CHAKS SOLUTIONS

Pure Mathematics (Practice Exercise 1)

Marking guide
6042
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)
+263771580933

Answer all questions [𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔]

1) Solve 𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑒 2−𝑥 giving the answer in exact form [3]

𝐼𝑛𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛4𝑒 2−𝑥

2𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛4+𝐼𝑛𝑒 2−𝑥
2𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛4 + 2 − 𝑥
3𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛4 + 2
1
𝑥 = (𝐼𝑛4 + 2)
3

2) Solve 2(4𝑥 )+ 4−𝑥 = 3 [4]

2(4𝑥 )+ 4−𝑥 = 3

𝑥
1
2(4 ) + 𝑥 = 3
4

Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥
1
2𝑦 + =3
𝑦
2𝑦 2 + 1 = 3𝑦
2𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0
2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
2𝑦(𝑦 − 1) − 1(𝑦 − 1) = 0
(2𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
1
𝑦 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 =
2
PAGE 1CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 But 𝑦 = 4𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
1
4 =1 𝑜𝑟 4 =
2
1
𝐼𝑛4𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛1 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛4𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛 ( )
2
1
𝑥𝐼𝑛4 = 𝐼𝑛1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐼𝑛4 = 𝐼𝑛 ( )
2
1
𝐼𝑛1 𝐼𝑛 (2)
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
𝐼𝑛4 𝐼𝑛4
1
𝑥=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =−
2

3) Solve the pair of simultaneous equations

𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 = 1
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 10 [4]

𝐼𝑛𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛1

4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 10

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 10

𝑦 = −2𝑥 … … . 𝑖
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 10 … … 𝑖𝑖

Substituting y in (ii)

⇒ 4𝑥 − 3(−2𝑥) = 10
4𝑥 + 6𝑥 = 10
10𝑥 = 10
𝑥=1

Substituting x in (i)
𝑦 = −2(1)
𝑦 = −2

PAGE 2CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

4) Simplify

1 2
− 3
𝑎 𝑏 2 1
( −1 ) ( )
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
[2]
1 2
−
(𝑎 ) (𝑏3 )2 1
2
= ( )
𝑎2 (𝑏 −1 )2 𝑎𝑏

𝑎−1 𝑏6 1
= 2 −2 ( )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝑏8 1
= 3( )
𝑎 𝑎𝑏
𝑏7
= 4
𝑎

5) Given that the function have parametric equation 𝑥 = 3𝑡 2 + 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 − 1

Show that gradient of the function is constant [3]

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑡 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
1
= 4𝑡 ×
6𝑡
4𝑡
=
6𝑡
2
=
3

6) The function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 11 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

i) Express 𝑓(𝑥 )in form the 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐 where 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are constants [2]

2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 11 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐
= 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 ) + 𝑐
= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑐

Comparing coefficients of 𝑥 0 , 𝑥 , 𝑥2

𝑥0 , 𝑥 , 𝑥2

𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑐 = 11 2𝑎𝑏 = −8 𝑎=2

(2)𝑏2 + 𝑐 = 11 2(2)𝑏 = −8 𝑎=2
PAGE 3CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 (2)𝑏2 + 𝑐 = 11 𝑏 = −2 𝑎=2

(2)(−2)2 + 𝑐 = 11
𝑐=3

∴ 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 11 = 2(𝑥 − 2)2 + 3

Method 2

By Completing Square

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 11 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = −11

Divide by coefficients of 𝑥 2

2
11
𝑥 − 4𝑥 = −
2

Adding squared half coefficients of 𝑥 both sides

11
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + (−2)2 = − + (−2)2
2
Remember 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 (𝐿𝐻𝑆)
2

11
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + (−2)2 = − + (−2)2
2
2
3
(𝑥 − 2) = −
2
2(𝑥 − 2)2 + 3 = 0

∴ 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 11 = 2(𝑥 − 2)2 + 3

ii) State the range of 𝑓 [1]

Range for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑏
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑓 (− )
2𝑎
𝑏
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓 (− )
2𝑎

Range for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑐

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑐

PAGE 4CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 𝑏
Note : 𝑓 (− 2𝑎) 𝑜𝑟 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 ) =(quadratic function)

∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2(𝑥 − 2)2 + 3

⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 3
iii) State the turning and the nature of points [2]

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Turning points
𝑏 𝑏
[(− ) ; 𝑓 (− )]
2𝑎 2𝑎

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐
Turning points

[−𝑏 ; 𝑐 ]

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2(𝑥 − 2)2 + 3
Turning points
[2 ; 3]
Nature of points is minimum

iv) Determine whether 𝑓(𝑥) is injective [1]

For the domain𝑥 ∈ ℝ is not a one to one function
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is not injective

7) i) Calculate the centre and the radius of circle passing through 𝐴(0 ; 0) , 𝐵(1 ; 7) and 𝐵(7 ; −1) [7]

(7; −1)
(1 ; 7)

(𝒙; 𝒚)

(0; 0)
Let the centre be (𝑥; 𝑦)
Note: The distance (radius) from centre (𝑥, 𝑦) to all points is equal

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 Let the distance be 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3
𝑟1 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
𝑟2 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2

𝑟3 = √(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2

Now
𝑟1 = 𝑟2
⇒ √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 + 49
2𝑥 + 14𝑦 = 50
𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 25 … . 𝑖

Also
𝑟1 = 𝑟3
⇒ √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49+𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1
14𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 50
7𝑥 − 𝑦 = 25 … . 𝑖𝑖

Solving 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖
𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 25 … . 𝑖
7𝑥 − 𝑦 = 25 … . 𝑖𝑖

⇒ 𝑥 = 25 − 7𝑦 … 𝑖.
7(25 − 7𝑦) − 𝑦 = 25 … . 𝑖𝑖
175 − 49𝑦 − 𝑦 = 25
−50𝑦 = −150
𝑦=3
Substituting y in (𝑖)
𝑥 = 25 − 7(3)
𝑥=4

Therefore the centre is (4 ; 3)

PAGE 6CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟1 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
= √(4 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2
=5
Accept any correct method
Note: Equation of the circle is given by (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 52
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 25

ii) Find the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 [3]

𝐶 (7; −1)
𝐵(1 ; 7)

(𝒙; 𝒚)

𝐴(0; 0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
1 0 1
=( )−( )=( )
7 0 7

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
7 0 7
=( )−( )=( )
−1 0 −1

1 1 7
AREA = |( ) × ( )|
2 7 −1

1 1 7
= |( )|
2 7 −1
1
= |−50|
2
= 25 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

Accept any correct method

8) The equation of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, has a radius of
5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 and the centre (2 ; −3)
i) Find the values of 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 [4]

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 Method 1
Equation of the circle is given by (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ; 𝑏) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 52
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 25
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12
∴𝑎=4
𝑏=6
𝑐 = −12

Method 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 ⇒ (−𝑔 ; −𝑓)

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 12 = 0

2𝑔 = 𝑎
2𝑓 = 𝑏
𝑐 = −12

centre (2 ; −3) (−𝑔 ; −𝑓)

⇒ −𝑔 = 2
𝑔 = −2

⇒ −𝑓 = −3
𝑓=3

∴ 2(−2) = 𝑎
−4 = 𝑎

∴ 2(3) = 𝑏

6=𝑏

𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

5 = √(−2)2 + (3)2 − 𝑐
25 = 4 + 9 − 𝑐
−12 = 𝑐

PAGE 8CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 ii) Find the shortest distance from centre of the circle to the line 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 [5]

(2; −3)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0

Method 1
|𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 |
𝑑=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2

|3(2) + 2(−3) − 3|
𝑑=
√32 + 22
|3(2) + 2(−3) − 3|
𝑑=
√32 + 22
|−3|
𝑑=
√13
3
𝑑=
√13
3√13
𝑑=
13

Method 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
3 3
𝑦=− 𝑥+
2 2
3
𝑚1 = −
2
Gradient of perpendicular to the line 𝑚2
−1 2
𝑚2 = 3 =
−2 3

Equation of the perpendicular

𝑦+3 2
=
𝑥−2 3
3𝑦 + 9 = 2𝑥 − 4
3𝑦 − 2𝑥 = −13

PAGE 9CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

Solving simultaneously
3𝑦 − 2𝑥 = −13 … . . 𝑖 × 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 … … . 𝑖𝑖 × 3

