MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

Code Number: 191HS306

Unit- I Managerial Skills

Management Introduction – Time Management – Stress Management – Employability

and Career Skills – Grooming as a Professional with Values – General Awareness of Current

Affairs.

Unit- II Listening Skills

Importance of Listening – Active Listening – Asking Questions – Responding to the

Questions – Listen to the Audio – Visual Components – Listening Comprehension.

Unit- III Speaking Skills

General Conversation – Question and Answer Sessions – Role Play Activities –

Telephone Skills – Public Speaking.

Unit- IV Writing Skills

Effective Writing – Letter Writing – E- mail Writing – Paragraph Writing – Report

Writing.

Unit- V Presentation Skills

Introduction to Presentation – Building Up Confidence – Effective Presentation – Body

Language – Poster Presentations – Seminars Relevant

 UNIT- I MANAGERIAL SKILLS

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT:

Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner

through planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling organizational resources. It is a

process because it performs series of functions, like, planning, organizing, staffing, directing and

controlling in a sequence. Management process begins with the three basic principles/ elements

with which a manager deals: ideas, things, and people. Management of these three elements is

directly related to conceptual thinking (of which planning is an essential part), administration,

and leadership.

According to Henri Fayol, the five elements of the management process are planning,

organizing, controlling, commanding and coordinating. Henri Fayol was a French mining

engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines. He and his colleagues developed this

theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously.

Management Science:

Management Science is the broad interdisciplinary study of problem solving and decision

making in human organisations, with strong links to management, economics, business,

engineering, management consulting and other fields. According to Bernard Taylor (2013), it is a

scientific approach to solving management problems. It can be used in a variety of organizations

to solve many different types of problems.

 Management Science course usually involves the study of linear and integer

programming, network problems, strategic business decisions and modelling and rational

approaches to the processes of decision making in organizations.

Why we need to study Management Science?

Students of management science learn how to use math and science to design systems,

make decisions and solve problems for businesses. They take courses in high- level math,

statistics, computer science and business. Management Science is a discipline whose application

to resolving business problems is of great significance. We can learn how to apply the major

techniques of management science to analyse a variety or managerial problems.

Management

Definition: Management can be defined as the process of administering and controlling

the affairs of the organization, irrespective of its nature, type, structure and size. It is an act of

creating and maintaining such a business environment wherein the members of the organization

can work together, and achieve business objectives efficiently and effectively. Management acts

as a guide to a group of people working in the organization and coordinating their efforts,

towards the attainment of the common objective.

In other words, it is concerned with optimally using 5M’s, i.e. men, machine, material,

money and methods and, this is possible only when there proper direction, coordination and

integration of the processes and activities, to achieve the desired results.

Characteristics of Management:
 Universal: All the organizations, whether it is profit-making or not, they require

management, for managing their activities. Hence it is universal in nature.

Goal-Oriented: Every organization is set up with a predetermined objective and

management helps in reaching those goals timely, and smoothly.

Continuous Process: It is an ongoing process which tends to persist as long as the

organization exists. It is required in every sphere of the organization whether it is production,

human resource, finance or marketing.

Multi-dimensional: Management is not confined to the administration of people

only, but it also manages work, processes and operations, which makes it a multi-disciplinary

activity.

Group activity: An organization consists of various members who have different

needs, expectations and beliefs. Every person joins the organization with a different motive, but

after becoming a part of the organization they work for achieving the same goal. It requires

supervision, teamwork and coordination, and in this way, management comes into the picture.

Dynamic function: An organization exists in a business environment that has various

factors like social, political, legal, technological and economic. A slight change in any of these

factors will affect the organization’s growth and performance. So, to overcome these changes

management formulates strategies and implements them.

Intangible force: Management can neither be seen nor touched but one can feel its

existence, in the way the organization functions.

 Precisely, all the functions, activities and processes of the organization are interconnected

to one another. And it is the task of the management to bring them together in such a way that

they help in reaching the intended result.

Levels of Management

Top-Level Management: This is the highest level in the organizational hierarchy,

which includes Board of Directors and Chief Executives. They are responsible for defining the

objectives, formulating plans, strategies and policies.

