INDIAN SCHOOL AL SEEB

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE: 2024-2025

Resource Person: Ms. Smitha Nandakumar Hand-Out No.: 5
Ref. Book: NCERT - Contemporary India: II Subject: Social Science (Geography)
Pages: 42-57 (Rationalised Textbook) Chapter - 5: Minerals and Energy Resources

Name of the Student: _________________________________ Roll No.: ______

Class & Section: X_____________ Date: ___________

Q. No Questions and answers Marks

MINERAL RESOURCES
1 ‘Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives’. Justify the statement. 3
i) In all stages of life, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood,
decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.
ii) The railway lines, the tarmac of the roads, our implements and machinery are
made from minerals.
iii) Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a ship, all
are made up of minerals.
2 How do geologists define a mineral? How many minerals have been identified so 2
far?
i) Geologists define mineral as a ‘homogenous naturally occurring substance with a
definable internal structure’.
ii) Over 2000 minerals have been identified. Only a few minerals are found
abundantly in most of the rocks.
3 Define rocks. 1
Rocks are combination of homogenous substances called minerals.
4 Which are the properties used by the geologists to classify minerals? 2
i) A particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements
depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material
forms.
ii) This in turn, results in a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster and
density that a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use these properties to
classify the minerals.
5 How do geographers and geologists differ in their interests in minerals? 3
i) Geographers study minerals as a part of the earth’s crust for a better
understanding of landforms.
ii) The distribution of minerals resources and associated economic activities are of
interest to geographers.
iii) A geologist is interested in the formation of minerals, their age, physical and
chemical composition are of interest to geologist.
6 Where are minerals usually found? What is an ‘Ore’? 2
Minerals are usually found in ores. Ore is an accumulation of minerals mixed with other
elements.

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7 How are minerals classified? 3
We can classify minerals as:
i) Metallic minerals can be subdivided into Ferrous, Non-ferrous and Precious
metals. Ferrous Minerals-E.g. iron ore and manganese. Non-ferrous Minerals-E.g.
copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, tin, etc. Precious Metals-E.g. Gold, silver, platinum, etc.
ii) Non-metallic minerals - E.g. mica, limestone, granite, sandstone, potash, salt, etc.
iii) Energy minerals- E.g. Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
8 Analyse the various mode of formation of minerals with suitable examples. 5
In igneous and In sedimentary Decompositi As Alluvial In ocean
metamorphic rocks on of surface deposits waters
rocks rocks
Occur in cracks, Occur in beds or As a residual Occur in Ocean
crevices, faults and layers. mass of sands of waters and
joints. weathered valley ocean beds
material. floors and contain vast
base of quantities of
hills. minerals.
In most cases they 1. Formed as a Involves the Contain These are
are formed when result of decompositio minerals too widely
minerals in liquid accumulation n of surface that are not diffused to
or molten and and concentration rocks, and the corroded by be of
gaseous forms are in horizontal removal of water. economic
forced upward strata under great soluble significance.
through cavities heat and pressure constituents,
towards the earth’s 2. Formed as a Containing
surface. They cool result of ores.
and solidify as evaporation in arid
they rise. regions.
Examples: Tin, 1. Examples: Coal, Example: Examples: Examples:
copper, some forms of iron Bauxite Gold, Common
lead and zinc ore silver, tin, salt,
2. Examples: platinum magnesium,
Gypsum, potash bromine and
and sodium salt manganese
nodules.
9 Mention the reasons for the variations in the distribution of minerals in India. 1
The variations in the distribution of minerals exist largely because of the differences in
the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
10 ‘The mineral resources in India are unevenly distributed’. Support the statement 3
with proper illustrations.
India has rich and varied mineral resources but these are unevenly distributed.
i) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and
many other non-metallic minerals.
ii) Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula in Gujarat
and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
iii) Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula has reserves of many non-
ferrous minerals. The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost devoid of
economic minerals.

