Writing Task 1

I. Introduction: Paraphrase the sentence

Type of chart Main verb What the chart Where (if When (if any)
includes any)
The pie chart shows the amount of… in… from … to …
The line graph illustrates the number of… between … and …
The table demonstrates the proportion of… in the course of … years
The diagram depicts the percentage of… in the span of … years
The picture indicates the information on… in …
The maps reveals the data on…
represents
compares
The pie chart gives information about…
The line graph presents a summary of…
The table provides details of…
The diagram provides a breakdown of…
The picture compare the rate at which…
The maps

Ex:
1. The pie charts give information about the water used worldwide for agriculture,
industrial and domestic use.
The pie charts illustrate the how much water is used globally for three different purposes.
2. The bar chart shows the proportions of English men and women of different ages who
were living alone in 2011.
The bar chart demonstrate the percentages of English single residents in 2011, divided by age
groups and genders.
3. The table compares the amount of power consumed by households and industries in four
European countries from 1930 to 2010.
The give table illustrates the consumption of power for domestic and industrial purposes in four
different European nations between 1930 and 2010.
4. The table shows information about the number of births per 1000 people in Australia in
2018.
The table demonstrates the Australian birth/fertility rate in 2018.
 II. Overview:
In general / Overall , while S1 + V1, S2 + V2.
S1 + V1, whereas S2 + V2.
S1 + V1. Meanwhile, S2 + V2.
S1 + V1. On the other hand, S2 + V2.
Pay attention to the metrics, the year.
- Graphs with a trend: Identify the trend (increase/decrease)
- Comparative graphs: Make comparison (smallest, biggest)
- Maps: Illustrate the changes in a general way
- Process: How many steps, the first and last steps
Ex:

Overall, it is clear that Café lattes is the most favorite purchase in both coffee stores. Meanwhile,
the sales figures of Club Coffee is generally higher than Espresso Express.
Overall, the amount of Australian export to China and India witnessed a steady upward trend,
whereas the percentage of export to the remaining two countries plummeted over the 22-year
period. Meanwhile, the most abrupt increase was seen in the export to China, while there was
only a negligible change in the export to India.

III. Vocabulary
verbs to describe verbs to describe verbs to describe verbs to describe
increases decreases
big increases big decreases
WENT UP DECLINED DOUBLED HALVED
GREW DECREASED JUMPED PLUMMETED
IMPROVED DROPPED ROCKETED PLUNGED
INCREASED FELL SHOT UP DEFLATED
ROSE WENT DOWN SOARED
INFLATED SURGED
 Adjectives to Adjectives to Adjectives to describe no Adjectives to
describe big describe small changes (goes with verbs like describe changes in
changes changes remain or stay) a long span
significant modest gradual
abrupt moderate unchanged constant
massive slight stable steady
sharp minor regular
dramatic insignificant
considerable marginal
noticeable

IV. Body:
- Group entities that share some similarities
- Use linking words and relative clause to make compound sentences.
Sample: (Graphs with a trend)

There were nearly 250 visits related to birth control in 2010, a figure which rose to
a peak of 275 by 2012, before a sharp decline to 175 in 2014, and a complete
recovery to its starting figure by the end of the time surveyed. In contrast, visits to
the doctor concerning eye issues started lower at 125,which grew negligibly over
the next two years, prior to surging in the final four years to a high point, relative
to all visits, of 350.
Diabetic and dental visits were consistently less common with the former
beginning at 60, rising steadily to plateau under 100, and finishing the period with
a sharp uptick to 175. The latter began the period higher at 100 visits, fell to half
that number in 2012, more than recovered to 125 in 2014, and grew marginally in
the final two years recorded.
* Common phrase:
- There were …..,a figure which (V1)…..
- The recorded figure for ….. was …., before (Ving/N)…..
- The number of ….. was …., prior to (Ving/N)……
- Data 1…… , with a subsequent increase/decrease……
- In a similar trend/trajectory…….
- Similar/Opposite trajectory can be seen in the figures for ……,
* Note:
- Always pay attention to time element
- Write a full sentence with subjects and verbs
- Do not overuse any compound sentence, keep it simple.
- You should use linking words to make the essay more connective.

Sample: (Comparative Graphs)

In 1995, coal, gas, and petrol were roughly equal in terms of energy production
with each slightly above 29%. By 2005, the figures for coal and gas had risen
moderately (30.93% and 30.31%, respectively) while petrol production declined to
just 19.55% of all sources.

The data for the remaining categories was considerably lower with ‘other’,
accounting for 4.9% of energy production to begin the period, whereas the figure
for nuclear was noticably higher, at 6.4%. By 2005, ‘other’ had narrowed the
disparity and nearly doubled to 9.1% , as nuclear energy use grew more slowly to
reach 10.1%.