Middle-Level Management: It is the second and most important level in the

corporate ladder, as it creates a link between the top and lower-level management. It includes

departmental and division heads and managers who are responsible for implementing and

controlling plans and strategies which are formulated by the top executives.

Lower Level Management: Otherwise called as functional or operational level

management. It includes first-line managers, foreman, supervisors. As lower-level management

directly interacts with the workers, it plays a crucial role in the organization because it helps in

reducing wastage and idle time of the workers, improving the quality and quantity of output.

The three management levels form the management hierarchy, that represents the

position and rank of executives and managers in the chart.

Functions of Management

Five basic core functions are:

1. Planning
 2. Organizing

3. Staffing

4. Directing

5. Controlling

Planning: It is the first and foremost function of management, i.e. to decide beforehand

what is to be done in future. It encompasses formulating policies, establishing targets, scheduling

actions and so forth.

Organizing: Once the plans are formulated, the next step is to organise the activities

and resources, as in identifying the tasks, classifying them, assigning duties to subordinates and

allocating the resources.

Staffing: It involves hiring personnel for carrying out various activities of the

organization. It is to ensure that the right person is appointed to the right job.

Directing: It is the task of the manager to guide, supervise, lead and motivate the

subordinates, to ensure that they work in the right direction, so far as the objectives of the

organization are concerned.

Controlling: The controlling function of management involves a number of steps to be

taken to make sure that the performance of the employees is as per the plans. It involves

establishing performance standards and comparing them with the actual performance. In case of

any variations, necessary steps are to be taken for its correction.

 Coordination is an important feature of management which means the integration of the

activities, processes and operations of the organization and synchronisation of efforts, to ensure

that every element of the organization contributes to its success.

The broad purposes or objectives of the management are as follows—

1. Optimum utilisation of resources:

The most important objectives of the management are to use various resources of the

enterprise in a most economic way.

The proper use of men, materials, machines, and money will help a business to earn

sufficient profits to satisfy various interests i.e. proprietor, customers, employees and others. All

these interests will be served well only when physical resources of the business are properly

utilised.

2. Growth and development of business:

By proper planning, organisation and direction etc., management leads a business to

growth and development on sound footing. It helps in profitable expansion of the business. It

provides a sense of security among the employers and employees.

3. Better quality goods:

The aim of the sound management has always been to produce the better quality products

at minimum cost. Thus, it tries to remove all types of wastages in the business.

4. Ensuring regular supply of goods:

 Another objective of management is to ensure the regular supply of goods to the people.

It checks the artificial scarcity of goods in the market. Hence, it keeps the prices of goods within

permissible limits.

5. Discipline and morale:

The management maintains the discipline and boosts the morale of the individuals by

applying the principles of decentralisation and delegation of authority. It motivates the

employees through monetary and non-monetary incentives. It helps in creating and maintaining

better work culture.

6. Mobilising best talent:

The employment of experts in various fields will help in enhancing the efficiency of

various factors of production. There should be a proper environment which should encourage

good persons to join the enterprise. The better pay scales, proper amenities, future growth

potentialities will attract more people in joining a concern.

7. Promotion of research and development:

Management undertakes the research and development to take lead over its competitors

and meet the uncertainties of the future. Thus, it provides the benefits of latest research and

technology to the society.

8. Minimise the element of risk:

Management involves the function of forecasting. Though the exact future can never be

predicted yet on the basis of previous experience and existing circumstances, management can
minimise the element of risk. Management always keeps its ears and eyes to the changing

circumstances.

9. Improving performance:

Management should aim at improving the performance of each and every factor of

production. The environment should be so congenial that workers are able to contribute their

maximum to the enterprise. The fixing of objectives of various factors of production will help

them in improving their performance.

10. Planning for future:

Another important purpose of management is to prepare a prospective plan. No

management should feel satisfied with today’s work. Future plans should take into consideration

what is to be done next. Future performance will depend upon present planning. So, planning for

future is essential to every organisation.

 TIME MANAGEMENT:

Time Management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time

spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity.

