10

Thermal Properties
of mattRr
Quick Review
Temperature and Heat To convert the temperature of one scale to another &
Temperature
Temperature is the property of a state of
following relation is used
virtue of which we predict the matter by Temperature on one scale - LFP (ice point)
body relative to some body. Thehotness or coldness of a
devices which are UFP (steam point)- LFP (ice point)
used to measure the
temperature are termed as Temperature on other scale -LFP (ice point)
thermometers, while the science related to
measurement of temperature is termed as UFP (steam point)-LFP (ice point)
thermometry. " Relation between C,F and
K temperature scales i
Heat given below
Heat is a form of energy called CF-32 K-273
flows from a higher temperaturethermal energy which
body (hotter) to a
5
lower temperature body (colder) when they are placed
in contact. Thermometers
The thermometers
work on the
Measurement of Temperature i.e. the property which changes thermometric propa
with temperature lik
The measurement of temperature is done by some any physical quantity such as length, volume, presur
specified scales as given below and resistance, etc., which varies linearly with a
certain range of temperature.
Different Scales to Measure the Temperature
Let X denote the thermometric physical quantity a
Name of
Freezing or ice Boiling or X0, 100 and X, be its values at 0°C. 100°C and r
Scale Measuring Unit point
(Lower fixed
steam point
(Upper fixed
respectively. Then,
point) point)
Celsius scale Degree centigrade
temperature, t =
(°C)
0°C 100°C Xi00 -Xo.
Fahrenheit
Scale
Degree Fahrenheit
(°F)
32°F 212°F
Thermal Expansion
When matter is state.
inits
Reaumur Degree Reaumur 0° R 80°R heated phenomena
it usually expands. This without any change
of expansionof
scale (°R)
Kelvin scale Kelvin (K) 273.15 K 373.15 K matter on heating is called thermal expansion. There
are three types of thermal
expansions
THERMALPROPERTIES OF MATTER 247

1.ExpansionofSolids original surface area per degree rise in its temperature.

Its unit is °Cor K-!
of expansion takes place in solid las given below
Three tyyeS
Linear Expansion The expansion in length of a body (iii) Cubical Expansion The expansion in the volume of an
() object due to increase in its temperature is known as
duetoincrease in its temperature is called the linear
expansion. cubical or volume expansion.
A
Linear expansion Volurne expansion|’AV

Increase in length, I, =l, (l+aA )

where. I, and l, are initial and final lengths, At = change
intemperature and oa= coefticient of linear expansion.
Coefficient of linear expansion,
Increase in volume, V, =V (1+ Y At )
lx At
where, V, and V, are initial and final volumes and y is a
where, /= real length coefficient of cubical expansion.
and Al= change in length AV
The coefficient of cubical expansion, y = Vx At
and A = change in temperature.
The coefficient of linear expansion of a material of a where, V=realvolume, AV= change in volume
solid rod is defined as increase in length per unit and At= change in temperature.
original length per degree rise in temperature. Its unit The coefficient of volume (cubical) expansion of a
is C or K-l substance is defined as the increase in volume per unit
(i) Superficial Expansion The expansion in the area of a original volume per degree rise in its temperature. Its
surface due to increase in its temperature is called area unit is °C or K-l
expansion. . Relation between coefficients of linear, superficial and
Superficial expansion cubical expansions ß= 2a and y= 3a or a:ß:y=1:2:3
2.Expansion of Liquids
Liquids do not have linear and superfical expansion but
these only have volumetric expansion.
Since, liquids are always heated in a vessel, so initially on
heating the system (liquid + vessel), the level of liquid in
vessel falls (as vessel expands more since it absorbs heat
and liquid expands less) but later on, it starts rising due to
Increase in area, faster expansion of the liquid. Thus, liquids have two
A, = A, (1+B A) coefficients of volume expansion
where, A, and A, are initial and final areas andB is a () Apparent Expansion of Liquids When expansion of
coefficient of superficial expansion. the container containing liquid, on heating is not taken
Coefficient of superficial expansion, into account, then observed expansion is called apparent
AA expansion of liquids.
B= Ax At Coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid
increase in volue
where, A= area, (y )=pparent (0r observed)
AA = change in area
original volume x change in temperature
and At =change in temperature. (üi) Real Expansion of Liquids When expansion of the
container, containing liquid, on heating is also taken
The coefficient of area expansion of metal sheet is into account, then observed expansion is called real
defined as the increase in its surface area per unit
expansion of liquids.
 ~ MEDICAL
248 CHAPTERWISE &TOPICWISE
SOLVED PAPE
Thermal strain = YaAT
Coefficient of real expansion of a liquid Thermal stress='x
YaAT
Thermal stress =
(Y, )= eal increase in volume modulus ofthe material
Here, Y= Young's of
forcegvenexerteTOdd
original volume x change in temperature the cross-section area
of the rod, then
theberod on the supports will be F= Y.AT A.
A
Both Y, and Ya are measured in °C
We can show that
Heat Capacity
Y, =Ya +Yg The heat capacity is defined as amount of }heat
where, Y, is the coefficient of cubical expansion of the needed
change the temperature by unity,,ii. e. 1° C, it iis denoted taby
container (vessel). and having SIunit JK

Anomalous Expansion of Water Heat capacity, S =

AT
Generally, with increasing temperature, the volume where, AQ= heat absorbed or rejected by body
expansion coefficient of liquids is about ten times greater
than that of solids. Water is an exception to this rule. and AT= change in temperature.
0°Cto 4°Cwater contracts and beyond 4°C, it From
expands.
Thus,-3density of water reaches a maximum value of 1000
kgm at 4°C.
Specific Heat Capacity
" The quantity of heat required to change the
3. Thermal Expansion of Gases temperature of a mass m of certain material by AT i.
On heating, gases expand more than solids or liquids and approximately proportional to the product of mand Ar
i.e.
equal volumes of different gases expands equally, when
heated bythe same amount. Q mT or Q= ms AT
Allgases have coefficient of volume expansion Yy with where, s= specificheat capacity of the material.
volume variation given by V=Vo(1+ Yy A) " Specific heat capacity can have any value from 0to %
and pressure variation is given by p= po (l+YA) For some substances under particular situations, it can
have negative values also. Specific heat of ice is
Variation of Density with Temperature 500cal/kg °C and that of water is 1000 cal/kg°C.
Most substances expand when they are heated, i.e. volume of
a given mass ofa substance increases on heating, so density Molar Heat Capacity
1 The amount of heat required to change the temperature of
decreases. Hencep P=p(1+ yAT),as yis small unit mole of substance by 1°C is termed as its molar heat
(1+ yAT)l-yAT capacity.
p'=p(1-YAT) C=Q/uAT
where, u =number of moles = m/ M
Thermal Strain and Thermal Stress Types of molar specific heat capacity are as folows
When a metal rod whose ends are rigidly fixed so as to () Molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure (;
prevent the rod from expansion or contraction, undergoes a is expressed as
change in temperature, thermal strains and thermal stresses
are developed in the rod.
If arod of length lis heated by a temperature AT, then
Cp
- Ip=constant
(ii) Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume(C;)
increase in length of rod should have been Al = laAT.
But due to being fixed at ends rod does not expand and a
Cy
compressive thermal strain is developed in it whose value is
Thermal (compressive) strain = =0. AT AT}ñ=constant
" Relation between specific heat and molar heat capacity
can be expressed as C= Ms
Here, . = linear expansion coefficient of the material of where, C=molar heat capacity,
rod. Due to this strain, a thermal stress is developed in the rod
M = molecular mass of the substance
having a value. and
s= specific heat
capacity.
 249
THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Latent hcat of fusion,

Calorimetry
of science which deals with the
the branchof heat.
Itis
measurerment
Its SI unit is Jkg
temperature is broughtin contact
When abody at higher then the heat flows (ii) Latent Heat of Vaporisation It is the quantity of heat
h another body at lower temperature,
Wehe body kept at higher temperature to the body kept required to change the state of unit mass of a substance
till the both bodies acquire the same from liquid to vapour state at its boiling point. It is
lowertemperature
at
temperature. denoted by Lñ.
expressed as
Principle of calorimetry is Latent heat of vaporisation, Ly = and its SI unit
colder body
ueat lost by hotter body = Heat gained by
m, s,AT= m,s, AT is Jkg.
where. m, = mass of hot body. Heat Transmission
m, = mass of cold body.
Heat can be transferred from one part of system to another. It
S; = specific heat of hot body is called heat transmission, There are three methods of heat
and S, = specificheat of cold body. transmission, Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
Change of State Conduction
The process of converting one state of a substance into
another state is known as change of state of a substance or In solids, heat is transmitted from higher temperature to
matter.
lower temperature without actual movements of the particles.
Matter generally exists in three states
This mode of transmission of heat is called conduction.
(iii) Gas " Thermal Conductivity The ability of material to conduct
() Solid (ii) Liquid
the heat through it, is known as thermal conductivity.
These states can be changed into one another by absorbing
heat or rejecting heat. The process is so called the change The amount of heat flow in a conducting rod,
of state. The temperature of a substance remains constant KA At
during change of state.
Triple Point of Water where, K = coefficient of thermal conductivity,
The values of pressure and temperature at which water A =area of cross-section,
coexists in equilibrium in all three states of matter, i.e. ice, l=length of rod,
water and vapour is called triple point of water. A0=temperature difference
between the ends of the rod
Triple point of water is 273 K temperature and 0.46 cm of
mercury pressure. and t = time.