−4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −26 … . . 𝑖
9𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 9 … … . 𝑖𝑖

⇒ 13𝑥 = 35
35
𝑥=
13
35
3 ( ) + 2𝑦 = 3
13
105
2𝑦 = 3 − ( )
13
33
𝑦=−
13

Finding distance between

35 33
( ;− ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2; −3)
13 13
𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
2 2
35 33
𝑑 = √( − 2) + (− + 3)
13 13

9 √9 √9 × √13 3√13
𝑑=√ = =
13 √13 √13 × √13 13

3√13
𝑑=
13

9) The function
1+𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) =
(2 + 𝑥 )(3𝑥 + 5)

i) Express 𝑓(𝑥) in partial fractions [5]

1+𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(2 + 𝑥 )(3𝑥 + 5) 2 + 𝑥 3𝑥 + 5

PAGE 10CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 1 + 𝑥 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(2 + 𝑥)
When 𝑥 = −2
−1 = 𝐴(3(−2) + 5)
−1 = −𝐴
1=𝐴
5
When 𝑥 = − 3
2 5
− = 𝐵 (2 − )
3 3
2 1
− = 𝐵( )
3 3
−2 = 𝐵
1+𝑥 1 −2
∴ = +
(2 + 𝑥 )(3𝑥 + 5) 2 + 𝑥 3𝑥 + 5

1 2
= −
2 + 𝑥 3𝑥 + 5

ii) By substituting 𝑥 = √3 or otherwise , obtain an expression for

1 + √3
𝑓(√3) =
(2 + √3)(3√3 + 5)
in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏√3 [4]
1 + √3 1 + √3 1 + √3
= =
(2 + √3)(3√3 + 5) 2(3√3 + 5) + √3(3√3 + 5) 6√3 + 10 + 9 + 5√3
1 + √3
=
19 + 11√3
(1 + √3)(19 − 11√3)
=
(19 + 11√3)(19 − 11√3)
1(19 − 11√3) + √3(19 − 11√3)
=
−2
19 − 11√3 + 19√3 − 33
=
−2
−14 + 8√3
=
−2
= 7 − 4√3

PAGE 11CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 iii) Using the results in (i) or otherwise evaluate exactly
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) [𝟓]
−1
1 1
1+𝑥 1 2
∫ = ∫ −
(2 + 𝑥 )(3𝑥 + 5) 2 + 𝑥 3𝑥 + 5
−1 −1

1
2
= 𝐼𝑛(2 + 𝑥 ) − 𝐼𝑛(3𝑥 + 5)⟧
3 −1
2 2
= [𝐼𝑛(2 + 1) − 𝐼𝑛(3(1) + 5)] − [𝐼𝑛(2 − 1) − 𝐼𝑛(3(−1) + 5)]
3 3

2 2
= [𝐼𝑛 3 − 𝐼𝑛 8 ] − [𝐼𝑛 1 − 𝐼𝑛(2)]
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3

2 2
= 𝐼𝑛(3) − 𝐼𝑛(8) + 𝐼𝑛(2)
3 3
2 2
= 𝐼𝑛(3) + 𝐼𝑛(2) − 𝐼𝑛(8)
3 3
2 2
= 𝐼𝑛(3) + 𝐼𝑛 ( )
3 8
2 1
( )
= 𝐼𝑛 3 + 𝐼𝑛 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
3 4

10) Prove that

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = [𝟒]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Using LHS Using RHS

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= +
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2

= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2

= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= =
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
PAGE 12CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= =
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

= =
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

= = +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃

11) i) Express 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in the form 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 𝛼) [2]

𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵

6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 𝛼 )

= 𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼

Comparing coefficients of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 6
− 𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 = −8

𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 6
𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 8

𝑅2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑅2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = (6)2 + (8)2

𝑅2 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ) = (6)2 + (8)2

𝑅 = √(6)2 + (8)2

𝑅 = 10
𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 8
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 6

8
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
6
𝛼 = 53.1°

∴ 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 53.1°)

PAGE 13CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 ii) Hence or otherwise , solve the equation
6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −2.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 180° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° [3]
6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −2.5

10𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 53.1°) = −2.5

−2.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 53.1°) =
10
−2.5
(𝜃 + 53.1°) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
10
(𝜃 + 53.1°) = ±91.4° 𝑃. 𝑉 Cosine is symmetrical

(𝜃 + 53.1°) = 360𝑛 ± 91.4°

(𝜃 + 53.1°) = −91.4° 𝑜𝑟 91.4°

𝜃 = −91.4° − 53.1° 𝑜𝑟 91.4° − 53.1°

𝜃 = −144.5° 𝑜𝑟 38.3°

iii) State the maximum and minimum value of 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [2]

𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛼 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝛼)
Maximum value = 𝑹
Minimum value = −𝑹

Therefore, the value(s) of 𝒙 at maximum is given by

𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛼 ) = 𝑅

Therefore, the value(s) of 𝒙 at minimum is given by

𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛼 ) = −𝑅

6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 53.1°)

Therefore, the maximum value is 10
the minimum value is −10

12) Express
12
𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 [𝟓]
(3 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥)2

12 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(3 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥)2 3 + 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2

PAGE 14CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 12 = 𝐴(1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝐵(1 − 𝑥 )(3 + 𝑥 ) + 𝐶(3 + 𝑥)
When 𝑥 = 1
12 = 4𝐶
𝐶=3
When 𝑥 = −3
12 = 16𝐴
3
𝐴=
4
When 𝑥 = 0
12 = 𝐴(1)2 + 𝐵(1)(3) + 𝐶(3)
12 = 𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 3𝐶
3
12 = + 3𝐵 + 3(3)
4
3
𝐵=
4
12 3 3 3
∴ = + +
(3 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥)2 4(3 + 𝑥 ) 4(1 − 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥)2

Hence show that series expansion of

12 20 88 2
= 4 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 …… [𝟕]
(3 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥)2 3 9

12 3 3 3
= + +
(3 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥)2 4(3 + 𝑥 ) 4(1 − 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥)2

3 3
= (3 + 𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑥 )−1 + 3(1 − 𝑥 )−2
−1
4 4

The general expansion of binomial

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2! 3!

CONSINDERING
3 −1
3 −1 𝑥 −1
(3 + 𝑥 ) = (3 ) (1 + )
4 4 3
1 𝑥 −1(−1 − 1) 𝑥 2
= (1 − ( ) + ( ) + ⋯.)
4 3 2! 3

PAGE 15CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 1 𝑥 1 2
=( − + 𝑥 + ⋯.)
4 12 36

CONSINDERING
3 3
(1 − 𝑥 )−1 = (1 − 𝑥 )−1
4 4

3 −1(−1 − 1) 2
= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯.)
4 2!

3 3 3
=( + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ . )
4 4 4

CONSINDERING
3(1 − 𝑥 )−2 = 3(1 − 𝑥 )−2
−2(−2 − 1)
= 3 (1 + 2𝑥 + (−𝑥)2 + ⋯ . )
2!
2
= (3 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 + ⋯ . )

Now
12 3 −1
3 −1 −2
∴ = (3 + 𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑥 ) + 3(1 − 𝑥 )
(3 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥 )2 4 4
1 𝑥 1 2 3 3 3
=( − + 𝑥 + ⋯ . ) + ( + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ . ) + (3 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + ⋯ . . )
4 12 36 4 4 4
20 88 2
=4+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ ..
3 9

13) The position vectors of points 𝐴 , 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 𝒌 , 3𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌 and 7𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌

respectively
i) Find the unit vector parallel ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 [2]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
= 7𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌 − (𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 𝒌)
= 6𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝟔𝒌

6𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝟔𝒌
̂ =
𝐴𝐶
√62 + (−1)2 + (−6)2

6𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝟔𝒌
=
√73
ii) Find angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 [3]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐶 |

(3𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌) ⦁(6𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝟔𝒌)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√32 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 √62 + (−1)2 + (−6)2
PAGE 16CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 25
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√11 √73
25
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√11 √73

𝜃 = 28.1°

iii) Given that the vector 𝑘𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 4𝒌 is perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 , find the value of 𝑘 [2]
Perpendicular vectors the scalar product between them is zero

(𝑘𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 4𝒌)⦁(𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 𝒌 ) = 0
𝑘+6−4=0
𝑘 = −2

