F. Y. B. Tech.

Basics of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (21BTEC001)

June 2023 (Regular)
Time: 2.5 hrs Marks: 60

Q1. a) State the terms KVL & KCL in detail.

Ans • KCL-The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a node or junction
is equal to zero.
• i.e. ∑ I = 0

• KVL- The algebraic sum of all the branch voltages in a closed loop or
mesh is equal to zero.
• ∑V=0

Marking 2 marks each

Scheme
Remark

Q1. b) Apply Thevenin’s theorem to the given network and calculate the current
through 3 ohm resistance.
Ans Rth = 2.4 ohm, Vth = 2 volts, IL = 0.37 Amp.

Marking 1 mark for each answer, diagram 1 mark

Scheme
Remark

Q1. c) Classify and describe the different types of networks.

Ans Based on presence or absence of source:

• Active Network: A network which contains at least one or more energy

sources is called an active network.
• Passive Network: A network which contains no energy source is called a
passive network.

Based on Linearity:

• Linear Network: A network whose parameters are always constant

irrespective of changes in voltage, time, temperature.
• Example: Resistive network
• Non linear Network: A network whose parameters change their values
with the change in voltage, time, temperature.

Based on direction of current:

• Unilateral Network: A network whose response or behaviour depends

upon the direction of current through various elements.
• Example: Network consisting of diodes and transistor.
 • Bilateral Network: A network whose response or behaviour does not
depend upon the direction of current through various elements.
• Based on separability of components:
• Lumped Network: A network in which all the network elements are
physically separable from each other.
• Example: RLC network.
Distributed Network: A network in which all the network elements are not
physically separable from each other.
Marking Any 4 networks- 4 marks
Scheme
Remark

Q2. a) State the following terms along with formula.

Average value, RMS value, Form factor, Peak factor
Ans • Average Value: It is defined as that value which is obtained by averaging
all the instantaneous value over a period of half cycle.
• Iavg = 2 Im / π = 0.637 Im
• Vavg = 2 Vm / π = 0.637 Vm
• RMS or Effective Value: RMS value of an alternating quantity is given
by that steady current which when flowing through a given circuit for a
given time produces the same amount of heat as produced by alternating
current which when flowing through the same circuit for same time.
• Irms = Im /√2 = 0.707 Im
• Vrms = Vm /√2 = 0.707 Vm
• Form Factor: Form Factor of an alternating quantity is defined as the
ratio of rms value to the average value.
• Kf = rms value / average value
• Kf = 0.707 Im / 0.637 Im = 1.11
• Peak Factor: Peak Factor of an alternating quantity is defined as the
ratio of maximum value to the rms value.
• Kf = maximum value / rms value
• Kf = Im / 0.707 Im = 1.414

Marking 1 mark for each answer

Scheme
Remark

Q2. b) State and prove Superposition Theorem.

Ans • It states that in a linear, active, bilateral network consisting of several
sources and resistances the response (voltage or current) in any branch
of a network is equal to the algebraic sum of individual responses caused
by each independent source acting alone when all the remaining sources
are replaced by their internal resistances.
Marking Statement- 2 marks
Scheme Diagram-1 mark
Example- 1 mark
Remark

Q2. c) Find the node voltage in the given network using Nodal analysis.
Ans Va = 0.75 volts
Marking Steps- 2 marks
Scheme Correct answer- 2 marks
Remark

Q3. a) State various advantages, limitations and applications of transformers.

Ans Advantages of transformer :
• A transformer will increase or decrease basically AC voltage,
current or independence
• It is efficient for high-frequency range
• The available power cannot change but will slightly too much
decrease depending on the efficiency of the transformer
• It has the advantage of preventing condensed flux leakage as well
as iron loss
• It offers good mechanical strength
• The transformer is widely used in power transmission
Disadvantages of transformer :
• A transformer will not work with DC voltage under any condition
• The transformer size become un widely
• The physical size of the transformer is directly related to the
amount of power to be desired
• It is not good to use outdoors
• It can be noise

Applications of Transformers
 • Due to the feature of equal transmission and distribution of electrical
power, the Transformers are used in power plants, industrial plants
and the traditional electric utility companies.
• They are used for the purpose of controlling heavy power supply.
• They are used as step up/down devices in power transmission