The SI unit of Kis Wm- K and its dimensional

Latent Heat formula is (MLTe-'
Ihe amount of heat transferred per unit mass during the " The rate of flow of heat is known as thermal or heat
Change of state of a substance without any change in its current. It is denoted by H.
emperature is called latent heat of the substance for
particular change. H=
KAAO
Q cm 0= mL
Where, L = latent heat of the material. " Thermal resistance is given by
There are twO types of latent heat of materials R=
2) Latent Heat of Fusion or Melting It is the quantity KA

of heat required to change the state ofa substance Its SIunit is K/W and its dimensional formula
Irom solid to liquid state at its melting point It is is [M-'L2T'
denoted by Lf:
250 CHAPTERWISE & TOPICWISE
~MEDICAL
SOLVED PA
Connection of rods with diferent ther1nal
conductivities Transmittance or Transmitting Power
are shown in thermal
following table The ratio of the anmount of radiations
Mode of
connection
In series
Figure Thermal
conductivity
the body in agiven time
to the total amount
radiations incident on the body inthat
transmittance or transmitting power
of
is
of the
transriltet
time tcalherlemda
combination
of two
K.
denoted by . body. It is
metal rods
4
K,1K K
Relation among reflecting power,
transmitting power absorbing power a
rta+f=l
K+ K,
If body does not transmit any heat
In parallel (if h=4)
r+a=I
radiations, then
combination K, =
of two A+A, " r,a and t all are the pure ratio, so they have no
metal rods dimensions. unit and
High K, +k, " For perfect reflector. r= 1, a=0andt=0
Low
temperature " For perfect absorber, a = 1, r= 0and =0
reservoir temperatUre,
reservoir (if A, = A,)
(perfect black body.
"For perfect transmitter, t =1, a = 0and r= 0
Note if temperature of common
interface of the series combination be ,
then it can be expressed as T= it gh Emissive Power
K,+ K, Emissive power of a body at a particular temperature ist
total amount of thermal energy emitted per unit time ner
Convection unit arca of the body for all possible wavelengths.
The process of heat transmission in which the
the fluid (liquid or gas) move is called particles of It is denoted by e, e, = 1 de
convection. A dt
Land breeze, see-breeze and trade wind are formed due to
convection. Emissivity
Emissivityof a body at a given temperature is equal to te
Radiation ratio of the total emissive power of the body (e, )to the tc
The process of heat transmission in the form of emissive power of a perfectly black body (E; )at that
electromagnetic waves, is called radiation. temperature.
Radiation do not require any medium for propagation. It Emissivity, [ =
propagates without heating the intervening medium. The
heat energy transferred by radiation is called radiant energy.
Heat from the sun reaches the carth by radiation. Perfectly Black Body
Abody which absorbs completely the radiations of all
Reflectance or Reflecting Power wavelengths incident on it, is called a perfectly black DOu
The ratio of the amount of thermal radiations reflected by a For a perfectly black body, emissive power (E, )=L
body in a given time to thetotal amount of thermal
radiations incident on the body in that time is called Lamp black is 96% black and platinum black is about ?
black.
reflectance or reflecting power of the body.
It is denoted by r. Kirchhoff's Law of Radiation
This law states that, the ratio of emissive power t0
Absorptance or Absorbing Power absorptive power is same for all surfaces at the samie
The ratio of the amount of thermal radiations absorbed by a temperature and is equal to theemissive power of a
body in a given time to the total amount of thermal radiations perfectly black body at that temperature.
incident on the body in that time is called abscrptance or
absorbing power of the body. It is denoted by a. Mathematically, e2..=E
 251
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Stefan'sLaw Newton's Lawof Cooling

Accordingtothis Jaw, the emissive power of a perfectly " According to this law of cooling, rate of cooling of a
black boody (energy emitted by a black body per unit surface body is directly proportional to the temperature
per unit )
time) is directly proportional to thefourth difference betwcen the body and the surroundings
area provided that thc tempcrature differencc is smalI.
absolute temperature.
power ofits
Mathematically, Mathematically.
dT dT
(T-7To ) or = k(T - T, )
dt dt
where, oiis a
constant known as the Stefan's constant. Value
Wm2K4 where. k is a constant.
ofo is 5.67x 10 " Ifabody cools by radiation through a small temper.ature
. The total radiant energy Q emitted by a body of surface difference from T to T, in a short time /when the
area A in time t is given by
Q= Ate= A1EoT
. The radiant power (P), i.e. energy radiated by a body per
surrounding temperature is T,, then T=k

Wien's Displacement Law

(T-I:-i 2

unit time is given by

This law states that as temperature of black body T
P= Agg4 increases, the wavelength m corresponding to the
maximum emission decreases such that .c
. If abody at temperature Tis surrounded by another body T

at temperature T, (where, To< T), then Stefan's law is or

modified as
where, b is known as Wien's constant and its value
E=o(T - T) is 2.89 x 10 n-K.
and e= [o(T -T )

Topical Practice Questions

All the exam questions of this chapter have been divided into 6 topics as listed below
THERMOMETRY 252-253
Topic 1
THERMAL EXPANSION 253-258
Topic 2
Topic 3 SPECIFICHEAT CAPACITY,CALORIMETRY AND LATENT HEAT 258-262
THERMAL CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION 263-269
Topic 4
RADIATION I(KIRCHHOFF'S LAW AND BLACK BODY) 269-271
Topie 5
Topic 6 RADIATION II (WIEN'S LAW, STEFAN'S LAW AND NEWTON'S 271-281
LAW OF COOLING)
 Topic 1
Thermometry
2017
1 Mercury boils at 367°C. However, mercury thermometers
2011
6 Two temperature scales Aand Bare rclated by
A-42 B- 72
are made such that they can measure tennperature upto At which temperature
two
S00°C. This is done by
(a) maintaining vacuumaboves mercury column in the
JIPMER] 110 220
the same readings? sCalest
stem of the
thermometer (a) -42° (b) - 72°
(b) f1lling nitrogen gas at high pressure above the (c) + 12° (d) - 40°
mercury column
(c) filling oxygen gas at high pressure above the 2010
mercury column
(d) filling nitrogen gas at low pressure above the 7 Oxygen boils at - 183° C. This temperature is
mercury column approximately in Fahrenheit is
2014 (a) - 329° F (b)- 261°F
(c) - 215° F (d) - 297° F
2 A scientist proposes a new temperature scale in
which the
ice point is 25 X (X is the new unit of temperature) and 2009
the steam point is 305 X. The specific heat capacity of 8 If absolute zero is -273.15°C on Celsius temperature s:
water in this new scale is (in JkgX) then the absolute zero on the Fahrenheit scale is
[WB JEE)
(a) 4.2 x 10° (b) 3.0 x10° (c) 1.2x 10* (d) 1.5x 10 (a)- 227.15° F (b) 453.I5° F
(c)459.67° F (d) 491.67° F
2013
3 Two 2008
thermometers are constructed in the same way
except that one has a spherical bulb and the other a 9 On a new scale of temperature (which is linear) and g
cylindrical bulb, which one willrespond quickly to the Wscale, the freezing and boiling points of water ea
temperature changes? [WB JEE) 39°W and 239°W, respectively. What will be the
(a) Spherical bulb thermometer temperature on the new scale, corresponding to a
(b)Cylindrical bulb thermometer temperature of 39° Con the Celsius scale? [CBSE APH
(c) Both equally (a) 78°W (b) 117°W (c) 200°W (d) 139
(d) None of the above
2006
2012 10 The temperature of a body is 95°F. what will be redit
4 Ifathermometer reads freezing point of water as 20°C at Celsius scale?
and boiling point as 150°C, how much thermometer read (a) 7°c (b) 65°C
when the actual temperature is 60°C? [AFMC] (c) 63°C (d) 35°C
(a) 98°C (b) 10°C (c) 40°C (d) 60°C 2005
5 In a mercury thermometer, the ice point (lower fixed 11 Afaulty thermometer has its fixed point i markedas$
point) is marked as 10° and the steam point (upper fixed 95°C. The temperature of a body as measuredi bythe
point) is marked as 130°. At 40°C temperature, what will faulty thermometer is 59°C. The correct temperatured
this thermometer read? [WB JEE) the body on Celsius scale is (Haryan
(a) 78° (b) 66° (c) 62° (d) 58° (a) 40°C (d)30°
(b) 60°C (c) 20°C

1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (a)

Answers
5 (d) 6 c) 7 (d) 10
11 (b) | 8 ( c ) 9(b)
 Explanations
nitrogen gas at a high ’ 100-1000 =4800 unknown scale, then we follow the
(b)If we fill level, the
pressure above mercury increased equation
100x = 5800
is (Temperature on known scale)
boiling po1nt of mercury
= $80
upto --(LFP for known scale)
.hich can extend to the range 6 (c) We are given the relation between
S00°C. the temperature scale Aand B as
(UFP- LFP) known
(Temperature on unknown scale)
- 25 X =100° 4-42 B-72
2ld: Given. 305 X so for the two scales (LFPfor unknown scale)
("X is the new unit of temperature) 110 220
(UFP- LFP) unknown
(305-25) X = 100°C to have the same reading,
39 0 t-39
1°C= 2.8 X A= Band so, A 42 A-72
100 -0 239 - 39
110 220
The specific heat capacity of water t=|17° W
A-42 A-72
=4200 Note LFP’ Lower Fixed Point
2
kg°C
= 4200 X
J ’ 2A-84 = A-72 UFP-’ Upper Fixed Point
kg x 2.8 X 24-A=84-72 10 (d) The relation between Celsius scale
’
=1500 J/kg-X and Fahrenheit scale is
A=12°
=1.5x10° Jkg'x 7 -32 T; = 32 +

