LABORATORY REPORT

General Physics I Laboratory

Class: PHYS121
Experiment 3: Newton’s Second Law
Date: 31/10/2023
Group Member Names:
290204082 Buse Özgür
300202052 Cansu Ertanyılmaz
300204051 Cem Arı
300202038 Cemal Yiğit Kılavuz
300202056 Ceren Demir
300202020 Ceren Tanrıverdi
300202041 Ceylin Aksu
300202043 Ceylin Şahin
Laboratory Bench Number: 5
 INTRODUCTION

The purpose is to show that the amount of matter subjected to the various forces,
whether or not they are gravitational, determines the constant force to acceleration ratio.

Newton’s second law of motion states that net force is equal to mass times
acceleration. An object accelerates more when there is a greater net force exerted on it, and
heavier objects require more force to accelerate.

The velocity of the glider will be measured while keeping the total mass of the system
constant. (total mass= mass of hanger+ mass of glider). The mass will be redistributed by
moving it from the glider to the hanger. Also, there will be a procedure where the glider’s
mass will be constant. Using the velocities at both photo gates, the acceleration ratio can be
found from the chart.

DATA

Table 1: Datas of the velocities, accelerations, and net forces.

FORMULAS

F= 𝑚𝑎 × 9 . 8
 𝑣2−𝑣1
a= 𝑡3

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑣= 𝑡

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 0.10𝑚
9.8𝑚
𝑔= 𝑠2
0.1
𝑣1 = 𝑡1

0.1
𝑣2 = 𝑡2

For 1st row of the data table:

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚

𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (10 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × =0.098N ( )
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.39𝑚

𝑣1 = = =
𝑡1 0.258 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.59𝑚

𝑣2 = = 0.169 =
𝑡2 𝑠
0.59𝑚 0.39𝑚
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 0.22𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.908𝑠 𝑠2

For 2nd row of the data table

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚

𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (30 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × =0.098N ( )
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.68

𝑣1 = 𝑡1
= 0.147 = 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 1.02𝑚

𝑣2 = = 0.098 =
𝑡2 𝑠
1.02𝑚 0.68𝑚
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 0.65 𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.525𝑠 𝑠2

For 3th row of the data table

 1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (50 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × =0.098N ( )
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.88

𝑣1 = = 0.113 =
𝑡1 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 1.35𝑚

𝑣2 = = 0.074 =
𝑡2 𝑠
1.35𝑚 0.88
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 4.13𝑚
a= = 𝑠 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.113𝑠 𝑠2

For 4th row of the data table

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚

𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (70 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × 𝑠2
=0.098N ( 𝑠2
)

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 1.07𝑚

𝑣1 = = 0.093 =
𝑡1 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 1.61𝑚

𝑣2 = = 0.062 =
𝑡2 𝑠

1.61𝑚 1.07
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 1.61𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.333𝑠 𝑠2

For 5th row of the data table

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (10 𝑔 × )× =0.098N ( )
1000𝑔 𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.37𝑚

𝑣1 = = 0.265 =
𝑡1 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.574𝑚

𝑣2 = = =
𝑡2 0.174 𝑠
 0.37𝑚 0.57
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 0.21𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.935𝑠 𝑠2

For 6th row of the data table

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (10 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × =0.098N ( )
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.39𝑚

𝑣1 = = 0.253 =
𝑡1 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.595𝑚

𝑣2 = = =
𝑡2 0.168 𝑠

0.59𝑚 0.39
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 0.22𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.902𝑠 𝑠2

For 7th row of the data table

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (10 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × =0.098N ( )
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.41𝑚

𝑣1 = = 0.245 =
𝑡1 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.61𝑚

𝑣2 = = 0.163 =
𝑡2 𝑠

0.61𝑚 0.41
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 0.23𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.861𝑠 𝑠2

For 8th row of the data table

1𝑘𝑔 9.8𝑚 𝑘𝑔×𝑚

𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑔 = (10 𝑔 × 1000𝑔) × =0.098N ( )
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.43𝑚

𝑣1 = = =
𝑡1 0.23 𝑠

𝑥𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.10𝑚 0.64𝑚

𝑣2 = = =
𝑡2 0.154 𝑠
 0.64𝑚 0.43
𝑣2−𝑣1 − 𝑠 0.26𝑚
a= = 𝑠
=
𝑡3 0.816𝑠 𝑠2
ERROR ACCOUNT

| 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 – 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | ∗ 100

Slope of the theoretical

Slope of the theoretical = 1 / 0.26

Slope of the theoretical = 3.8462
%Error = (| 3.9024 – 3.8462| /3. 8462)*100
%Error = (0.0562/3.8462) *100
%Error = 0.014612 * 100
%Error = 1.4612

QUESTIONS

1.Use the length of the glider and your average times to determine and
the average glider velocity as it passed through each photogate.

Length of the glider is 10 cm so L=0.1m

Average of 0.20 s
Average of 0.13 s

2.Use the equation to determine the average acceleration of the glider as it

passed between the two photogates.

Average of

3. Determine the force applied to the glider by the hanging mass

( )

, , ,
 4. Draw a graph showing average acceleration as a function of applied force Fa.

