Computer Networks (4TE05CNW1)

Practical 1: To study about fundamentals of computer networks.

Computer Network

A computer network is a collection of autonomous computers and devices connected to

each other. The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share
resources and information.

The old model of a serving all of the organization’s computational need by single
computer has been replace by number of separated but interconnected computers. This
system is called computer networks

A Group of computer autonomous computers interconnected with each other via some
media that is called Computer Network.

Media it means thought some cable, or wireless connection.

Distributed Systems Vs Computer Networks

A collection of independent computers appears to its user as a single coherent system.

For example WWW(World wide web) ,in which every thing looks like a
document(webpage).

Whereas, in computer networks this coherence is absent. Users are exposed to actual
machines.Thus, the difference lies in s/w not in h/w

Network Criteria :-

The network criteria can be measured by following properties: -

Performance: Performance can be measured by transmit time (propagation delay)

and response time (speed of operation). Performance is decided by many factors such
as users, type of transmission medium, hardware used and software used.

Reliability: A network reliability is measured by accuracy, failure rate,

establishment time and robustness.

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Security: Network security concerned with the protection of data from unauthorized
access of data.

Goals of Computer Network :

The primary goal of Computer Network is Resource Sharing.

The second goal setting up Computer Network has to do the people rather then
information or even computer. A computer can provide powerful communication media
even as employee.

The third goal of computer network is electronics commerce. if it doing business with
consumer over the internet.

The last goal of computer network is increase the any company is doing business
electronically with other company as specially supplier & customer.

Characteristics of Computer Network :-

1) Network is an independent but interrelated connection of computers.

2) A computer in network is exchange the data on network.

3) The device connected in network like printer, fax, modem are used by more
than one system in network.

4) Database or programs can be used by single user or by multi user in network.

5) Every computer in network is connected to another computer by using some

transmission media.

Applications of Computer Networks :-

 BUSINESS
 HOME
 MOBILE USERS

Business Application :-

Resource Sharing and goal to make coding , programs and data available to everyone.

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 Client – Server Technology

Reque
st
Networ
k
Respons
e

Provide Communication between employees by e-mail , video conferencing etc. For

companies who do their business electronically with other companies. So being able
to place order in real time.
To Start business with consumer over Internet. The sector is called e-commerce.

Marketing and Sales :-

Computer Networks are used extensively in both Marketing and sales organizations.
Marketing professionals use network to collect, exchange and analyzed data relating to
customer needs and product development cycles. Sales application includes tele-
shopping in which users order entry computers or telephones connected to an order
processing network and also online reservation services for hotels, airlines etc.

Financials Services :-

Today’s financial services are totally dependent on computer network. Application

includes credit history, searches, foreign exchange and investment services, electronic
fund transfer(EFT), which allows users to transfer money without going into a bank. e.g
ATM

Home Applications :-

Access to remote Information

Access to remote information comes in many forms. It can be surfing for internet for
fun or for to any info. For e-newapaper. On-line digital library etc.

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Peer to Peer communication

In this form individuals who forms a group can communicate with each other.

Entertainment

Huge and growing industry. Applications like vide-on on demand.

On line games , quiz etc

E- commerce

On line shopping. Can access the financial institution. On line auctions.

Tag Full name Example
B2C Business to Online book
consumer purchase
B2B Business to Order from
business suppliers
G2C Government Distribute tax
to consumer forms

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C2C Consumer Auction of

to consumer second hand
products
P2P Peer to peer File sharing

Mobile Users

Many professionals uses desktop computers at office and want to be connected to the
office network while traveling at home also. This is possible by wireless networks,
hence use of lap-top, notebook computers and personal digital assistants(PDAs) is
increased.

Wireless network are used in:-

a) Geographical Information System (GIS).

b) Military applications.
c) Airports.
d) Banking.
e) Weather reporting.

Network Connections :-

Two types of transmission technology.

1. Broadcast links
2. Point to point links

1) Broadcast links :-

 Broadcast networks have a single communication channel. Which is shared by

all machines on network.

 Packets(Short message) in certain context sent by any machine

 Supports multicasting

2) Point to point links :-

 This type of network consists of many connections between individual pairs of

machines. To go from the source to the destination, a packet of information on
this type of network may have to first visit one or more intermediate machines.
Often multiple routes, of different length are possible, so routing algorithms
play an important role in point-to-point networks.

 As a general rule (although there are many exceptions), smaller, geographically

localized networks tend to use broadcasting, whereas larger networks usually
are point-to-point
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Network Services :-

Two distinct techniques are used in data communications to transfer data.

Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. They are the connection-
oriented method and the connectionless method:

Connection-oriented Requires a session connection (analogous to a phone call) be

established before any data can be sent. This method is often called a "reliable" network
service. It can guarantee that data will arrive in the same order. Connection-oriented
services set up virtual links between end systems through a network.

Connectionless

Does not require a session connection between sender and receiver. The sender
simply starts sending packets (called datagrams) to the destination. This service
does not have the reliability of the connection-oriented method, but it is useful
for periodic burst transfers. Neither system must maintain state information for
the systems that they send transmission to or receive transmission from. A
connectionless network provides minimal services.

Advantages of Computer Networks :-

Security / Encapsulation.

Distributed Databases.

Faster Problem Solving.

Security through Redundancy.

Collaborative Processing

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Practical 2: To study about different network components and use of it.

1) HUB :- An Ethernet hub or concentrator is a device for connecting multiple

twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together, making them act as a single
segment.
a. A hub is the central meeting point where cables join to carry information to
other resources through a network.
b. It contains several wiring ports that can be used to receive data and pass on the
same to any other device on a network.
c. Hubs have a simple design and they rarely wear out.
d. They provide the additional connections necessary, but end up using much of
the network capacity.

2) Switch :-
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network
segments. It uses the logic of a Network bridge but allows a physical and logical
star topology. It is often used to replace network hubs. A switch is also often
referred to as an intelligent hub.

Switches, like hubs, provide a centralized connection.

 They include network monitoring and selective configuration capabilities,
thereby reducing network traffic.
 Shared data can directly be sent to an individual resource instead of every
networked resource.
 Switches are more economical to use.

3) Router :- A router is a computer networking device that forwards data packets

across an internetwork toward their destinations, through a process known as
routing. Routing occurs at layer 3 (the Network layer) of the OSI seven-layer model.

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 A router is used to send specific portions of messages directly to the intended

destination in a separate network.
 Information is directly transmitted between the networks without causing any
network traffic.
 Networks served by a router are not required to use the same protocol.
 Routers are frequently used to place additional security on sensitive networked
resources.

4) Repeater :-

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a weak or low-level signal and

retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, so that the signal can cover
longer distances without degradation.

5) Bridge :-

 A bridge connects dissimilar networks together.

 The basic function of a bridge is to join two or more separate networks that use
the same networking language, called protocol.

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Practical 3 (a): To Implement Network Star Topology using Switch in Packet

Tracer.

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Practical 3 (b): To Implement Network Star Topology using Hub in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 4: Design a Network Using wireless device in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 5: Design a Network Using Router in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 6: Design a Network Using Wireless Router in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 7: How to connect and two Configure Cisco routers in packet tracer

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Practical 8: Design a Virtual LAN using Switch in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 9: Design a Mesh Topology in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 10: Design Email Server in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 11: Design WEB Server in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 12: Design VPN Server in Packet Tracer.

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Practical 13: Design FTP Server in Packet Tracer.

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