3 (6)Cylindrical bulb thermometer has

5 9

more area as compared to spherical one, 183 F - 32

T-=a,-32)
Given, Tp = 95° F
so the heat received by the cylindrical
bulb is more, which will make it indicate T=5/9(95 - 32) =35°C
F=- 297.4°F -297°F
change in temperature, more quickly. 11 6) x be the temperature measured by
(c) Celsius and Kelvin scales are faulty thermometer
4 (a) Temperature on any scale can be C F- 32
converted into other scale by related as C-0 x- lower fixed point
9
2-LFP -273.15 F-32 100 Number of divisions
=Constant for all scales between the two fixed points
UFP LFP 5 9
60 59- 5
X-20 ’x= 98°C F=-459.67°F
150 20 100 100-0 95- 5
9 (b) In general, whenever we
x-10 40 C 54
compare any known scale to any ’C= 60°C
5 (d) 100 90
130 - 10 100

Topic 2
Thermal Expansion to surrounding temperature, it presses the semicircular
2019
parts together. If the coefficient of linear expansion of the
Acopper rod of 88 cm and an aluninium rod of metal is . and its Young's modulus is Y,the force that one
unknown length have their increase in length part of the wheel applies on the other part is [JIPMER]
mdependent of increase in temperature. The length of
aluminium rod is [NEET (National)]
(a) 113.9 cm (b)88 cm (d) 6.8 cm
(c) 68 cm
2 The wOoden wheel of radius R is made of two
semicircular parts (see figure). The two parts are held
together by a ring made of a metal strip of cross-sectional
area S and length L. L is slightly less than 2tR. To fit the (a) 2TSYaAT (b) SYaAT
ring on the wheel, it is heated so that its temperature rises (c) TSYaAT (d) 2SYaAT
by AT and it just steps over the wheel. As it cools down
ROPERTIES OF MATTER 257

day. 15 ) By cubical cxpansion relation. 3r9 1

rof second lost in a (:; =3)
18.9 10s
where, y cocfficient of cubical
cient of lincar cxparsion of cxpansion.
tulum. V-10m 19 (a) Time period, T- 2r
2A1 Ve
- initial volume
Fractional change.
2 12.5
AT = 10°C
25y 864)
AV =10|8x10 x10² =12 ](40- 20)
= 18 x10 m
B6400) = 12 x 10s
Sincc, AV = A r A/
c arnount of heat IS given to
.:. 18x10=2x10xA AT =Tz12x10
lid and hollow spheres
nc radii and ternperature. or 9 10= Al =24 x 60x60 x 12 x 10
here willcxpand rmorc. As, or Al=9 cm = 10.3 s day"
here has levscr mass, its r5e
ature will be rnore becausc 16 (c) Modulus of clasticity = Force l 20 (d) It is given that the volume of air in
Area
33000 the flask remains the sarne. This means
but apparently it scerns for ’3z10'! that the expansion in volume of the
10
aving sarnc cxpansion
vessel (AV,)is exactly equal to the
Al 33000
t (0as both of them arc of volume expansion of mercury (AVm
10 3x 10!
erial. i.e. AV, = AVM
volume. AV=VAT =||zj0-s
V,AT = tAT
more for hollow sphere, so it
nd rmore. Change in length, =0, AT

ideal gas equation, where, , =Coefficient of lincar expansion

(i) (:7,=3ç)
pV=RT Al= charge in length and l =original 2000x 3x9x 10
...(i) 1
length. 1.8% 10-4
Eg. (i1) by Eq (i), we get So, 11/10=11z10AT
AV AT Vm=300 cc
AT=10K or 10°C
21 (b) Cocficient of cubical expansionof
17 (d) Two strips of cqual lengths but of water at 4°Cis zero, because the
VAT different materials (different density of water at 4°C is maximum.
coefficient of lincar expansion u) when
2raph bctwcen öandT will be joined together, iscalled bimetallic 22 (b) The metal Xhas a higher
strip. This strip has the characteristic coefficient of expansion compared to
property of bending on heating due to that for metal Yso on placing
T+ AT bimetallic strip in a cold bath, X will
uncqual lincar expansionof the two
netals. The brass side bends on outer shrink morethan Y. Hence, the strip
side (uonvex side) due tw greater . and will bend towards the left.
iron bends on inner side (concave side) P:_ (!+Yb,)
due to snaller .
23 la
h, P (1+ 0)
18 (b) If Vis the volume of ylass flask, V, Po
e, t, K, t, = 473K.
of rmercury and V, of air in it, (|+ 0)
50 |+ 507 r=0,005 /C
Scc, d, =" Now,as with change intemperature 60 1+I00y
d
volume of air remains constant, the
Y,(A) Cxpansion of mercury will be cqual to 24 (d) Yeal ay t Yveselo vessel = K.
13,6
that of thc glass flask, i.e. For vessel A, Ycal = t 3u
0.18 10 z (473-273) For vessel B,7el =Y, + 3u
13.6
1036
or Vt,A9 =Vyt ,A9(as AV =Vya) Hence,

= |3,12p/cc 3
 Explanations
7 (d) Given, Lg -
1 (c) Due to change in temperature, the 4 (c) Here, AT = ?
bBr =Scm
thermal strain produced in a rod of 100
length Lis given by =0.00002° C Cs = 12 x10 /9c
AL
=a AT AL = La AT As. AL = aLAT .g, =18 x 10*/°
AL
where, l=original length of rodand = a. AT = We know that, .s =
coefficient of linear expansion of solid 12x 10-6 AL
rod.
As the change in length (A) of the
AT =
La. 100x 0.00002 LXt
two rods of copper and given
aluminium are 10
independent of temperature change, i.e. AT =:2x 102 = 500°C
AT is same for both copper and 18x10=
aluminium. 0.00006
5 (a) As, a brass =
3
(L- 5) xt
Lçulcu =LAAl ...(1) Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (0), we ge
Here, .y = 17x 10 K = 0.00002 =2x 10- /°C 12 x 10-6
aA = 2.2x 10 K-l The brass scale is true at 15°C, therefore 18 x 10° ALILXt
at 30°, its graduations will increase in ALIL-S) x1
and Lcy = 88 cm length and so observed reading will be 2 L-s
Substituting the given values in Eq. (i), less than actual reading at 30°. 3 L
we get
.The change in reading, 2L =3L -15
L Cutou_17x10 x 88
2.2 x 10
68 Al= la bras(AT) L=15
Cm = 74.5 x 2 x 10°(30-- 15) So, LBr =l-5=15 - 5=10 cm
2 (d) Elongation due to change in = 0.02235 cm 8 (a) When cooled from room
temperature. .. Actual reading at 30°C, temperature, liquid water becomes
Al=LaAT ..) dense, like other substances, but at
=lobserved t+ Al
where,
=74.5 + 0.02235
approximately 4°C (39° F), pure aR
a = coefficient of linear expansion reaches its maximum density. Ifitis
=74.522 cm cooled further, it expands to becom:
which is compensated by elastic strain,
Assuming area of cross-section to be less dense.
when temperature becomes normal, i.e. constant, we have
9 (a) Coefficient of real expansion,
TL VoPo =V3oP30
Al= ...ii)
YS ah,P, =ahsoP30 YR
Vh-4)
From Eqgs. (i) and (ii), we get Therefore, true height at 0°C,
2
TI h Here,
= LaAT
YS
T =YSaAT
Po
74.522
(1+ YHaAT)
74.522
-
and (t, - t;) = (100- 20) =80°C
Atequilibrium, force exerted by 1+ 0.00018 × 30 1.0054
one-half on other., = 74.122 cm
640
F=2T = 2YSaAT 6 (c) According to question,
3 (b) Here, y=49x10°c Coefficient of linear expansion of brass = 15.6 x10+-!
AT=30° C = 01
10 (a) Moment of inertia of arod, !
y'=V+ AV =V(1+ YAT) Coefficient of linear expansion of steel
V'=V(1+ 49 x10x30) =0.9
On differentiating w.r.t. l, we get
= 1.0147V Length of brass and steel rods are I, and
h, respectively. dl =2ldl
12
and p' = As given difference increase in M
1.0147 V length 21 dl
= 0.9855p (4-)is same for alltemperature. dl 12
Hence, fractional change in density
So, K-K=l,-l MI
-P-P_p-0.9855 p= 0.0145 h(1+ aA)- , (0+ a, A) =, -l 12