Time Management may be aided by a range of skills, tools and techniques used to manage time

when accomplishing specific tasks, projects and goals complying with a due date. Initially, time

management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually, the term broadened to

include personal activities as well. A time management system is a designed combination of

processes, tools, techniques and methods. Time management is usually a necessity in any project

management as it determines the project completion time and scope. The major themes arising

from the literature on time management include the following:

- Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness (in terms of cost-

benefit, quality of results, and time to complete tasks or project),

- Setting of priorities,

- The related process of reduction of time spent on non- priorities,

- Implementation of goals.
Time Management - Meaning and its Importance

It is rightly said “Time and Tide wait for none”. An individual should understand the

value of time for him to succeed in all aspects of life. People who waste time are the ones who

fail to create an identity of their own.

What is Time Management ?

Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the right time is allocated

to the right activity. Effective time management allows individuals to assign specific time slots

to activities as per their importance. Time Management refers to making the best use of time as

time is always limited.

Ask yourself which activity is more important and how much time should be allocated to

the same? Know which work should be done earlier and which can be done a little later.

Time Management plays a very important role not only in organizations but also in our

personal lives.

Time Management includes:

• Effective Planning

• Setting goals and objectives

• Setting deadlines

• Delegation of responsibilities

• Prioritizing activities as per their importance

• Spending the right time on the right activity

 Effective Planning:

Plan your day well in advance. Prepare a To Do List or a “TASK PLAN”. Jot down the

important activities that need to be done in a single day against the time that should be allocated

to each activity. High Priority work should come on top followed by those which do not need

much of your importance at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not begin fresh

work unless you have finished your previous task. Tick the ones you have already completed.

Ensure you finish the tasks within the stipulated time frame.

Setting Goals and Objectives:

Working without goals and targets in an organization would be similar to a situation

where the captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Yes, you would be lost. Set targets for

yourself and make sure they are realistic ones and achievable.

Setting Deadlines:

Set deadlines for yourself and strive hard to complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. Do

not wait for your superiors to ask you every time. Learn to take ownership of work. One person

who can best set the deadlines is you yourself. Ask yourself how much time needs to be devoted

to a particular task and for how many days. Use a planner to mark the important dates against the

set deadlines.

Delegation Of Responsibilities:

Learn to say “NO” at workplace. Don’t do everything on your own. There are other

people as well. One should not accept something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles

and responsibilities must be delegated as per interest and specialization of employees for them to
finish tasks within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something needs

more time than someone who knows the work well.

Prioritizing Tasks:

Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the difference between

important and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be done within a day, which all should

be done within a month and so on. Tasks which are most important should be done earlier.

Spending the right time on right activity

Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time

is not of much use. Don’t waste a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or

so. Also keep some time separate for your personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or

Twitter. After all human being is not a machine.

For Effective Time Management one needs to be:

Organized - Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of paper at your workstation. Throw

what all you don’t need. Put important documents in folders. Keep the files in their respective

drawers with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes on unnecessary searching.

Don’t misuse time - Do not kill time by loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate on

your work and finish assignments on time. Remember your organization is not paying you for

playing games on computer or peeping into other’s cubicles. First complete your work and then

do whatever you feel like doing. Don’t wait till the last moment.

Be Focussed - One needs to be focused for effective time management.

 Develop the habit of using planners, organizers, table top calendars for better time

management. Set reminders on phones or your personal computers.

Related Concepts:

Time Management is related to the following concepts:

- Project Management

- Attention Management

- Time Blocking

Time Management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time

between specific activities. Good time management enables you to work smarter – not harder –

so that you get more done – in less time, even when time is tight and pressures are high. Failing

to manage your time damages your effectiveness and cause stress. Time Management refers to

the way that you organize and plan how long you spend on specific activities.