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11 Mention the factors that play an important role in affecting the economic viability 1
of a reserve.
The concentration of minerals in the ore, the ease of extraction and closeness to the
market play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve.
12 Give two examples on the important iron ore found in India. 2
Magnetite Hematite
1 Finest ore with 70% iron 1 50-60% iron content.
content.
2 Excellent magnetic 2 Important industrial iron ore in terms of
qualities, use in electrical quantity used.
industry.
13 What are the uses of Manganese? How much manganese is required to produce one 2
tonne of steel?
i) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese
alloy. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
ii) Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to produce 1 tonne of steel.

14 Give an account of major iron belts in India. 5

Odisha- Durg-Bastar- Ballari- Maharashtra-
Jharkhand belt Chandrapur belt Chitradurga- Goa belt
Chikkamagaluru
Tumakuru belt
a) In Odisha high a) In Chhattisgarh a) Karnataka has a) In Goa and
grade haematite and Maharashtra large reserves of Ratnagiri district
ore is found in high grade iron ore. of Maharashtra.
Badampahar haematites are b) Kudremukh b) The ores are not
mines in found in Bailadila mines in Western of very high
Mayurbhanj and range of hills in the Ghats of Karnataka quality.
Kendujhar Bastar district. have 100% export c) Exported
districts. b) 14 deposits of unit and it is known through
b) In the adjoining super grade ore are to be one of the Marmagao port.
Singhbhum used for steel largest in the world.
district of making. Exported c) Ore is
Jharkhand. to Japan and Korea transported as
haematite iron ore via slurry through a
is mined in Gua Vishakhapatnam pipeline to a port
and Noamundi. port. near Mangalore.
15 Name the non-ferrous minerals found in India and what are their uses? 1
(i) The non-ferrous minerals found in India are Copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold.
(ii) They play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical
industries.
16 How bauxite deposits are formed? 1
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in
aluminium silicates.

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17 Give an account of copper, bauxite, mica and limestone. 5

Non-Ferrous Non-Ferrous Non-metallic Rock mineral

mineral mineral mineral
Copper Bauxite Mica Limestone
a) Balaghat mines in a) In a) Found in the a) Found in
Madhya Pradesh, Amarkantak northern edge of association with
Singhbhum district of plateau, Maikal Chotanagpur rocks containing
Jharkhand and Khetri hills and plateau plateau. calcium carbonate
mines in Rajasthan region of Koderma Gaya- or calcium and
are the leading Bilaspur-Katni. Hazaribagh belt of magnesium
poducers of copper. Panchpatmali Jharkhand is the carbonates. It is
deposits in leading producer, found in
Koraput district Ajmer in Rajasthan sedimentary rocks
are the most and Nellore in of most geological
important Andhra Pradesh are formations.
deposits. important producers
of Mica.
b) Used in electrical b) Odisha is the b) Used in electric b) Basic raw
cables, electronics largest bauxite and electronic material in cement
and chemical producing state industries. industry and
industries as it is in India in essential for
malleable, ductile 2016-17. smelting iron ore in
and a good blast furnace.
conductor.
18 How is aluminium obtained? Why is aluminium considered to be an important 2
metal?
i) It is from bauxite, a clay-like substance that alumina and later aluminium is
obtained.
ii) Aluminium is considered to be an important metal because it combines the
strength of metals as iron, with extreme lightness, with good conductivity and
also with great malleability.
19 In which colours mica can be found? Why is mica one of the most indispensable 2
minerals?
i) Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown.
ii) Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating
properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable
minerals.
20 Name the basic raw material for the cement industry. 1
Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry.
21 ‘It is necessary to conserve minerals.’ Support the statement with valid reasons. 3
It is necessary to conserve minerals due to the following reasons:
i) Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable resources.
ii) Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived
possessions.
iii) Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction
comes from greater depths and along with decrease in quality.

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22 Examine the measures to be taken to conserve minerals. 3
The following measures are to be taken for the conservation minerals.
i) Use mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
ii) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade
ores at low costs.
iii) Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes.
23 ‘Mining has a great impact on health of the miners and environment.’ Justify the 3
statement. Suggest few measures to prevent mining from becoming a “killer
industry”.
Miners:
i) The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners makes them vulnerable to
pulmonary diseases.
ii) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a
constant threat to miners.
Environment:
The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. Dumping of waste and
slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and increase in stream and river pollution.
The two factors that are essential to prevent mining from becoming a “killer industry":
i) Stricter safety regulations.
ii) Implementation of environmental laws.
ENERGY RESOURCES
24 What are the uses of energy resources? 1
To cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in
industries.
25 Name the Fuel minerals. 1
Coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium are called fuel minerals.
26 Distinguish between Conventional and Non-conventional sources of energy. 1