ha, = la, dl,dl

=2*=2asI
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER 257
THERMAL

Nunber of
secondlost in a day, 15 (c) By cubical expansion 3x9x 10
(a)
relation, 18.9x 10-s
( YG = 3u;)
11 AV =Vx yAT
.A0 x 86400
2 where, y=coefficient of cubical
The
coefficient of)linear expansion of expansion,
metalpendulum, V= 10-m
2A1
19 (a) Time period, T=
=initial volume
A0 x 86400 Fractional change,
Y=18x 1o S/°C AT
2x 12.5
25x 86400
AT = 100°C T 21
AV = 10x18x105x 10 1
=-x12x 10 (40 -20)
=18 x 10 m' 2
86400
Since, AV =Ax A =12x 10
amount of)heat is given to
12 (a)Ifsame and .:. 18x 10= 2x 10" x A AT =Tx 12 x10-5
both the
solid i hollow spheres
9x 10 = A = 24 x 60 x 60 x 12 x 105
having sameradii and temperature,
hollow sphere willexpand more. As, Al=9 cm = 10.3 s day
holow sphere has lesser mass, its rise 16 (c) Modulus of elasticity =
Force
20 (d) It is given that the volume of air in
because
in temperature will be more Area the flask remains the same. This means
but apparently it seems for 33000
3x10'!= X
that the expansion in volume of the
MC 103
vessel (A V)is exactly equal to the
hoth are having same expansion Al 33000
coefficient () as both of them are of volume expansion of mercury (AV,
10-3 3x10!!
same material. i.e. AV, = AVm
Change in volume, AV = yVAT =11x 10-5
or Vy,AT = VAT
As AT is more for hollow sphere, so it A!
Change in length, =0 AT
will expand more. V,=
13 (c) From ideal gas equation, where, a =coefficient of linear expansion
p>= RT ..(1)
( Y, = 3aç)
Al=charge in length and =original 2000x 3 x9x10-0
pAV = RAT ... (11)
length. 1.8x 10-4
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. ), we get So, 11x 10 =1.1x 10 xAT
AV AT V,= 300 cc
AT =10 Kor 10°C 21 (b) Coefficient of cubicalexpansion of
AV 17 (d) TwÍ strips of equal lengths but of water at 4°C is zero, because the
VAT
different materials (different density of water at 4°C is maximum.
coefficient of linear expansion a) when
So, the graph between &and T will be joined together, is called bimetallic 22 (b) The metal Xhas a higher
strip. This strip has the characteristic coefficient of expansion compared to
property of bending on heating due to that for metal Yso on placing
T+ AT
unequal linear expansion of the two bimetallic strip in a cold bath, X will
metals. The brass side bends on outer shrink more than Y. Hence, the strip
side (convex side) due to greater a and will bend towards the left.
iron bends on inner side (concave side)
23 (a) P:(l+ye,)
due to smaller a. Pi (1+ yo,)
18 (b) If Vis the volume of glass flask, V, Po
19 (4) Here, I, =0°C= 273K, I, =473K of mercury and , of air in it, (l+ y0)|
Y, =0.18x J0c-!
V=V,+V 50 1+ 50y ’r=0.005/°C
d, =13.6g/cc, d, = ? Now, as with change in temperature 60 |+ 100y
d, = volume of air remains constant, the
1+Y,(A) expansion of mercury willbe equal to 24 (d) Yeal =Yapp t Yvessel »Yvessel = 0
13.6 that of the glass flask, i.e. For vessel A,Yreal =Y + 3.
1+0.18x 10 x(473- 273) AV = AV For vessel B, Yreal =Y;t sag
d, =
13.6 or VWGA8 = VHg YHy A0 (as AV =VA0) Hence, Y, + 3a = Y, + 30.g
l.036
= 13.12g/cc
VHg YG 3
YHg
260 TOPICWISE~ MEDICAI
CHAPTERWISE &
SOLVED
Reasón Jce contracts on melting to water.
2006 and Reason are
(a) Both Assertionexplanation
Assertcorcorrect
rieoctn. and Re
m an energy recycling process, X gram of steam at 100C of
becomes water at 100°C which converts Y gram of ice at (is the correct Reason are
(b) Both Assertion and
0°Cinto water at 100°C. The ratio ofX and Y will be bu Re
is not the correct explanation of
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 2
[AMU) (c) Ais correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are
fiAnscorreCt
ertiorn..
20 Abullet of mass 10 x 10 kg 23 2gof water condenses when passed
through
moving with a speed or water initially at 25°C. The condensation of
the temperature of water to $4,3°C. What is
thesteam; ra
20ms hits an ice block (0C) of 990g
kept at rest on a
frictionless floor and gets embedded in it. If ice takes 50% heat of steam?
of kinetic energy lost by the system, the
amount of
melted (in gram) approximately is (1cal= 4.25) ice (a) 540 cal g (b) 536 cal g
(Latent heat of ice = 80cal/g) [EAMCET]
(c) 270 cal g (d) 480 cal gl
(a) 6 (b) 3 24 Calculate the amount of heat (in
(c) 6x 10 (d) 3x103 calorie)) required to
21 The following figure represents the convert 5gof ice at 0°C to steam at 100°c.
temperature versus time
plot for a given amount of a substance (a) 3100 (b) 3200 (c) 3600
is supplied to it at a fixed rate and at a when heat energy
(d) 4206
constant pressure. 25 Hailstorm at 0°C falls from a height of I km on an
insulating surface converting whole of its kinetic
Temperature into heat. What part of it will melt? (take, latent het
ice =3.34x 10° Jkg g= 10ms)
DU
1
(a)
8
3
Time ’ (c) x10 (d) Allof it will melt
3
Which part of the above plot represent a phase change? 26 A42 kg block of ice moving on rough horizontal surt
[BCECE) stops due to friction, after sometime. If the initial vel:
(a) ato b and e to f (b) b to cand etod of the decelerating block is 4 ms, the mass of ice (n
(c) d to e and e tof (d) b to cand dtoe kg) that has melted due to the heat generated by the
2005 friction is

22 Assertion In pressure-temperature (p-T) phase diagram (Take, latent heat of ice =3.36x 10 Jkg) EAMG
of water., the slope of the melting curve is found to be (a) lx10-3 (b) 1.5x 10-3
negative. (c) 2x 10-3 (d) 2.5x 10-5

1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (d)

Answers
5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (c) 10
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (d) 8 (a) 9 (a)
14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (c) 17 (b) 20
21 (d) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (c)
18 (a) 19 (a)
25 (a) 26 (a)

Explanations
1 (b) Given, mass of water, m=lg Change in volume,
=lx10 x 1670 x10-6 [fromb
Volume of 1 g of water AV = (1671- ) x 10 m³
=l cm' = 10m² = 167J
= 1670 x 10- m ..i)
Volume of l g of steam = 1671 cm
According to first law of
Heat supplied,AQ = mL thermodynamics,
= 1671x J0 m' =lx 2256= 2256J ..(ii) AQ = AU + AW
Asthe steam expands, so the 2256-
Pressure, p=lx10 Pa work done ’ AU = AQ - AW= (ü)and
Latent heat of vaporisation of water, expansion is (tromE.
L= 2256 J'g AW = pV = 2089 J
PROPERETES 261

=:
= k

=10r1E r5

= 4-I
=

14
P =P =19W
Hre n = = z .
= 40I -K

Ths

9 2Fro =C, 7. = - -:

1
4 = 5 - 0= 120
2. = L 10 c De otte temperatute ferece
=0 s 4 2 hea rastr s kng place trom oa 15 Le e perre ofe R Y

625 = m r8r 42 Oczl nterral energ of the träo botis

=162 remeins conser ed althogh Q1x10x(0-i= 031
indvidal; nhanges
262 MEDICAL
CHAPTERWISE &TOPICWISE ~
SOLVED
I-60 n = 40 g,
= 22.68 x10°J ke
3 80 -/ 10 At, =(54,3- 25
Q =Xx 10x22,68 x
80 - 1 3 -180 c=l cal g
41=180 +80 Also Q, =Yx 10x3,36 x10 ’ 2xL+
260
4
= 65°C
+Yx 10x 4200 x100
7.56 ’
2x1X45.]= 40x1,
2L +914 =\1)
16 (c) Evaporation
causes cooling. As the
latent heat of vaporisation of
large, it will absorb lots of heatwater
is
22.68

20 (d) Kinetic energy of bullet =-my

3
24 (c) Total heat
required
to convert ice
L=5403
into water heat
the room and hence the from heat required to
the room will decrease. temperature of x 10x 10x20 x20
increase the
temperature of water upto
100° C(2,) + heat
17 (b) Heat energy
required to just mclt =2 J=" cal
2 required
water into steam at
the bullet,

Here. O, = msA9 (600 K= 327° C)