Benefits of Time Management:

- Greater productivity and efficiency

- A better professional reputation

- Less stress

- Increased opportunities for advancement

- Greater opportunities to achieve important life and career goals

Failing to manage your time effectively can have some very undesirable

consequences:

- Missed deadlines
 - Inefficient work flow

- Poor work quality

- A poor professional reputation and a stalled career

- Higher stress levels

Some benefits of managing time effectively:

1. Stress relief: Making and following a task schedule reduces anxiety.

2. More Time: People who can time – manage effectively enjoy having

more time to spend on hobbies or other personal pursuits.

Time Management is not about having time. It is about making time. We have to be more

organised our daily routine like getting up on time, doing our homework, etc.

The Basics of Time Management:

Improving your time management skills can make you more productive and less stressed.

Here are five easy steps to improve your time management:

1. Plan Ahead: Planning out your time in advance is the most important

element of good time management.

2. Prioritize Tasks: Evaluate every project you need to work on to

determine what tasks are the most urgent and important and make those your top priority

for the day. Leave less important tasks or projects.

3. Eliminate Distraction: Distractions are one of the biggest productivity

killers. Social media sites, smartphones can all distract you and derail your schedule.
 4. Don’t Multitask: Multitasking may seem like a good way of getting extra

work done, but in reality, it actually decreases your productivity. Instead of completing

multiple projects, you end up starting but not finishing any of them. So focus on a single

task at a time.

5. Reward yourself for Good Work: Rewards can be a great motivator for

good time management. Give yourself a small reward for every task you accomplish in

the day.

Five Essential Time Management Techniques:

- Be intentional: keep a to- do list

- Be prioritized: rank your tasks

- Be focussed: manage distractions

- Be structured: time block your work

- Be self-aware: track your time

Three P's of Time Management:

1. Planning

2. Prioritizing

3. Performing

Importance of Time:

• To realize the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade.

• To realize the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who has given birth

to a premature baby.
 • To realize the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly

newspaper.

• To realize the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to

meet.

• To realize the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who just missed a

train.

• To realize the value of ONE SECOND, ask someone who narrowly

avoided an accident.

“TIME IS PRECIOUS”

Activity related to Time Management:

$86,400

Emphasize the importance of time and you are in control of how you spend it. Time is

about making the right choices.

Imagine there is a bank account that credits your account each morning with $86,400. It

carries over no balance from day to day. Every night the bank deletes whatever part of the

balance you failed to use during the day. What would you do? Draw out evert cent, of course?

Rules:

- Everyone has $86,400 dollars to spend.

- You can do anything with this money, except for multiplying their current

sum.

- You must spend it within a day. Otherwise, you will lose it.
 - And you can’t bank more money per day.

THE BANK OF TIME

Each of us has such a bank. It’s name is TIME. Every morning, it credits you with

86,4000 seconds. Every night it writes off as lost, whatever of this you have failed to invest. It

carries over no balance from the day before. It allows no overdrafts. Each day it opens a new

account for you. Each night it burns what remains of the day.

STRESS MANAGEMENT:

What is Stress?

Stress can be defined as our mental, physical, emotional and behavioural reactions to any

perceived demands or threats.

Types of Stress:

There were two types of stress are there:

1. Acute Stress

2. Chronic Stress
 1. Acute Stress:

Acute Stress is the most common form of stress among humans worldwide. Acute

stress deals with the pressures of the near future or dealing with the very recent past.

2. Chronic Stress:

Chronic Stress is unlike acute stress. It has a wearing effect on people that

can be a very serious health risk if it continues over long period of time. Chronic Stress

can lead to memory loss, damage spatial recognition and produce a decreased drive of

eating.

Suggestions for reducing stress:

1. Find a support system: Find someone to talk about your feeling and

experiences.

2. Change your attitude: Find other ways to think about stressful situations.

“Life is 10% what happens to us, and 90% how we react to it.”

3. Be realistic: Set practical goals for dealing with situations and solving

problems. Develop realistic expectations of yourself and others.

4. Get organized and take charge: Being unorganised or engaging in poor

planning often leads to frustration or crisis situations, which most always leads to feeling

stressed. Plan your time, make a schedule, establish your priorities.

5. Take breaks, give yourself “me time”: Learn that taking time to yourself

for rejuvenation and relaxation is just as important as giving time to other activities.