Conventional Sources of Energy Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

a. Sources of energy that are in use a. Sources of energy that have been
for a long period of time. discovered recently.
b. Examples: Firewood, cattle dung b. Examples: Solar energy, wind energy,
cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, geo-thermal energy and biogas.
hydro and thermal electricity.
27 ‘India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its energy requirements.’ In the light 3
of this statement examine the uses of coal.
i) Coal provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
ii) It is used for power generation.
iii) It is used to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
28 'Coal is found in a variety of forms'. Why? 1
Coal is found in a variety of forms due to the degree of compression and the depth of the
coal and time of burial.
29 What are the uses of Petroleum or Mineral oil? 3
Petroleum or Mineral oil has following uses: -
i) It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
ii) It provides lubricants for machinery.
iii) It provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
30 'Heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coal fields'. 1
Give reason.
Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Hence, heavy
industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coal fields.
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31 Distinguish between the Gondwana geological age and Tertiary geological age. 3

Gondwana Geological Age Tertiary Geological Age

1. It is 200 million years old. 1. It is 55 million years old.
2. The major resources of Gondwana coal 2. Found in the north eastern states
which are metallurgical coal, are located in of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal
Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Pradesh and Nagaland.
Important Coal fields-Raniganj, Jharia and
Bokaro. Also found in the Godavari,
Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys.
32 For which industries do petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’? 1
Petroleum acts as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous
chemical industries.
33 Describe the four types of coals found in India. 5
Four types of coal found in India are the following:

Anthracite
Peat coal Lignite coal Bituminous coal
coal
a) Decaying a) Lignite is a low a) Coal that has been a) It is the
plants in swamps grade brown coal, buried deep and highest
produce peat. which is soft with subjected to increased quality of
b) It has a low high moisture temperatures is hard coal.
carbon and high content. called bituminous coal.
moisture b) Principal b) It is the most popular
contents and low lignite reserves coal in commercial use.
heating capacity. are in Neyveli in c) Metallurgical coal is
Tamil Nadu and high grade bituminous
are used for coal which has special
generation of value for smelting iron in
electricity. blast furnaces.

34 Examine the geological formation of petroleum in India. 3

i) Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and
fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In the regions of folding,
anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
ii) The oil-bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may
flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous
layers.
iii) Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
Gas being lighter usually occurs above the oil.

35 Give an account of the distribution of petroleum in India. State the important oil 3
fields in those regions.
Petroleum is found in the following areas:
i) Mumbai High: India’s 63 percent of petroleum production comes from Mumbai
High.
ii) Gujarat Region: It produces about 18 percent of India’s petroleum. Ankeleshwar
is the most important field of Gujarat.
iii) Assam Region: Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. It produces 16
percent of India’s petroleum. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the
important oil fields of India.

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36 Why is natural gas considered as an environment friendly fuel? What are the uses 1
of natural gas?
i) Natural gas is considered as an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon
dioxide emissions and is therefore the fuel for the present century.
ii) It is used as a source of energy as well as industrial raw materials in the
petrochemical industry.
37 Give an account of the distribution of natural gas in India. 3
i) Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari
basin.
ii) Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are
supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
iii) Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also important areas having large reserves of
natural gas.
38 State two characteristics of Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) gas pipeline. 3
i) HVJ gas pipeline is 1700 km longs.
ii) It connects Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur.
iii) It is a cross country gas pipeline links that Mumbai High and Bassien with the
fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.
39 Name two industries which are the key users of natural gas. 1
Power industry and fertilizer industry are the two industries which are the key users of
natural gas.
40 Which gas has replaced liquid fuels for vehicles? 1
Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining
wide popularity in the country.
41 How is electricity generated in India? 1
Electricity is generated mainly by running water and burning of fossil fuels.