Marking Advantages – 1 mark

Scheme Limitations- 1 mark
Applications of transformers- 2 marks
Remark

Q3. b) A 4400/230 V, 50 Hz, 100 kVA transformer has its low voltage winding with 70
turns. Calculate: 1.Current in both windings 2.Number of turns of high voltage
winding 3.Maximum value of flux
Ans I1 = 22.72 A, I2 = 434.78 A, N1 = 1339, flux = 0.0148 Wb
Marking 1 mark for each answer
Scheme
Remark

Q3. c) State the terms voltage transformation ratio and efficiency of a transformer.
Ans • The ratio of secondary induced emf to primary induced emf is called
voltage transformation ratio denoted by K.
• E2/E1 = N2/N1 = K = I1/I2
• Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to input
power.
• ɳ = Output Power / Input Power

Marking 2 marks for each answer

Scheme
Remark

Q4. a) Elaborate the different types of losses within a transformer

Ans • Core Losses: Losses taking place inside the core of the transformer are
called core losses.
• These are also called iron losses or constant losses.
• Hysteresis Loss: Due to magnetization and demagnetization of the core.
• The dipoles of the material do not respond instantly to high speed
changing current and could not change their alignment instantly.
• Thus Heat is produced in the form of loss called hysteresis loss.
• Eddy current loss: AC current is supplied to the primary winding which
sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary
winding, it produces induced emf in it.
• But some part of this flux also gets linked with other conducting parts like
steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced
emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them.
• This current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy currents, some
energy will be dissipated in the form of heat. It is called eddy current
loss.
 • Winding Loss: Loss taking place in the winding due to the internal
resistance of primary and secondary windings are called winding losses.
• These are also called copper loss or variable loss or I2R loss.

Marking 1 mark for each answer

Scheme

Q4. b) Differentiate between core type and shell type transformer

Ans

Marking Any 4 differences- 4 marks

Scheme

Q4. c) Elaborate autotransformer in detail with diagram

Ans Autotransformer: The transformer which consists of a single winding which is
common to both primary and secondary circuits is called autotransformer

Marking Explanation – 2 marks

Scheme Diagram- 2 marks
 Q5. a) Elaborate PN junction diode under following terms.
1.Construction 2.Working 3.Characteristics 4.Applications
Ans • It is formed by joining P type semiconductor and N type semiconductor.
• A junction is formed between P type and N type semiconductor on joining
them.
• An electrode is taken from P region called anode and another electrode
is taken from N region called cathode.
• When no voltage is applied to the diode it is called unbiased diode.

• Applying voltage to the PN junction diode is called biasing.

• When Positive terminal of battery is connected to P type region and
negative terminal of battery is connected to N type region then it is called
forward bias operation.
• Electrons repel from the negative terminal of battery and holes repel
from positive terminal of battery
• Width of depletion region decreases
• When positive terminal of voltage is connected to N type region and
negative terminal of voltage is connected to P type region then it is called
reverse bias operation
• Electrons in n region are attracted towards the positive terminal
• Holes in P region are attracted toward the negative terminal
• Width of depletion region increases.

Marking 1 mark for each part

Scheme

Q5. b) Calculate the values of Ic, Ie, β and γ for a transistor with α = 0.99 and Ib = 125
µA
Ans Ib = 0.125 mA, Beta= 99, Gamma = 100, Ic = 12.375 mA, Ie = 12.5 mA
Marking 1 mark for each answer
Scheme
 Q5. c) Elaborate the operation of half wave rectifier using circuit diagram and
waveform
Ans

• It consists of a single PN junction diode connected to a load resistance

RL
• Input ac voltage is applied to the primary winding of transformer
• Secondary winding of transformer is connected to the diode.
• During positive half cycle of input signal the diode is forward biased.
Therefore diode acts as short circuit.
• Current flows through the circuit and load resistance
• Thus the output is same as input signal i.e. Vo = Vin
• During negative half cycle of input signal the diode is reverse biased.
Therefore diode acts as open circuit.
• No current flows through the circuit and load resistance
Thus the output is zero i.e. Vo = 0

Marking Construction- 1 mark

Scheme Diagram- 1 mark
Working – 1 mark
Characteristics- 1 mark

Q6. a) Differentiate between common base, common emitter and common collector
configuration
 Ans

Marking Any 4 difference- 4 marks

Scheme

Q6. b) Elaborate transistor under following points.

1.Construction 2.Types 3.Working 4.Diagram
Ans 1. NPN: It is obtained by inserting a P type region between two N type
regions.
2. PNP: It is obtained inserting a N type region between two P type regions.

• Arrow indicates the direction of current flow.