6. Take good care of yourself: Eat properly, get regular rest, keep a routine.

Allow yourself to do something you enjoy each day.

 7. Learn to say “no”: Learn to pick and choose which things you will say

“yes” to and which things you will not.

8. Get regular exercise: Exercising regularly can help relieve some

symptoms of depression and stress, and help us to maintain our health.

9. Get a hobby, do something different: For a balanced lifestyle, play is as

important as work.

10. Slow down: Know your limits and cut down on the number of things you

try to do each day, particularly if you do not have enough time for them or for yourself.

11. Laugh, use humour: Do something fun and enjoyable such as seeing a

funny movie, laughing with friends, reading a humorous book, or going to a comedy

show.

12. Learn to relax: Develop a regular relaxation routine. Try yoga,

meditation, or some simple quiet time.

STRESS MANAGEMENT:

Stress Management consists of making changes to your life if you are in a constant

stressful situation, preventing stress by practicing self- care and relaxation and managing your

response to stressful situations when they do occur.

Stress Management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at

controlling a person’s level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of and for

the motive of improving everyday functioning.

Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary according to each

individual’s situational factors. These can include a decline in physical health as well as
depression. The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a happy and

successful life in modern society.

ABC... OF STRESS MANAGEMENT:

• Always take time for yourself at least 30 min/day.

• Be aware of your own stress meter; know when to step back and cool

down.

• Concentrate on controlling your own situation, without controlling

everybody else.

• Daily exercise will burn off the stress chemicals.

• Eat lots of fresh fruit, veggies, bread and water; give your body the best

for it to perform at its best.

• Forgive others, do not hold grudges and be tolerant; not everyone is

capable as you.

• Gain perspective on things, how important is the issue?

• Hugs, kisses and laughter; have fun and don’t be afraid to share your

feelings with others.

• Identify stressors and plan to deal with them better next time.

• Judge your own performance realistically; don’t set goals out of your own

reach.

• Keep a positive attitude, your outlook will influence outcomes and the

way others treat you.

 • Limit alcohol, drugs and other stimulants, they affect your perception and

behaviour.

• Manage money well, seek advice and save at least 10% of what you earn.

• No is a word you need to learn to use without feeling guilty.

• Outdoor activities by yourself, or with friends and families, can be a great

way to relax.

• Play your favourite music rather than watching TV.

• Quit smoking; it is stressing your body daily, not to mention killing you

too.

• Relationships; nurture and enjoy them, learn to listen more and talk less.

• Sleep well, with firm mattress and supportive pillow; don’t over heat

yourself and allow plenty of ventilation.

• Treat yourself once a week with a massage, dinner out and the movies.

• Understand things from the other person point of view.

• Verify information from the source before exploding.

• Worry less, it really doesn’t get things completed better or quicker.

• Yearly goal setting; plan what you want to achieve based on your

priorities in your career, relationships etc.

• Zest for life; each day is a gift, smile and be thankful that you’re the part

of the bigger picture.

 EMPLOYABILITY AND CAREER SKILLS:

What are Employability Skills?

Employability skills are the non-technical skills needed to get a job. Often referred to as ‘soft

skills’, they include skills such as:

• communication
 • team work

• problem solving

• initiative

• planning and organising

• decision making

• self-management.

These skills are highly valued by employers and industry. So your ability to provide examples

of how you developed these skills is valuable when you’re looking for work.

Developing Skills:

Employability skills can be developed in many areas of your life, including at school, at work,

and through hobbies and sport. For example, to develop or improve your communication skills, you

could consider:

• presenting oral presentations in class

• working in customer service (face-to-face or over-the-phone)

• writing assignments and reports as part of your studies

• blogging or using social media.

Employability skills are transferrable skills that are useful in nearly every job. They

involve the development of an expertise, knowledge base or mind set that makes you more

attractive to employers. Employability skills are also often referred to as employment skills, soft

skills, work-readiness skills or foundational skills. They often improve your performance,
minimize errors and promote collaboration with your co-workers, enabling you to perform your

role more effectively.