...() Heat gained by ice to melt
4.2 O, =
100C(Q.
mL=5x 80= 400
,= msAt
2 50
= mx 125 x (327- 27) 4.2 100 =5x 1x(100- 0)=3%
=3.75x 10m
O,= mL =5x 540= 270,.
ml =
Q, = ml=mx 2.S x 10 4.2
1 = 400 + 500 + 2700
=2.5 x10*m m=
= 3600 cal
4.2x 80
Putting the value of , and Q, in Eq. (1), 25 (a) Let k be the fraction of ice thet
We get =3x 10g
melts.
Q=6.25>x 10°m 21 (d) At 0°C from b to c, temperature of
If vbe the speed of bullet, then 50% of matter does not change but its state Hence, potential energy =kxlat
heat
-mv should be equal to . changes. i.e., mgh = k mL
Similarly, from d to e, state of matter
10x 1000 |
1 changes without changing temperature.
i. 0.5 xmv = 6.25x 10°m Hence, b to cand d to e show phase L
3.34x 10° 33
changes. 26 (a) Initial mass of ice block,
6.25 x 10 x2 m=42 kg
V=
= 500ns! 22 (a) In pressure-temperature (p-T) phase
0.5
diagram of water, the negative slope is Initial velocity of ice block,
= 1800 km h-! due to the change of phase. This U=4ng!
18 (a) Given, m=lg corresponds to liquids which contract
To convert -10°Cice to 0° C ice, on meiting (like ice). Finalvelocity of ice block, v=0
Therefore, both Assertion and Reason Let retardation be a Using third
Q, = mS;ice
are correct and Reason is the equation of motion, we get
At = lx (0.5) x[0-(-10)]= 5cal correct
To convert 0°C iice to 0°Cwater, explanation of Assertion. y= u - 2as
= mLjce =lx 80 = 80 cal 23 (a) Heat required to raise the 2as = -
To convert 0°C water to 100° Cwater, temperature of 40 gof water from (4-(0r
25°C to 54.3°C, is equivalent to the as =
2; = mSAl= lx1x100 = 100 cal sum of heat required to condense the
To convert 100°C water to steam 100°C, steam. = 8 m's
Q, = mL, = lx 540 = 540 cal ·.Heat required to raise the temperature Heat generated = Work done agl
:Total work done, of water by r°C friction
= m,cAt, ...() Q=Fxs
= 725 cal = 725 x 4.2 J where, c is specific heat of water and n Q= mxaxs
O = 3045 J is the mass. Heat
steam
required to condense Q= 42 x 8
19 (a) Specific heat of water Q= 336 J
= mL + m,cal, ofiem
= 4200 J kg K-! ...(ii) Due to this heat, let Mkg
Specific latent heat of fusion
Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get So. Q= ML
mL + m,cal, = mcat 336 ke
=3.36x 10° Jkg Given, m, =2g, L 3.36x10
Specific latent heat of vaporisation At, =(100 54.3)°C= 45.7° c M=lx10`kg
 Topic 4
Thermal| Conduction and Convection
2014
2019
A deep
rectangular pond of? surface arca A, containing 5 Same quantity of ice is filled in each of the two metal
1
ater (density =p, specitie heat capacity = s), is located in containers P and Q having the same size, shape and wall
where the outside air temperature is a steady thickness but make of different materials. The containers
aregion
value at the - 26°C. The thickness of the frozen ice layer are kept in identical surroundings. The ice in P melts
instant is:
in this pond, at a certain completely in time t, , whereas in takes a time ,. The
Taking the thermal conductivity of ice as K, and its ratio ofthermal conductivitiesof the materials of Pand is
specific latent heat of fusion as L. the rate of increase of (a) (, i| (b) (, i2 [WB JEEJ
the thickness of ice layer, at this instant would be given
[NEET (Odisha)] (d)r:;
by
(b) 26K/(pr- L) 6 Two identical rods are connected between two containers.
(a) 26K/p L- 4s)
One of themis at 100°C. If rods are connected in parallel,
(c) 26K/(pxL) (d) 26K/pr(L+ 4s) then the rate of melting of ice is gi g/s.
2 The unit of thermal conductivity is [NEET (National)]
If they are connected in series,then the rate is g, g/s. The
(a) Jml K-! (b)W m K-! [UK PMT]
ratio g, /g, is
(c) WmK-! (d) Jm K-l (c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
(a) 2 (b) 4
7 Two rods of lengths d, and d, and coefficients of thermal
2017 conductivities K, and K, are kept in end to end contact
3 Two rods A and B of different materials are welded with each other. The equivalent thermal conductivity is
together as shown in figure. Their thermal conductivities (a) K,d, + K,d, (b) K, + K; [UK PMT]
are K, and K,. The thermal conductivity of the composite Kd, + K,d,
rod will be [NEET] (c) (d)(d, + d, )/ K, K:
d, + d,
2013
8 For a certain thermocouple, if the temperature of the cold
junction is 0° C, the neutral temperature and inversion
temperatures are 285° C and 570° C respectively. If the
(a)1+K, 3(K, + K, ) cold junction is brought to10° C, then the new neutral
(b) and inversion temperatures are respectively [Manipal]
2 2
(c) K, + K, (d) 2(K, + K,) (a) 285° Cand 560 C (b)285° Cand 570° C
2016 (c) 295° Cand 560° C (d) 275° Cand 560° C

4 Twoidentical bodies are made of amaterial for which the 2012

heat capacity increases with temperature. One of these is 9 A slab of stone of area 0.36 m and thickness 0. 1l m is
at 100°C, while the other one is at 0°C. If the two bodies exposed on the lower surface of steam at 100° C. A block
are brought into contact, then assuming no heat loss, the of ice at 0° Crests on the upper surtace of the slab. In one
final common temperature is [NEET] hour, 4.8 kg of ice is melted. The thermal conductivity ot
(a) s0°C slab is (Take, latent heat of fusion of ice
(b) more than 50°C = 3.36x 10 Jkg) [CBSE AIPMT]
(C) less than 50°C but greater tihan 0°C
(a) 1.24 J/ m/s/° C (b) 1.29 J/m/s/° C
(d) 0°C
(c) 2.05 J/m/s/°C (d) 1.02J/m/s/°C
 MEDICAL
CHAPTERWISE & TOPICWISE
264
SOLVED PA

16 Two slabs
are of the thicknesses d, and
10 Two slabs Aand Bof different materials but of the same
thickness are joinedend to end to form a composite slab.
The thermal conductivitics of 4 and B are K, and K 2:
conductivities are K, and K),
of
series. The free ends the combination
slabs are kept at temperatures , and ).
d.TfherhTesehey taMe
respectively.of th

K,0, d,.As urmef,

respectively. A stcady temperature difference of 12° C Thetemperature oftheir common junction is
is maintained across the composite slab. If K = K2 , the K,e, + K,0, (b) +K
temperature difference across slab 4is
2
[AlIMS]
(a)
0, +2 K,d, +K,d, o,d.
(a)4° C (b) 6° C K,0, d, + K,0,d,
(c) 8° C (c) Kjd, + K,d,
(d) 10° C K +K,
17 The temperature of hot and coldend of 20 g long rod i1
thermal steady state are at 100° Cand 20° Crespectively 17 Abody of length I mhaving cross-sectional area
has heat flowthrough it at the rate of 6000 J/ss. 0.3.
temperature of the centre of the rod is
(a) 50° C (b) 60° C
[AFMC)
the temperature difference, if K =200Jm-² Then, i.
(c) 40° C (d) 30° C
2011 (a) 20° C (b) 40° C [Gujare
12 Three identical rods A, B andC are placed end to end. A (c) 80° C (d) 100°C
temperature difference is maintained between the free 2009
ends ofAand C. The thermal conductivity of Bis thrice
that of C and halfof that of A. The effective thermal 18 The two ends of a rod of length L and a uniform
conductivity of the system will be (K,is the thermal cross-sectional area A are kept at two temperatures 7
conductivity of rod A) [KCET] and T, (T >T, ) The rate of heat transfer d
dt -throug
(a)K4 (b) 3K 4 (c) 2K 4 rod in a steady state is given by [CBSE A

2010
(a)
dQ KL(T T,)
13 A cvlindrical metallic rod in thermal contact with two dt A
reservoirs of heat as its two ends conducts an amnount of dQ_ K(T -T, )
heat in time t. The metallic rod is melted and the
(b) dt LA
material is formed into a rod of half the radius of the
originalrod. What is the amount of heat conducted by the (c)
dt
= KLA(T -7,)
new rod when placed in thermal contact with the two
reservoirs in time t? (CBSE AIPMT] (d) dQ_ KA(T T,)
dt
(a) (b)9 (c) 20 ()2
4 16 2 19 A cylinder of radius r and of thermal conductiviy
14 The thermal conductivity of a material in CGS system is surrounded by a cylindrical shell of inner radius rand
0.4. In steady state, the rate of flow of heat 10 cal/s-cm radius 2r made of a material of thermal conductivy
The effective thermal conductivity of the system S
then the thermal gradient will be [CG PMT]
1 1
(a) 10° C/cm (b) 12° C/cm (c) 25°Cl çm (d) 20° C/ cm (a)
3 (K +2K,) (b) (2K, +3K,)
15 Inthe diagram, a system of two metals of equal lengths
and of same cross-sectional area are joined together.
K 2K
(c)(3K, +2K, ) (d) (K,+3K)
Condu:n.
20 Three rods of same havethermal
3K, 2 K and K. Theydimensions below
Furnace 300°C Metal i Metal ll lce box 0°C are as shown
arranged 50°C
Insulation
2K
3K
The coefficient of thermal conductivities of the metals are 100°C
K and 2K, respectively. If the furnace temperature at one K
end is 300° Cand ice box temperature at the other end is
0° C then the junction temperature is [Manipal) EAM
(a)100°C (b) 125° C What will be the temperature Tof thejunction?
(c)150°C (d) 200° C
(a) 200 oC
3
(b)
100
(c) 75°C
 265
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
THERMAL