• In NPN transistor arrow is always towards the emitter.
• In PNP transistor arrow is always away from the emitter.
• Two junctions are formed:
• Emitter base junction is formed between emitter and base
• Collector base junction is formed between collector and base.
• Due to the forward bias, a large number of free electrons in the left side
n-region (emitter) experience a repulsive force from the negative terminal
of the DC battery and also they experience an attractive force from the
positive terminal of the battery. As a result, the free electrons start
flowing from emitter to base.
• Due to the reverse bias, a large number of free electrons in the right side
n-region (collector) experience an attractive force from the positive
terminal of the battery. Hence, the free electrons move away from the
 junction and flow towards the positive terminal of the battery. As a result,
a large number of neutral collector atoms loses electrons and becomes
positive ions.

Marking 1 mark for each part

Scheme

Q6. c) Discuss the working of photodiode along with diagram and characteristics.
Ans • It is a special type of pn junction device that converts light energy into
electrical energy.
• It is also called photodetector, photosensor or light detector
• Photodiodes are specially designed to operate in reverse biased
condition
• It works on the principle of photoelectric effect.
• It states that when the junction is illuminated with light electric current
starts flowing.

• Reverse biased voltage is applied to photodiode.

• Electrons from n side gets attracted towards the positive potential of the
battery. Similarly, holes present in the p side get attracted to the negative
potential of the battery.
• This movement then generates a reverse current through the device.
• Small reverse current flows due to minority carriers. This current is
called dark current.

Marking Explanation- 2 marks

Scheme Diagram – 1 mark
Characteristics- 1 mark

Q7. a) Describe logic gates with symbol and truth table

Ans

AND
 OR

NOT

NAND

NOR

EX-OR

EX-NOR
Marking Any 4 logic gates- 4 marks
Scheme

Q7. b) Elaborate the operation of full adder under following points.

Block diagram, Truth table, Output equation, Implementation using logic gates
Ans • It is a combinational circuit used for the addition of 3 single bit numbers.
• It has 3 inputs and 2 outputs sum and carry.
Marking 1 mark for each part
Scheme

Q7. c) Describe the working operation of JK flip flop with the help of circuit diagram
and truth table.
Ans

Marking Block diagram- 1 mark

Scheme Circuit diagram- 1 mark
Working- 1 mark
Truth table – 1 mark

Q8. a) Elaborate the different types of shift registers along with the diagram
Ans • Flip flops are to store a single bit of binary data (1or 0). In order to store
multiple bits of data, multiple flip flops are required.
• Shift Register is a device consisting of a group of flip flops connected in
series to store multiple bits of data.
• Used in calculators, computers etc. for storage & movement of data.
• Serial in Serial out Shift Register (SISO)
• Serial In Parallel out shift Register (SIPO)
• Parallel in Parallel out Shift Register (PIPO)
• Parallel in Serial out Shift Register (PISO)

Marking SISO- 1 mark

Scheme SIPO- 1 mark
PISO- 1 mark
PIPO- 1 mark

Q8. b) State different laws of Boolean algebra in detail.

Ans AND LAWS:
• A.0 = 0
• A.1 = A
 • A.A = A
• A.A = 0
OR LAWS:
• A+0 = A
• A+1 = 1
• A+A = A
• A+A = 1
COMMUTATIVE LAW:
• A.B = B.A
• A+B = B+A
ASSOCIATIVE LAW:
• (A.B).C = A.(B.C)
• (A+B)+C = A+(B+C)
DISTRIBUTIVE LAW:
• A.(B+C) = AB + AC
• A+BC = (A+B).(A+C)
ABSORPTION LAW:
A+AB = A

Marking Any 4 laws- 4 marks

Scheme

Q8. c) Write IC number of AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate and Ex-OR gate
Ans • AND- 7408
• OR- 7432
• NOT- 7404
• Ex-OR- 7486

Marking 1 mark for each answer

Scheme

Q9. a) State the selection criteria parameters of a transducer

Ans

Marking Any 4 criteria description- 4 marks

Scheme

Q9. b) Draw a neat sketch of RTD and elaborate its working.

Ans • RTD is a electrical transducer which is used to measure the change in
temperature.
 • It is also known as resistance thermometer.
• It measures the change in temperature by measuring the change in
resistance of conductor.
• It is based on the principle that the resistance of the conductor changes
with the change in temperature .
• The relationship between temperature and resistance of a conductor is
given by:
• Rt = Ro(1+α.t)
Rt = Resistance of conductor at temperature t
Ro = Resistance of conductor at 0 deg. Celcius
α = Temperature coefficient of resistance
t = Difference between temperature to be measured and temperature at 0 deg
celcius.