Examples of employability skills:

Employers have high regard for employability skills because they are much harder to

teach than job-specific skills. Some employable qualities come naturally, while others can be

acquired through education, work or daily practice. Here are 10 common employability skills

that employers look for:

1. Communication

2. Teamwork

3. Reliability

4. Problem-solving

5. Organization and planning

6. Initiative

7. Self-management

8. Leadership

9. Learning

10. Technology

1. Communication

Communication is one of the most important employability skills because it is an

essential part of almost any job. The communication process involves five elements: the sender,

receiver, message, medium and feedback. When these elements work together, you can deliver
and understand messages clearly and efficiently, eliminating unnecessary misunderstandings and

errors.

The best way to improve your communication skills is to communicate as frequently as

possible. Some of the activities that can help you develop better communication skills include:

• Communicating on social media

• Joining a local club

• Practicing awareness of your facial expressions and body language

2. Teamwork

Good teamwork skills refer to the ability to work harmoniously with your colleagues to

achieve a shared goal. Teamwork skills such as collaboration can increase your hiring chances

because you may be able to help a company reach its goals more effectively.

There are many things you can do to boost your teamwork skills, including:

• Volunteering to help co-workers with projects

• Working with others in a local organization

• Joining a sports team

3. Reliability

Reliability makes you more employable because it promotes trust between you and your

employer. You are a reliable employee if you can consistently complete your tasks on time,

deliver quality work and make minimal mistakes.

 You can become more reliable by:

• Consistently meeting or exceeding your expected levels of work

performance

• Creating schedules for your daily tasks and maintaining them

• Acknowledging your mistakes and making a conscious effort to avoid them

in the future

4. Problem-solving

Problem-solving involves identifying key issues and their implications, having a clear

understanding of problems and determining the most effective solutions. For more complex

problems, you need to know how to divide them into smaller parts that are easier to understand

and more manageable.

You can become a better problem-solver by:

• Undertaking research assignments and projects

• Participating in brainstorming sessions

• Regularly developing your skills by solving puzzles and playing games

5. Organization and planning

Being able to organize and plan effectively is important because it helps you and your

employer save time, effort and money by improving workflow.

You can develop organizational and planning skills by:

 • Developing a timetable for your daily activities

• Organizing an event

• Writing down your tasks and activities in a planner

6. Initiative

Taking initiative means recognizing a problem and solving it, preparing for a potential

crisis by taking pre-emptive action, taking advantage of opportunities and having a positive

attitude.

You can improve your ability to take initiative by:

• Approaching companies and other organizations to inquire about job

opportunities

• Proposing changes to the policies or activities of a group you belong to

• Setting up a local club or fundraiser

7. Self-management

Self-management refers to the ability to perform job duties satisfactorily with little or no

supervision. For higher-level employees, it also means delegating tasks to ensure you complete

them on time.

You can develop self-management skills by:

• Asking for more responsibilities at work

• Creating schedules for certain activities and maintaining them

 • Participating in volunteer work that allows you to work independently

8. Leadership

Employers look for good leaders because they can benefit organizations in many ways.

As a leader, you play an important role in ensuring that your team shares the same vision as the

company and works in unison with other teams and departments to achieve a common goal.

You can learn to become a better leader by:

• Attending a leadership course

• Starting a local group

• Reading about the habits of successful leaders, particularly those in your

industry

9. Learning

Having strong learning skills means understanding new concepts and methods quickly,

taking on new tasks, adapting to change and having the tendency to improve your knowledge and

skills continually.

You can increase your ability to learn by:

• Taking a course to improve your learning skills, such as a speed-reading,

memory-boosting or an accelerated-learning course

• Researching skills and activities related to your job, such as organizing,

teamwork or presentation skills

 • Teaching yourself a new skill or hobby

10. Technology

Companies search for candidates with technical skills to help them use the latest

technology and stay ahead of their competitors. Depending on your job, the technology skills you

need may vary greatly, from word processing and sending email to video editing and using

programming languages.

Technology skills are acquired through learning and practice. Some of the ways to

develop and improve technology skills include:

• Enrolling in a technology course

• Trying out new apps and technology in your daily life

• Staying up-to-date with the latest technology in your industry

What are career skills?