25 Two identical rods AC and CBmade of two different

2:3 are
in a lake with water at 0°C whenthe mctals having thcrmal conductivities in the ratio
startstrreezing
2008
shown in
atmospherictemperature is
lce - 10° CIf the time taken for kept in contact with cach other at the cnd Cas
21 25°C. Then, the
be fored is 12 min, the time taken for the the figure. A is at 100° and B is at
oficeto junction Cis at (KCET]
Icm
thickness of the ice to change from 1 cm to 2cm will be
(a)12min [BHUJ
than 12 min
(b)less than 12 min but less than 24 min 100°C

(c) more
than 24 min (a) 55°C (b) 60°C
(d)more (d) 50°C
of thermal conductivity of copper is (c) 75°C
The.coefficient
22 thatt of steel. In the composite cylindrical bar 26 The ratio of the coefficient of thermal conductivity
of two
9times
showninthe figure, what will be the temperature at the different materials is 5: 3. Ifthe thermal resistance of the
steel? rods of same thickness of these materials is same,
then the
junction ofcopper and
[KCET]
[BCECE]
100°C 0°C ratio of the length of these rods will be
(a) 3: 5 (b) 5: 3
Copper Steel (d) 3: 2
(c) 3:4
18 cmn (- 6 cm ’ 2006
radius r and
27 Which of the following circular rods, (given
ends
(a) 75°C (b) 67°C (d) 33°C
(c) 25° length ) each made of the same material and whose
conduct most
surfaces ofa are maintained at the same temperature will
23 The temperature of the two outer heat?
[AFMC]
composite slab, consisting of two materials having
thermal conductivities K and 2K and (a) r= 2ro, l= 2l, Nor= 2r,, l= lo
coefficients of (d) r= r , != 2l,
thicknesses x and 4x respectively, are T, and (c) r=%, l= lo
T(T, >T) The rate of heat transfer through the slab, in 2005
a steady state is A(T, |f,with fequals to [JCECE] 28 Two rods of same material have same length and area. The
heat AQ flows through them for 12min when they are joint
4X side by side. If now both the rods are joined in parallel,
then the same amount of heat Qwill flow in (BHU]

(a) 24 min (b) 3 min (c) 12 min (d) 6min

T 29 Three rods identical area of cross-section and made from
the same metal from the sides of an isosceles triangle
ABC, right angled at B.
The points A and B are maintained at temperatures Tand
(b) 1/2 /2T, respectively. In the steady state, the temperature of
(a) 1
(c) 2/3 (d) 1/3 the point Cis Te.
2007 Assuming that only heat conduction takes place, T /T is
equal to [UP CPMT]
<4 Consider a composite slab consisting of two different
materials having equal thickness and thermal conductivities (a)
Kand 2K, respectively. The equivalent thermal (2+1) (V2+ 1l)
Conductivity of the slab is [BHUJ
(c) (d)
(a) 3K 4
(c) K (d) 2K 2(/2- 1) V3(v2)
(b)K 3

Answers
1 () 2 (c) (a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (d) 7 (d) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 c)
11 (6) 15 (a) 16 (c) 17 (b) 18 (d) 19 (d) 20 (a})
12 (a) 13 (b 14 (c)
21 (d 27 (b) 28 (b) 29 (b)
22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (b) | 25 (a) 26 (b)
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
269

2,, 1=h
(6) Whenr= 4
(: Oand A0 are same) Heat will flow B to A viu two paths
H oc
H «
lo Kp RI2 1
(i) Bto A
Rs 2R 4
(ii) and along BCA rate of flow of heat
l= o H oc
(c) When r= h, 12
=3 min in path BCA willbe same,
4 4
i.e.
2l,’H 29 (b) Because TR > T
d) Whenr=h,l= 2l,
conduction vill (T)
It is obvious that heat K(/2T - Tc)A_ K(Te -T)A
case (b). /2a
be more in a2
KAA0 3
2
28(B) ( / KA) R
T 1+N2
(J2 T)B-a
(R=thermal resistance)

Topic 5
Radiation I(kirchhoff'sLaw and Black Body)
2013 6 Which of the following statements does not hold good for
1 Apiece of red glass when heated in dark to red hot state thermal radiation? [JCECE]
will appear to be [KCET] (a) The wavelength changes when it travels fromn one
(a) white (b) red medium to another
(c) green (d) invisible (b) The frequency changes when it travels from one
medium to another
2010 (c) The speed changes when it travels from one
mediun to another
2Assertion (A) Like light radiation, thermal radiations are
also electromagnetic radiation. (d) They travel in straight line in a given medium
Reason (R) The thermal radiations require no medium for 2009
propagation. [AIIMS]
7 Good emitters are good absorbers' is a statement
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct concluded fromn [Haryana PMT, CG PMT]
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct (a) Newton's law of cooling
explanation of A (b)Stefan's law of radiation
(C) A is correct but R is incorrect (c) Prevost's theory
(d) Both A and R are incorrect (d) Kirchhoffs law
3 For an opaque body coefficient of transmission is 2008
(a) zero (b) 1 [MHT CET]
8 Which of the following is more close to a black body?
(c) 0.5 (d) oo [Haryana PMT]
4 The thermal radiation from a hot body travels with a (a) Black board paint (b)Green leaves
velocity of [Kerala CEE) (c) Black holes (d) Red roses
(a) 330 ms-1 (b)2x 10 ms-l
(c) 1200 ms-!
2007
(d) 230 ms
(e) 3x 10 ms 9 We consider the radiation emitted by the human body.
Which of the following statements is true? [BHU)
n which process, the rate of transfer of heat is maximum? (a) The radiation is emitted during the summers and
(a) Conduction [MGIMS] absorbed during the winters.
(b) Radiation (b) The radiation emitted lies in the ultraviolet region and
hence is not visible.
(c) Convection
(a) In all three heat is (c) The radiation emitted in the infrared region.
transferred with the same speed (d) The radiation is emitted only during the day.
270 CHAPTERWISE &TOPICWISE MEDICAL
SOLVED PA
10 The temperature at vhich a black body ceases to radiate 13 A perfcct black body is one whose
energy. is
(a) OK (b) 273 K
J&K CET) (a)1maximum
(c)unity
(b) zero emis 1ve power
(d) minimum
(c) 30K (d) 100 K 14 Ahot and acold body are kept in
vacuum
2006 each other. Which of the following causes se rparated
11 Threc objccts coloured black, grey
and white can
withstand hostile conditions upto 2800°C. These objects
are thrown into a furnace where each of
temperatureof the hot body?
(a) Radiation
(b) Convection
,decre[Pausneig.ahv
them attains a
temperature of 2000°C. Which object will glow (c) Conduction
brightest? [AIMS] (d) Temperature remains unchanged
(a) The white object
(b) The black object 2005
(c) Allglow with equal brightness 15 Assertion Abody that is a good radiator iis
(d) Gray object absorber of radiation at a given wavelength. also ags
12 Assertion (A) Perspiration from human body helps in Reason According to Kirchhoff's law, the
cooling the body. of a body is equal to its emissivity at a given wavele absorpti
Reason (R) A thin layer of water on the skin
enhances (a) Both Asssertion and Reason are correct and Re
its emissivity. [AIIMS] is the correct explanation of Asssertion
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the (b) Both Asssertion andR are correct but Reason ik
correct
explanation of A the correct explanation of Asssertion
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the (c) Asssertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
correct
explanation of A (d) Both Asssertion and Reason are incorrect
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect
(d) Both A and R are incorrect 16 The absorptivity of a black body is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4

1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (e)

Answers
11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (a)
5 (b)
15 (a)
6 (b)
16 (b)
7 (d) |8 () 9 (c) 10 (C

Explanations
1 (c) From Kirchhoff's law at a definite 3 (a) An opaque body does not transmit
temperature and for a given any radiation, hence transmission of 8 (c) Black holes are more closer
black body as all the radiations a
wavelength, the ratio of the emissive coefficient of an opaque body is zero. in contact to black hole is being
power to the absorptive power for 4 (e) Thermal radiation belongs to
different surface is same. absorbed by it.
infrared region of electromagnetic
i.e. G la, = E, wave, which travels at speed of 9 (c) The heat radiation emitted by
radal
human body is the infrared order
When red glass is heated in adark room 3x10 m/s. o
to a red hot state, it will appear green, Their wavelength is of the
because according to Kirchhoffs law 5 (b) The rate of heat transfer is 7.9 x 10- m to 10-m which is
the emissive power of red glass will be maximum in radiation in the form of range of infrared region.
maximum for green light. electromagnetic radiations. whicha blsy
at
2 (b) Light radiations and thermal
6 (b) Thermal radiations are 10 (a) The temperature
to radiate energy
body ceases
radiations both belong to electromagnetic electromagnetic radiation and its abbsorbs
spectrum. Light radiation belongs to frequency does not change when it 11 (b) An ideal black body it and
visible, while thermal radiation belongs travels from one mediumn to another. radiations incident uponIfablackb
toinfrared region of EM spectrum. 7 (d) Kirchhoff 's law of radiation states emissivity equal to 1. body
another
that the ratio of emissive power to and an identical
temperature,thenponer
Also, EM radiations require no at the same
medium for propagation. absorptive power is same for all surfaces maximum
at the same temperature and is body will radiate a glow
Therefore, both Assertion and Reason the emissive power of aperfectly equal to Hence, the black object atwill
are correct but Reason is not the correct body at that temperature. black temperature of
2000°C,
explanation of Assertion. brightest.
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
THERMAL 271

Perspirationinvolves exchange of heat 14. (a)

() surrounding. Water takes heat Convection and 15. (a) According to Kirchhoffs law at a
bodyto conduction mode of heat
from coolsit down. However
a given wavelength, the absorptivity of a
the body and transfer require physical
from will decrease body is equal to its emissivity.
layerof water on the skin medium and contact between
thin than increaseitt emissivity.
rather Also a body which is a good radiator, is
the bodies to transfer heat but also a good absorber of radiationor a
Assertionis correct but Reason is poor reflector.
So, radiation does not require
incoTTeCt, any medium. As they transfer Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are
(c)Ablack body is
an object that absorbs all heat as electromagnetic Correct and Reason is the correct
13. electromagneticradiation that falls on to it. waves/radiation. Thus, the explanation of Assertion.
and none is cold body will get warmer
No radiation passes through it 16. (6) The absorptivity of a black body is
sflected. Hence, its emissive power is unity. and the hot body will get equal to unity.
colder.