5.Draw a second graph showing average acceleration as a function of the glider mass with ma
being held constant
6. Examine your graphs carefully. Are they straight lines? Use your graphs to determine the
relationship between applied force, mass, and average acceleration for the air track glider.
The graphs in the figures are not straight lines. This means that the relationship
between applied force, mass, and average acceleration for the air track glider is not
linear.Relationship between applied force and average acceleration.The graph of average
acceleration vs. applied force shows a positive correlation, meaning that as the applied force
increases, the average acceleration also increases. This is consistent with Newton's second law
of motion, which states that force is equal to mass times acceleration.Relationship between
mass and average acceleration.The graph of average acceleration vs. mass shows a negative
correlation, meaning that as the mass increases, the average acceleration decreases. This is
also consistent with Newton's second law of motion, which shows that acceleration is
inversely proportional to mass.Overall relationship between applied force, mass, and average
acceleration.The relationship between applied force, mass, and average acceleration for the air
track glider is not linear. However, Newton's second law of motion can be used to describe
this relationship.
7. Discuss your results. In this experiment, you measured the average acceleration of the
glider between the two photogates. Do you have reason to believe that your results also hold
true for the instantaneous acceleration? Explain. What further experiments might help extend
your results to include instantaneous acceleration?
It is reasonable to believe that the results of this experiment also hold true for
instantaneous acceleration. This is because instantaneous acceleration is simply the limit of
average acceleration as the time interval over which the acceleration is measured approaches
zero.In other words, if we could measure the acceleration of the glider at an infinitesimally
small point in time, we would get the instantaneous acceleration. However, since it is
impossible to measure the acceleration of the glider at an infinitesimally small point in time,
we must instead measure the average acceleration over a very short time interval.In this
experiment, the time interval over which the acceleration of the glider was measured was very
short, on the order of a few milliseconds. This means that the results of this experiment are a
very good approximation of the instantaneous acceleration of the glider.To further extend our
results to include instantaneous acceleration, we could conduct a more sophisticated
experiment that uses a more precise method to measure the acceleration of the glider. For
example, we could use a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to measure the velocity of the
glider at two very close points in time. We could then use the difference in velocity to
calculate the acceleration of the glider at the midpoint between the two points.Another way to
extend our results to include instantaneous acceleration would be to use a computer
simulation to model the motion of the glider. The simulation could take into account the mass
of the glider, the applied force, and the effects of friction and other non-conservative forces.
The simulation could then be used to calculate the instantaneous acceleration of the glider at
any point in time.Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that the relationship between
applied force, mass, and average acceleration for the air track glider is also true for
instantaneous acceleration. However, further experiments using more precise measurement
methods or computer simulations would be needed to confirm this.
CONCLUSION

Firstly we learned how to use a string tool that allowed us to apply the desired force
for glider to move. We also learned a new method in the photogate timer in which we got new
values of time by switching the button. With those values, we found t1 and t2 values which
were necessary for us to get the instantaneous velocity values. We used an essential air track
tool for our experiment to be conducted in a frictionless environment (an imitationof it). Our
experiment has provided valuable insights to us about Newton's second law and the possible
impact of some quantities. The gate option was used to find t1 and t2 values which ended up
allowing us to find instantous velocities. We also accepted L=10cm(glider’s upper straight
part) to calculate instantaneous velocities in the gate mode. In the first 4 experiment
procedures which were basically transferring mass to the string one after the other, By
observing what these 4 experiment procedures gave us as results we comprehended that
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass and directly proportional to force. With that,
we matched Newton’s second law and other used Equations which are shown above in the
data section to the experimental observations. After revising the main theoretical background
we started to understand decreasing mass and increasing force were changing the
instantaneous velocities we found. In the data table, as it is shown, our acceleration increased
when m(a) increased and m(g) decreased. This happened since v1 and v2 values increased and
ended up increasing the acceleration by the average instantaneous velocities equation. Such
that when F=0.098N, v1=0.3875m/s, v2=0.5917cm/s we calculated a=0.2248cm/s², and when
we compare it to the third row of the data table which is F=0.49N,
v1=0.8849m/s,v2=1.3513m/s a=4.1273cm/s² we can see an increase in acceleration values. As
it is shown in the graphs when F=0.098N went to 0.686N a=0.2248m/s²went to a= 1.614m/s².
In light of that, we get the slope positive (3.9024) which was calculated above in the data
section. After 4 experiments(first 4 rows of the table) we started to make an experiment in
which F was constant however mass of the glider changed, we understood that when m
increased acceleration values decreased such that when we had m=0.19kg,a=0.2629m/s²,
increasing the mass to 0.25kg changed a to 0.2110m/s². On the other hand, our graph changed
to being negative graph slope(also calculated above). For both experiments, we
comprehended that our acceleration values were not dependent on distance(between
photogates) or where we first let the glider go but depended on mass and force values. Lastly,
the Error rate was found above in the data section which is %1.4612 and calculated. Our Error
rate indicates that random errors were low and our accuracy rate was decent.Error rate
occured since theoretically calculations were calcuated by F=ma formula’s derivation and
values of mass and force were thoretically known. However experimantel values were found
by observation findings.Our Error rates can be even lower if random and systematic errors
were to get less.
While doing this experiment, we used the following formulas as seen in the calculation
section above:

REFERENCES

https://web.pa.msu.edu/courses/2014fall/PHY251/Newton.pdf (Figure1&2)
https://translate.google.com/
https://iyte.edu.tr/
https://tureng.com/tr/turkce-ingilizce