Career Skills are the abilities you have to that enable you to do your job and to manage

your career. These are over and above the skills and technical knowledge you need to perform

the tasks that are part of your job.

They fall into 3 broad categories:

Communication

Communication is the currency of work. It’s the mechanism of how work is done. Your

interactions with others is how you build your reputation and relationships – and get stuff done.

Operating Style
 Your Operating Style is how you work and importantly how you are seen to work. It is the

expertise that underlies how you work and interact with others. It’s how you naturally work when

you don’t think about how you are working!

Career Development

Developing your career requires the skills to plan, negotiate, build networks, learn from

your experiences and understand who you are. It’s also essential to develop the ability to recognize

opportunities and threats (and be ready to act on them).

GROOMING AS A PROFESSIONAL WITH VALUES:

 What is grooming?

It is the process of making yourself neat and attractive.

Personality grooming rules to get success in career:

Personality grooming is one of the most essential aspects of a modern day man. The way

you conduct yourself or dress, reflects a part of your personality. Therefore, it is very important

to be well groomed in order to help people decipher your nature. A lot of people don’t know how

to express themselves. The way people talk, their values and dressing sense speaks a lot about

them. It is, therefore, important to crack the code of how to have a good personality. There are a

number of factors that influence people’s perception of you. You don’t want people to judge you

different from the way you are. Here are the personality grooming tips to help you have a

successful career:
 1. PRACTICE GOOD MANNERS

You should know how to behave publicly. Always be polite and soft-spoken. People try

to distance themselves from an aggressive and cynical person. Personality grooming is very

important to achieve success in life. Learn how to talk to people, greet them and be considerate.

Be appropriately dressed for any occasion and be well groomed. Learn the art of greeting and

meeting people and never try to suppress anyone. Getting groomed as a professional with values,

certainly has a lot of long term benefits.

2. HAVE GRATITUDE

Gratitude is very important in order to achieve heights in your life. Learn to be

considerate and thankful to everyone and to everything that you have for personality grooming.

When you are satisfied with your own self, you will feel confident and assertive. Having
gratitude helps you to develop a good personality. When you are happy with yourself, others will

feel like interacting with you.

Having gratitude is an essential aspect of grooming as a professional with values. Many

people are not able to showcase gratitude because of ego. Ego is an intrinsic human train and so

it is not completely wrong to have it as a part of your personality. However, it is very important

to overcome ego to be successful in life.

3. BETTER YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Good communication skills are indispensable for personality grooming. You need to be

very dedicated and confident in order to become a good communicator. You can become well

groomed by improving your speaking and listening skills.

 Communication skills are very important to feel confident and to succeed in life. People

draw inspiration from those who are excellent communicators. The importance of good

communication skills cannot be emphasized enough.

4. BE WELL DRESSED

Values are not always reflected in the way you talk. Personality grooming can’t be

complete without being well dressed. Your dressing sense also speaks a lot about you. You feel

the same way as you dress and groom yourself. In order to be well groomed, you ought to be in

apt clothing. Always wear the right dress for the right occasion because your attire speaks for

you! Know the difference between casual dresses and formal dresses and wear accordingly. You

will feel confident and assertive if you have cracked the right dress code. To demonstrate a good

personality, you should always choose to wear neat and clean clothing.
 3. WEAR CLEAN SHOES

Always clean your shoes before wearing them. Badly worn shoes are a big no-no! It

signifies that you are irresponsible and not a very organized person. Shoes play a very important

role in personality grooming. Always check if your footwear is nicely kept and clean. People’s

first attention goes to your feet. Make sure that you get the first impression right by being well

groomed.
 6. WEAR A DECENT FRAGRANCE

Bad body smell can dissuade people to talk to you. Body odour also plays a pivotal role

in determining your personality and nature. Always go for a mild perfume for proper personality

grooming. Strong fragrance can be very irritating at times and can repel people from you. Choice

of perfume also demonstrates a good personality. Therefore, be very subtle in your choice and

chose a light fragrance. Be well groomed by applying the correct fragrance.