14) The complex 𝑎 is such that

48 − 56𝑖
= −1 − 13𝑖
𝑎
i) Find 𝑎 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 , where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are real numbers [3]

48 − 56𝑖
= −1 − 13𝑖
𝑎

48 − 56𝑖
=𝑎
−1 − 13𝑖

(48 − 56𝑖 )(−1 + 13𝑖)

=𝑎
(−1 − 13𝑖)(−1 + 13𝑖)

(48)(−1 + 13𝑖) − 56𝑖(−1 + 13𝑖)

=𝑎
(−1)2 + (13)2

−48 + 624𝑖 + 56𝑖 − 728𝑖 2

=𝑎
(−1)2 + (13)2

−48 + 624𝑖 + 56𝑖 + 728

=𝑎
170

680 + 680𝑖
=𝑎
170

4 + 4𝑖 = 𝑎

PAGE 17CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 ii) Find argument and modulus of 𝑎∗ , the conjugate of 𝑎 [3]
Im(z)
𝑎∗ = 4 − 4𝑖

Re(z)
𝛼

𝑦
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥

−1
4
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 45°
4
𝜃 = −𝛼 in fourth quadrant
Argument
𝜃 = −45°

Modulus
|𝑎∗ | = √42 + 42
= 4√2
iii) Hence represent 𝑎∗ on the argand diagram [2]

Im(z)
𝑎∗ = 4 − 4𝑖

Re (z)
−45°
4√2

𝑎∗

15) Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 [4]

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜃)
𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵

(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜃) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

⇒ (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜃) = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Accept the use of Demoivres theorem
PAGE 18CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 i) Hence or otherwise , find
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃

∫ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 [𝟐]

Remember integral of form

1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐴
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐴

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐾
3

16) The equation 3𝑧 3 + 𝑎𝑧 2 + 20𝑧 − 16 = 0 has the root 1 − √3𝑖 as one of its roots
i) Find the value of 𝑎 [4]

𝑓(1 − √3𝑖) = 0
3 2
3(1 − √3𝑖) + 𝑎(1 − √3𝑖) + 20(1 − √3𝑖) − 16 = 0
2 3 2
3
3 (1 − 3√3𝑖 + 3(−√3𝑖) + (−√3𝑖) ) + 𝑎 (1 − 2√3𝑖 + (−√3𝑖) ) + 20 − 20√3𝑖 − 16 = 0

3 − 9√3𝑖 + 9(−3) + (−3√3𝑖) + 𝑎 − 2𝑎√3𝑖 + (−3𝑎) + 20 − 20√3𝑖 − 16 = 0

3 − 9√3𝑖 − 27 − 3√3𝑖 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎√3𝑖 − 3𝑎 + 20 − 20√3𝑖 − 16 = 0

Real part is equal to real part of the other side of equation

⇒ 3 − 27 + 𝑎 − 3𝑎 + 20 − 16 = 0
⇒ −2𝑎 − 20 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 = −10
∴ 3𝑧 3 − 10𝑧 2 + 20𝑧 − 16 = 0

ii) Find the other roots [3]

1 − √3𝑖
1 + √3𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 Conjugate complex pair roots
𝑏
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = −
𝑎

Let third root be 𝛼

PAGE 19CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 −10
1 − √3𝑖 + 1 + √3𝑖 + 𝛼 = − ( )
3
10
2+𝛼 =
3
10
𝛼= −2
3

4
𝛼=
3
4
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 − √3𝑖 1 + √3𝑖
3

Method 2
Forming a quadratic factor using conjugate pairs roots
𝑧 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑧 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)
𝑧 2 − (1 − √3𝑖 + 1 + √3𝑖)𝑧 + (1 − √3𝑖)(1 + √3𝑖)
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 4

3𝑧 − 4
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 4 3𝑧 3 − 10𝑧 2 + 20𝑧 − 16
− (3𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 + 12𝑧)
−4𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 16
−(−4𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 16)
− − −
3𝑧 − 4 is a factor
3𝑧 − 4 = 0
4
𝑧=
3
4
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1 − √3𝑖 1 + √3𝑖
3

b) Express 3√3 − 3𝑖 exponential form [2]

