms per km. A symmetrical three-phase
fault occurs at the point 35 km from station A. Find the short circuit
current in amps.

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