* Common phrase:
- Gas and coal consumption shared a similar pattern. While the figure for the
former was …., the latter was …..
- In 2005, the percentage dropped…..
- By 2005, the percentage had dropped….
- The number of ….. was …., prior to (Ving/N)……
- In contrast to the aforementioned categories,….
- Petro accounted for/consituted/made up/comprised/represented …. percent of …..
- It was clear that gas and coal were two predominant sources of energy.
 MAPS
I. Initial questions:
- Determine several key points:
+ What the diagram illustrates
+ The timeline
+ What are the changes
+ What tenses should be used
+ What preposition to describe locations should be used

II. Introduction:
- Only introduce the maps by paraphrasing.

Ex:
The maps show the changes in ….. over the course of….
demonstrate the transformation of…. between…
illustrate the development of… over….
exhibit the urbanisation of… in … from … to ….
descibe the modernization of…
how … has/had changed
how … has/had been transformed
how… has/had been urbanized
how … has/had developed

Overview:
Overall, there have/had been significant changes in infrastructure,housing, and facilties over
the period.
the city/region/area has/had undergone remarkable developments.
significant changes have/had taken place over the last … years
… is projected to be transformed from a small village into a modern metropolis.

III. Body:
* Note:
- There are three smaller types of this question: past – present, present – future, past - past
- For each type, we use a different set of tenses
- Use words describing changes and locations
- In the first body paragraph, only mention the location of entities, then in the next body
paragraph, describe their changes.
 Make bigger Take away Add Change into General
something something statements
new else about
changes
enlarge cut down build convert (into) urbanize
expand demolish erect make into modernize
extend knock-down construct redevelop transform
widen pull down introduce replace industrialize
remove emerge turn into alter
eradicate rise renovate
flatten assemble remodel
tear down set up pedestrianize
wipe out form alter
bulldoze fabricate reconstruct
dismantle appear

Sample:

In 2002, there were some woods occupying all four corners, which surrounded the town. In
addition, the city center was in the heart of the town, sandwiched by the shopping mall and an
aged cinema on the north and south sides. Moreover, a factory was positioned in adjacent to the
center on the right-hand side.

The infrastructure in today’s Kimsville has been significantly modernized compared to 2002.
Firstly, the foliages in the northwest corner have been removed and replaced by contemporary
apartments. While the city center and the shopping mall remained the same, the factory has been
demolished, paving the way for the headquarter of a new software company. The rundown
cinema in the south of the center has now been renovated and converted into a pub. Along with
the new introduction of the train station on the left-hand side of the center, a football stadium has
been erected just down the south, substituting the plants.
PROCESSES
I. Initial questions:
- Determine several key points:
+ What the diagram illustrates
+ Whether it is a cyclical or linear process
+ Whether it is a natural or man-made process
+ What the first step and last step is
+ What the function of each step
+ What the materials used in the stage are
+ What the final product is

II. Introduction:
- Only introduce the process by paraphrasing.

Ex:
The diagram illustrates the process in which bricks are manufactured.
The picture highlights the process by which bricks are produced.
The diagram illustates the stages of life of honeybees.
III. Overview:
- How many steps
- The process starts with … and ends with ….

Ex:
Overall, this process is composed of … stages, starting with …. (N) and ending with …. (N)
Overall, the procedure includes … phases, beginning with … (N) and finalizing with … (N)

* Note:
- For natural process, active voice is mainly used. For man-made process, passive voice is main
used.
- Never mention your personal opinion.
- Carefully determine how many steps, where it starts, where it ends.
- Present simple tense is mostly used in this type of question.

III. Body:
- List out every step, using linking words and sequencing language to connect stages together.
Sample:
Recycling commences when an individual places their rubbish in a designated
recycling bin, prior to being loaded into specialized garbage trucks. After
transportation to the recycling center, the plastic bottles are sorted by hand,
compressed tightly to form blocks and then crushed into small pieces and washed.

The next stages involve transformation into a reusable material. The pieces of
plastic are first poured into a machine that turns them into pellets. These pellets are
then heated in order to create a raw material that can be used in the manufacture of
products ranging from clothes and bottles to containers and pencils. These items
are themselves recyclable and the process begins again.

* Common Phrases:
- The process commences when ….. / with ….
- After/As soon as/Once/When (phases 1) , (phase 2)
- At the following/ next/ subsequent stage/ step,…
- This is followed by…
- Following that,…
- After that/ Then/ Subsequently,…
- …afterwards.
- After + [V-ing/ clause],…
- Before + [V-ing/ clause],…
- The process continues with…