Topic 6
RadiationII
(Wien's Law, Stefan's Law and Newton's Law of Cooling)
2019 2017
1An object kept in a large room having air temperature of 5 A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm radiates
25°C takes 12 min to cool from 80°C to 70°C. 450Wpower at 500 K. If the radius were halved and the
The time taken to cool for the same object from 70°C to temperature doubled, the power radiated (in watt) would be
60°C would be nearly [NEET (Odisha)]
(a) 225 (b) 450 (c) 1000 (d) 1800 (NEET]
(a) 10 min (b) 12 min 2016
(c) 20 min (d) 15 min 6 Ablack body is ata temperature of 5760 K. The energy
2 Calculate radiation power for sphere whose temperature of radiation emitted by the body at wavelength 250 nm is
is 227°C, radius 2 m and emissivity 0.8. [AlIMS] U,, at wavelength 500 nm is U, and that at 1000 nm is
(a) 142.5 kW (b) 1500 W U,. Wien's constant, b= 288x 10 nmK. Which of the
(c) 1255 VW (d) 1575 W following is correct? [NEET]

3 If temperature of sun = 6000K, radius of sun is (a) U, = 0 (b)U, >U, (c)U, >U, (d)U, =0
1.2x 10° km, radius of earth = 6000 km and distance 7 A body cools from a temperature 3T to 27 in 10 min. The
room temnperature is T. Assume that Newton's law of
between earth and sun =15x 10 km. Find intensity of cooling is applicable. The temperature of the body at the
light on earth. [AIIMS] end of next 10 min will be [NEET]
(a) 19.2 x 1ol6 (b) 122x 106 3
(c) 183× 106 (d) 9.2x 1ol6
(a)
4 (b)r (d) T

2018 2015
9 iie power radiated by a black body is P and it radiates 8 On observing light from three different stars P, Oand R, it
naximum energy at wavelength o. If the temperature of was found that intensity of violet colour is maximum in
the black body now changed, so that it radiates the spectrum of P, the intensity of green colour is
maximum in the spectrum of R and the intensity of red
haximum energy at wavelengtho
4
the power colour is maximum in the spectrum ofQ. If Tp, To and T,
Tadiated by it becomes nP. The value of n is are the respective absolute temperatures ofP, Qand R,
[NEET] then it can be concluded from the above observations that
(a 256 4
(c)
81
(a) T, >To >Ta (b) Ip >T¡ >TÍ [AIPMTJ
81 (b) (d)
256
(c) T, <TR <Ip (d) T, <To <T¡
 CHAPTERWISE & TOPICWISE
~ MEDICAL
272

15 Let there be our particles having colours

SOLVED PA
2014 heated
and white. When they are together and ally
9 Certain quantity of water cools fiom70°C to 60°C in the cool, which article will cool at the
first 5 min and to 54°C in the next 5 min, The temperature (a)Blue (b)Red (c) Black
earliest?
of the surrounding is [CBSE AIPMT]
(a) 45°C (b)20°C 2012
(c) 42°C and it
(d) 10°C 16 If the radius of a star is R acts as a black h
2013 would be the temperature of the star, in
energy production is ?
which hera
10 Which of the following is the à n- T graph for apertectly
black body? [AIMS]
(a) Q/4R'o (b) (Q/4TR'Gl:
(c) (4nRolsy4 (d) (Q/4TR's
(a) (b) 2010
17 Athin square steel plate with each side
equal to 160:
heated by a blacksmith. The rate of radiated
m heated plate is 1134 W. The temperature of the ha
plate is (Stefan's constant, o = 5.67 x 0-8
energ
(c)
emissivity of the plate = 1) WnK
(a) 1000 K (b) 1189 K (c) 2000 K (d) 23:
17 Acup of tea cools from 80°C to 60°C in 1 min. The 18 A hot body at temperature T losses heat to the
ambient temperature is 30°C. In next 1min, its surrounding temperature T, by radiation. If the dit
temperature will be [AIMS] in temperature is small, then the rate of ioss of heat':
(a) 40°C (b) 45°C hot body is proportional to
(e) 48°C (d) 42°C (a) (T -T,) (b) (T -I,
12 The total radiant energy per unit area, normal to the direction (c) (T- T, y/2 (d) (T -T, )*
of incidence, received at a distance R from the centre of a
star of radius r, whose outer surface radiates as a black 19 A body takes 5min to cool from 80°C to 70°C. Toc
from 80° Cto 60° C it will take
body at a temperature T kelvin is given by [CBSE AIPMT]
(Room temperature = 40° C)
(a)O'r4
(b) (a) 5 min (b) 10 min
R2 4T (c) 12 min (d) 14 min
(d) 20 Experimental investigations show that the intensit
R2 solar radiation is maximum for a wavelength 480
13 Apiece of iron is heated in a flame. It first becomes dull the visible region. Estimate the surface temperau
red, then becomes reddish yellow and finally turns to sun. (Take, Wien's constant, b= 2.88 x10° m
white out. The correct explanation for the above (a) 4000 K (b) 6000 K
observations is possible by using [NEET] (c) 8000K (d) 10° K
(a) Stefan's law 21 Hot water cools from 60° Cto 50° Cin the firstl0
(b) Wien'sdisplacement law temperaits
and to 42° Cin the next 10 min. Then, the
(c) Kirchhoff's law the surroundings is
(d)Newton's law of cooling (a) 20° C (b) 30° C
14 Abody cools from 50° C
to 49°Cin 5 s. How long will it (c) 15° C (d) 10° C
take cool from 40°Cto 39°C? (Assume temperature of 22 Ablack body has a temperau
surroundings tobe 30°C and Newton's law of cooling is wavelength of at tenpe
2000 K. Its wavelength at
valid) [WB JEE)
3000 K will becorresponding
(a) 2.5 s (b) 10 s
(c) 20 s (d) 5 s (a) 22. (b)
32
(c)
()
3 2 9
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER 273
HERMAL

Newton's law ofcooling, the rate of cooling 2009

Áccordingto
22 proportionalIto(A0)", where A is the
ofabodyis the temperature of the body and the 31 The tungsten filament of an clectric lamp has a surface
diftèrenceof
to area Aand a power rating P. If the emissivity of the
euroundingsand n is equal [MGIMS] filament is e and s is Stefan's constant, the steady
(b)3 (c)4 (d) 1 temperature of the filament will be [AFMC]
(a)2
stove out tof order, decides to boil P
chef.onfinding his (o)T= (b) T =|
24 A for his wife's coffeeeby shaking it in athermos Aca
the water
that he uses tap water at 15° Cand that the
flask. SuppOse each shake, the
30 m chef making 30 shakes 4
water falls
eachh minute. Neglecting
flask. how long
any loss of thermal energy by the
must he shakethe flask until the water
(c) T =
( (d) T =

reaches100°C? [VMMC] 32 If temperature of a black body increases from -73°Cto

327°C, then ratio of emissive power at these two
min (G3.97x 10 min
(a)2.25x 10 temperatures is [OJEE]
(d) 5.25 >x 10 min
(c) 4.03x 10° min (a) 27:1 (b)81:!
(d) 1:81
Abodycools inn7 min from 60°C to 40°C. if What time (in (c) 1:27
min) does it take to cool from 40°C to 28°C,
surounding temperature is 10°C ?(Assume, Newton's 33 The temperature of a radiating body increases by 30%.
Then, the increase in the amount of radiation emitted will
law of cooling is valid) [CG PMT]
be approximately [Kerala CEE]
(a)3.5 (b) 14 (c) 7 (d) 10 (a) 185% (b)285%
26 Two black metallic spheres of radius 4 m, at 2000 K and (c) 325% (d) 245%
Im. at 4000 K will have ratio of energy radiation as [AFMC] (e) 130%
(a) 1:1 (b) 4:1 34 The surface temperature of the stars is determined using
(c) 1:4 (d) 2:1 (a) Planck's law [KCET]
27 The sphere of radi 8 cm and 2 cm are cooling. Their (b)Wien's displacement law
temperatures are 127°Cand 527°C, respectively. Find the (c) Rayleigh-Jeans law
ratio of energy radiated by them in the same time. [MHT CET] (d) Kirchhoff's law
(a) 0.06 (b)0.5 (c) 1 (d) oo
35 The amount of heat energy radiated by ametal at
28 At 273° Cthe emissive power of a perfect black body is temperature Tis E. When the temperature is increased to
R. What is its value at 0° C? (Manipal] 3T, energy radiated is [KCET)
R R (a) 81E (b)9E
(a) (b) (d) 27E
4 16 (c) 3E
R
(d) None of these 36 Ablack body at 227°C radiates heat at the rate of
7cal cms.At a temperature of 727°C, the rate of heat
29 Assertion As temperature ofa black body is raised, radiated in the same units will be [CBSE AIPMT]
Wavelength corresponding to maximum energy reduces. (a) 60 (b) 50
Reason Higher temperature would mean higher energy (c) 112 (d) 80
and hence higher wavelength. [VMMC)
37 For a black body at temperature 727° C, its radiating
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is power is 60 W and temperature of surrounding is 227°C.
the correct explanation of A. If the temperature of the black body is changed to
(0)Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Ris not the 1227°C, then its radiating power willbe [UP CPMT]
correct explanation of A. (a) 120 W (b) 240 W
(C) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect. (c) 304 W (d) 320 W