People always want to get associated with those who have a good personality. Such

people have the ability to influence and motivate others. These simple tips will help you to

understand how to be well groomed and will prepare you for your career.

10 grooming tips every professionals should know..

The following are 10 grooming tips every professional should know..

 1. Personal hygiene is the most important aspect of grooming. If you are not clean and

smell no one will want to be near you. Ensure body odour is fresh, clean, and pleasant. Reduce

body odour by: regularly cleansing, especially with medicated cleansers, use

deodorants, detoxify the body, avoid synthetic fabrics, avoid tight fitting clothes.

2. Maintain healthy teeth & fresh breath by: brushing twice a day, using a soft

brush, floss regularly, get your teeth cleaned and checked twice a year by a dentist, drink lots of

water to help wash away bacteria and residue.

3. Skin is clear and healthy. Twice a day: cleanse, rinse, tone, moisturize.

4. Hair is clean and current with a flattering cut. If coloured, it is a flattering shade,

without obvious re-growth. Any facial hair is clean and neat. Eyebrows are groomed, nose hairs

are not apparent.

5. Nails are clean, trimmed, and in good condition. Nail polish is not

chipped. Manicures should be ideally done once every 1 to 2 weeks, and a pedicure once every 3

to 4 weeks. Manicures and pedicures can be done professionally in a salon, or at home.

6. If fragrance is worn, it is subtle. Fragrance use has become a sensitive subject over

the last decade. As many people are allergic, caution needs to be exercised as to when to indulge.

Generally, it’s best to avoid wearing fragrance in business situations. When you do wear a scent,

do not over-indulge! You may not be able to detect the fragrance on you, but others can.

7. If makeup is worn, it is applied sparingly and properly, and not smeared or caked.

Wear colours that complement you.

8. Footwear is clean, polished, and in good condition.

9. If you wear eyewear it is clean and in good condition.

 10. Clothing is clean and in good condition; buttons are sewn on tightly, hems are in

place, and fabric is not pilling. Ensure that clothing fits properly; there are no drag lines from

being too tight, or bagging from being too big. Underwear is not visible.

What grooming habits have you developed? What could you be working on to improve?
 GENERAL AWARENESS OF CURRENT AFFAIRS:

In simple terms, current affairs are the day to day incidents and events around us.

General Awareness Topics 2021, Current Affairs, General Knowledge.

General awareness comes handy even after you are done cracking the excruciating entrance

exam and called for further selection rounds such as:

1. 1. Group Discussion

2. 2. Case Study Discussions

3. 3. Writing Ability Tests

4. 4. Face-to-Face Interviews

General Knowledge cannot be mastered in a single day. It is a gradual process and reflects the

innate desire to be aware of your surroundings. During the selection rounds, candidates are judged on

following aspects:

1. 1. Awareness of the surroundings in fields such as politics, business, economics,

entertainment, sports etc.

2. 2. Ability to express effectively.

3. 3. Attitude towards peers.

4. 4. Aspirations of the candidate

 General awareness means knowledge about the present happenings. General awareness

only focuses on the routine happenings of the news around the world it has nothing to do with

the historic events.

What is General Knowledge?

The word general knowledge made of two words General means Common or Universal

and Knowledge means information acquired through experience or education. So, General

Knowledge is Common information acquired through experience or education.

Definition of General knowledge:

General knowledge (GK) is defined as knowledge about a wide range of subjects rather

than detailed knowledge of a particular subject. General knowledge excludes specialized

knowledge of any subject. General knowledge also means knowledge of incidents happened in

past.

To differentiate between General Knowledge and General Awareness let us

See definition of General Awareness

What is General Awareness?

The word General Awareness made of two words General means Common or Universal

and Awareness means knowledge about a particular situation or development. So General

Awareness is Common knowledge about a particular situation.

Definition of General Awareness:

General awareness is knowledge about the present happenings. Current Affairs is another

term which is used in place of General Awareness for many competitive exams. General
Awareness (GA) only focuses on the latest development and happenings of the news around the

world it has nothing to do with any historical events.