Im(z)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 3√3 − 3𝑖

Re (z)
𝑦
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝛼
𝑥

3 𝜋
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )= 𝑧
3√3 6

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 𝜃 = −𝛼 in fourth quadrant

Argument
𝜋
𝜃=−
6

Modulus

|𝑧| = √(3√3)2 + 32
=6
𝜋
− 𝑖
3√3 − 3𝑖 = 6𝑒 6

Hence find the 4𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 of 3√3 − 3𝑖, [5]

𝜋
4 − 𝑖
𝑧 = 6𝑒 6
𝜋
(− +2𝜋𝑘)𝑖
𝑧 4 = 6𝑒 6
𝜋
− 6 +2𝜋𝑘
1 ( )𝑖
4
𝑧𝑘 = 6 𝑒 4

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0 ,1, 2 ,3
1 1
(− 𝜋)𝑖
𝑧0 = 6 𝑒
4 24
1 11
( 𝜋)𝑖
𝑧1 = 6 𝑒
4 24
1 23
( 𝜋)𝑖
𝑧2 = 6 𝑒
4 24
1 35 1 13
( 𝜋)𝑖 𝑜𝑟 (− 𝜋)𝑖
𝑧3 = 6 𝑒
4 24 𝑧3 = 6 𝑒
4 24

35 13
𝜋⇒− 𝜋 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2𝜋 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
24 24

17) A sequence is defined by the recurrence relationship

1
𝑈𝑟+1 =
𝑈𝑟 − 3
Given 𝑈1 = 𝑈2

Find the exact possible values of 𝑈2 [4]

1
𝑈1+1 =
𝑈1 − 3
1
𝑈2 =
𝑈1 − 3

Since 𝑈1 = 𝑈2
1
𝑈2 =
𝑈2 − 3
𝑈2 (𝑈2 − 3) = 1
PAGE 21CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 𝑈2 2 − 3𝑈2 − 1 = 0
3 ± √32 − 4(−1)
𝑈2 =
2(1)
3 + √13 3 − √13
𝑈2 = or
2 2

b) In an arithmetic progression the 6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 is half the 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 and 3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 is 15
i) Find the first term and common difference [4]

General term of an arithmetic sequence

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

1
𝑇6 = 𝑇4
2
𝑇3 = 15
1
⇒ 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = (𝑎 + 3𝑑 ) … . . 𝑖
2
⇒ 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 15 … . 𝑖𝑖

1
𝑎 + 5𝑑 = (𝑎 + 3𝑑 )
2
𝑎 = 15 − 2𝑑

1
15 − 2𝑑 + 5𝑑 = (15 − 2𝑑 + 3𝑑 )
2
1
15 + 3𝑑 = (15 + 𝑑 )
2
30 + 6𝑑 = 15 + 𝑑
𝑑 = −3
𝑎 = 15 − 2𝑑
𝑎 = 15 − 2(−3)

𝑎 = 21

ii) Calculate the number of terms needed give a sum less than 65 [4]

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2

𝑆𝑛 < 65
𝑛
(2(21) + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)) < 65
2

𝑛(42 − 3𝑛 + 3) < 130

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 𝑛(45 − 3𝑛) < 130
45𝑛 − 3𝑛2 − 130 < 0
3𝑛2 − 45𝑛 + 130 > 0

45 ± √452 − 4(3)(130)
𝑛= 3.90 11.09
2(3)

Critical values

𝑛 = 11.09397644 𝑜𝑟 3.906023558

𝑛 ≥ 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑛≤ 3

c) The sum of the 𝑛 terms of a series is 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(3𝑛 − 4)

i) Find the first three terms [3]

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1

𝑇1 = 𝑆1
𝑇1 = 1(3(1) − 4)
= −1

𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆2−1
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
= 2[3(2) − 4] − (1[3(1) − 4])
= 4 − (−1)
=5

𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆3−1
𝑇2 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2
= 3[3(3) − 4] − (2[3(2) − 4])
= 15 − (4)
= 11

ii) Write down the formula of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term [2]

Above is a Arithmetic .Progression
𝑎 = −1 𝑑=6

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

𝑇𝑛 = −1 + (𝑛 − 1)6

𝑇𝑛 = −1 + 6𝑛 − 6
𝑇𝑛 = 6𝑛 − 7

The devil is not bothered as long what you believe is in the future

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