• The resistance thermometer is placed inside the protective tube for

providing the protection against damage.
• The resistive element is formed by placing the platinum wire inside the
tube which is made up of stainless steel or copper steel.
• The lead wire is used for connecting the resistance element with the
external lead.
• The tip of the resistance thermometer is placed near the measurand heat
source.
• The heat is uniformly distributed across the resistive element.
• The changes in the resistance vary the temperature of the element.
The final resistance is measured

Marking Diagram- 2 marks

Scheme Construction & Working- 2 marks

Q9. c) Express the advantages, disadvantages and applications of Thermocouple

Ans Advantages or benefits of thermocouple:
• Very wide temperature range about -200oC to +2500oC
• Fast response time
• They are a simple construction
• Low initial cost
• Durable
 • Easy to read has a clear screen and good scale
• Quick response for any temperature changes
• Precision accuracy in temperature measurement
• It is not easily broken good durability
• Good to be used temperature variation measurement with below 1
cm distance range
• Available in small sheath sizes
• Not required bridge circuit
• Good accuracy
• Does not required bridge circuit
• Good reproducibility
• High-speed response
• They are rugged
• They are a self-power active device
Disadvantages or drawback of thermocouple:
• Not as stable as RTD
• Recalibration is difficult
• More susceptible to RFI/EMI
• They are nonlinear
• It is used for only temperature measurement only
• They have a low output voltage
• Less sensitivity
• They require a reference for operation
The stray voltage pick up is possible
• As output voltage is very small so it needs amplification
• Decreased accuracy comparing to RTD
• Difficult to verify
• Require expensive TC wire from the sensor to recording device
• The cold junction and lead compensation is essential
Applications
Thermocouples are used in applications that range from home appliances to
industrial processes, to electric power generation, to furnace monitoring and
control, to food and beverage processing, to automotive sensors, to aircraft
engines, to rockets, satellites and spacecraft.
Marking Advantages- 1 mark
Scheme Disadvantages- 1 mark
Applications- 2 marks

Q10. a) Describe the different types of errors under measurement

Ans 1. Gross Error
2. Systematic Error
a) Instrumental Error
b) Environmental Error
 c) Observational Error
3. Random Error
Gross Error:
• These errors occour due to carelessness or lack of experience of a human
being.
• It covers human mistakes in readings, recordings and calculating results.
• These errors are also called personal errors.
a) Instrumental Error:
• These errors occour due to shortcomings of the instrument.
• Due to mechanical structure of the instrument.
• Due to misuse of the instrument.
Environmental Errors:
• These errors occur due to environmental conditions external to the
instrument.
The various factors resulting these environmental errors are temperature
changes, pressure changes, ageing of equipment etc
Observational Errors:
• These errors are introduced by the observer.
• Random Errors:
• The errors which occour due to unknown causes or reasons are called
random errors.
• These are resulted due to accumulation of large number of small effects.

Marking Any 4 errors- 4 marks

Scheme

Q10. b) State various applications of transducers

Ans A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to
another. Common examples include microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers,
position and pressure sensors, and antenna.

• A transducer measures load on the engines

• Transducers are used in an ultrasound machine.
• The transducers in a speaker convert electrical signals into acoustic
sound.
• A transducer is used in the antenna to convert electromagnetic waves into
an electrical signal.

Marking Any 4 applications- 4 marks

Scheme

Q10. c) Describe the construction and working principle of Strain Gauge with the help of
diagram
Ans • Strain gauge is a resistive transducer used for the measurement of strain.
When an external force is applied on an object, due to which a deformation
occurs in the shape of the object. This deformation in the shape is called strain
and it is measured by the strain gauge
 • When an object deforms either it becomes longer or it becomes shorter.
As a result of it, there is a change in length of the object. Due to which its
resistance changes.
• The change in resistance is observed because of change in length and
area of the object.
• R=ρL/A

• Strain gauge bridge circuit is used. It is also called Wheatstone bridge.

A voltmeter in the center of the bridge to provide an accurate measurement of
that imbalance
• In this circuit, R1 and R3 are the ratio arms equal to each other, and R2 is
the rheostat arm has a value equal to the strain gauge resistance.
• When the gauge is unstrained, the bridge is balanced, and voltmeter
shows zero value.
• As there is a change in resistance of strain gauge, the bridge gets
unbalanced and producing an indication at the voltmeter.

Marking Construction- 1 mark

Scheme Diagram- 1 mark
Working- 2 marks