V Using which of the 38 The wavelength of the radiation emitted by a body

following instruments, the
Temperature of the sun can be determined? [CG PMT) depends upon [BCECE)
(a) Platinum thermometer (a) the nature of its surface
(b)Gas thermometer (b) the area of its surface
(c) Pyrometer (c) the temperature of its surface
(a) Vapour pressure (d) Allthe above factors
thermometer
 t

MEDICAI
CHAPTERWISE & TOPICWISE ~
274
SOLVED
45 The power of a black body at temperature 20
39 A black body ofmass 34.38 g and surtace area l9.2 cm is 544 W. Its surface area is
at an initial tenperature of 400 K, It is allowed to cool K-4
inside an evacuated enclosure kept at constant temperature (Take, o= 5.67x 10
(a) 6x 10m²
Wm
Purig
300 K. The rate of cooling is 0.04 ° C/s. The specific heat (b) 6 m²
of body is (Stefan's constant, o = 5.73 x 10* Jm K") (c)6x 10-m2 (d) 6x 10 m
(a) 2800 J/kg-K [MGIMS]
(b) 2100 J/kg-K 46 A body cools from 80°C to 64°C in 5 min
cools from 80°Cto 52°Cin 10 min, what isand
(c) 1400 J/kg-K (d) 1200 J/kg-K
2008 temperatureof the surrounding? the
40 Two solid spheres A and B made of the same material (a) 24°C (b) 28°C
have radii r, and ' .respectively. Both the spheres are (c) 22°C (d) 25°C
cooled from the same temperature under the conditions
valid for Newton's law of cooling. The ratio of the rate of 47 Ifa black body emits 0.55 J of energy per
change of temperature 4and B is [AFMC] at 27°C, then the amount of energy emitted
is at 627°C will be
secondby it whewh
(a) (b) (c) (a) 40.5J (b) 162J
(c) 13.5J (d) 135 J
41 Which of the following statements is true/correct?
48 Two circular discs Aand B with equal radii are
[MHT CET] blac'
They are heated to same temperature and are conlei
(a) During clear nights, the temperature rises steadily
upward near the ground level.
under identical conditions. What inference do vou
(b) Newton's law of cooling, an approximate form of from their cooling curves?
Stefan's law, is valid only for natural convection.
(c) The total energy emitted by a black body per unit time
per unit area is proportional to the square of its
temperature in the Kelvin scale. B
(d) TwO spheres of the same material have radii 1 m
and 4 m and temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K, ’ (0 o)
respectively. The energy radiated per second by the
first sphere is greater than that radiated per second by (a) A and B have same specific heats
the second sphere. (b) Specific heat of A is less
42 Ahot liquid is filled in a container and kept in a room of (c) Specific heat ofB is less
temperature of 25°C. The liquid emits heat at the rate of (d) Nothing can be said
200 Js when its temperature is 75°C. When the 49 Assuming the sun to have a spherical outer surtace a
temperature of the liquid becomes 40°C, the rate of heat radius r, radiating like a black body at temperature"
loss (in Js) is [Kerala CEE]
(a) 160
the power received by a unit surface, (normal to te
(b) 140 (c) 80 (d) 60 incident rays) at a distance Rfrom the centre of thte
(e)40.5
r'o(t+273)
43 Ablack body at 1227°Cemits radiations with maximum (a) (b)
R? 4nR'
intensity at a wavelength of S000 . If the temperature of
the body is increased by 1000°C, the maximum intensity r'o(t+ 273)*
willbe observed at (c) (d)
[Haryana PMT] R? R'
(a) 4000 ¢ (b) 5000 ¢ where, o is the Stefan's constant.
(c) 6000 ¢ (d) 3000 ¢ 2007
44 Wien'sdisplacement law for emission of radiation can be tiendt'
written as J&K CET
50 Two friends Aand B are
waiting for,another nilk
tea. Atook the tea in a cup and mixed the cold
(a) 2 is proportional to absolute temperature (7)
max
then waits. Btook the tea in the cup andthen.
(b) max is proportional to square of absolute
temperature (T') cold milk when the friend comes. Then, thetea
hotter in the cup of
(c) 2 is inversely proportional to absolute
max
temperature (T) (a) A
(d) 2 max is inversely proportional to square of absolute (b) B
temperature (T) (c) tea vwill be equally hot in both cups
(2 max= wavelength whose energy density is greatest) (d) friend's cup
THERMALPROPERTIES OF MATTER
275

sphere and a cube of same material and same volume 2005

A
51 archeated upto same temperaturc and allowed to cool in
thesaneesurroundings. The ratio of the amounts of 58 Assertion(A) For higher tenperatures, thepeak emission
radiation emitted will
be
[Manipal) wavelength of a black body shifts to lower wavelengths.
(6) Reason (R) Peak emission wavelengths of a black body is
(a)1:1 proportional to the fourth-power of temperature. [AIIMS]
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
:1 explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but Ris not the correct
52 Aplanet having average surtace teniperature T, at an explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect
average distance dfrom the sun. Assuming that the planet (d) Both A and R are incorrect
eives radiant energy from the sun only and it loses
radiant energy only from the surface and neglecting all 59 A body at a temperature of 727°C and has surface area
other atmospheric effects we conclude 5 cm,radiates 300 J of energy each minute. The
(a)I, «d? emissivity is (given, Boltzmann constant
(b) T, oc d [AMU) =5.67× 10* WmK) [Manipal]
(d) T, oc d-l/2
(a) e= 0.18 (b)e= 0.02 (c) e= 0.2 (d) e=0. 15
53 The surface temperature of the sun which has maximum 60 Ahot liquid kept in a beaker cools from 80°C to 70°C in
energy emission at 500nm is 6000 K. The temperature of 2 min. If the surrounding temperature to 30°C, then the
astar which has maximum energy emission at 400 nm time of cooling of the same liquid from 60°C to 50°C is
will be [KCET] (a) 240 s (b) 360 s (c)480 s [Kerala CEE]
(a) 8500 K (b) 4500 K (d) 216s (e) 264 s
(c) 7500 K (d) 6500K
61 A black body is heated from 27°C to 927°C. The ratio of
2006 radiations emitted will be [MP PMT!
54 Newton's law of cooling holds good only, if the (a) 1:256 (b) 1:64 (c) 1: 16 (d) 1:4
temperature difference between the body and the 62 A black body at temperature 10*K radiates maximum
surroundings is [MHT CET)
(a) less than 10°C
energy at wavelength 500 Å.If the temperature is
(b)more than 10°C increased 10times, the maximum energy would be
(c) less than 100°C (d) more than 100°C radiated at wavelength equal to [Haryana PMT)
55 Ablack body at a temperature Tradiates energy at E. If the (a) 50000¢ (b) 500 ¢ (c) 50 ¢ (d) 5 Å
temperature falls to the radiated energy will be 63 The spectral energy distribution of a star is maximum at
[J&K CET] twice temperature as that of the sun. The total energy
(a) E radiated by the star is (J&K CET
4
(b)
2 (a) twice as that of the sun (b) same as that of the sun
(c) 2E (d) (c) sixteen times as that of the sun
16 (d)one-sixteenth of the sun
20 The surface temperature of the sun is T kelvin and the 64 Two bodies of same shape, same size and same radiating
SOlar constant for a plate is S. The sun subtends an angle
power have emissivities 0.2 and 0.8. The ratio of their
at the planet. Then, [AMU) temperatures [EAMCET
(a) S < T4 (b)S o T2 (a) 3:1 (b) V2:1 (c) l:V5 (d) l: /8
(c) S c? (d) S 65 A piece of blue glass heated to a high temperature and a
Abody cools from 75°C to 70°C to time t,,from 70°C to piece of red glass at room temperature, are taken inside a
03C in time , and from 65°Cto 60°C in time t3, then dimly lit room, then [KCET]
(a) t, >1, >t, (a) the blue piece will look blue and red will look as
usual
[JCECE]
(c) t, >t =i; (b) red looks brighter red and blue looks ordinary blue
(d) t, >t4 <l3 (c)blue shines brighter or compared to the red piece
(d) both the pieces will look equally red