42 Distinguish between the Hydro-electricity and Thermal electricity. 3

Thermal electricity Hydro-electricity
a) This type of electricity is a) Running water drives hydro turbines
generated by using coal, to generate hydro- electricity.
petroleum and natural gas. b) It is generated by renewable sources
b) The thermal power stations use of energy.
non- renewable fossil fuels for c) There are many multi-purpose river
generating electricity. valley projects such as Bhakra
c) There are over 310 thermal Nangal, Damodar Valley
power plants in India. Corporation, Kopili Hydel Project
etc.

43 How is nuclear or atomic energy obtained? 2

i) Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
ii) When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and
this is used to generate electric power.
44 Where are the nuclear minerals found in India? 2
i) Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges
of
Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power.
ii) The Monazite sand of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.

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45 Name four raw materials used in the production of biogas for domestic 2
consumption in rural areas. What is the advantage of biogas?
i) Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste.
ii) Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency
in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
46 What are ‘Gobar Gas plants’? What twin benefits do they give to the farmer? 2
i) The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’.
ii) Twin benefits-provides energy and improved quality of manure.
47 Give two reasons to justify that biogas is the most efficient use of cattle dung. 1
i) It improves the quality of manure.
ii) It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow
dung cakes.
48 How can ocean tides be used to generate electricity? 3
i) Floodgate dams are built across inlets.
ii) During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is
closed.
iii) After the tide fall outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows
back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through power generating turbine.
49 Which region in India provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy? 1
In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat on the western coast and
Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for
utilising tidal energy.
50 What is geothermal energy? Name two experimental projects located in India to 3
harness geothermal energy.
i) Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat
from the interior of the earth.
ii) The Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and The Puga Valley,
Ladakh.
51 Why does geothermal energy exist? 3
The geothermal energy exists because of the following reasons:
i) The earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth.
ii) Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow
depths.
iii) Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so
hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used
to drive turbines and generate electricity.
52 ‘Energy saved is energy produced’. Examine the cautious steps that could be 3
adopted for the judicious use of limited energy resources.
i) As concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead
of individual vehicles.
ii) Using non-conventional sources of energy.
iii) Switching off electricity when not in use and using power-saving devices.
53 ‘There a pressing need to use renewable energy resources.’ Justify the statement. 3
There is a pressing need to use renewable resources due to the following reasons:
i) The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming
increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
ii) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties
about the security of energy supply in future which in turn has serious
repercussions on the growth of national economy.
iii) Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.

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 54 Examine the implication of the use of solar energy in India. 5
OR
Imagine you are going to attend an interview for the post of solar energy consultant.
You have to prove in the interview that solar energy holds the key to a brighter and
sustainable future for India. Highlight the points that you will speak to impress the
interview panel regarding the bright future of solar energy in India.

i) India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the

year. Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
ii) Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
iii) It is expected that use of solar energy will minimize the dependence of rural
households on firewood and dung cakes.
iv) More use of solar energy will contribute to environmental conservation. It will
also ensure adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
v) As technology continues to advance, solar energy solutions are becoming more
efficient, affordable, and accessible. Innovations such as solar panels with higher
energy conversion rates, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies are
paving the way for a future powered by clean energy.
55 Differentiate between Natural gas and Biogas. 5

Natural gas Biogas

1. It is obtained by the decomposition
1. It is associated with or without petroleum.
of organic matter.
2. Used in urban areas. 2. Used in rural areas.
3. Exhaustible and Non-replenishable. 3. Inexhaustible and replenishable.
4. Used for domestic and industrial purposes. 4. Used for domestic purposes only.
5. Gives less thermal energy. 5. Gives higher thermal energy.

Q.No MULTIPLE CHOICE, ASSERTION-REASON & SOURCE -BASED QUESTIONS Marks

1 Where is the largest wind farm cluster located in India? 1
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Kerala c) Karnataka d) Tamil Nadu
2 ‘M’ finds a piece of mineral lying on the ground. His friend looks at it and tells that India 1
is deficient in this mineral reserve and he can find its reserves in Balghat mines and
Khetri mines. Based on this information, help ‘M’ to find its best application.

a) Used in the electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries

b) Used as a fuel for heat and lighting
c) Used as a semi-precious stone in the Jewellery Industry
d) Used in tapping solar energy
3 Name the basic raw material for the cement industry. 1
a) Zinc b) Limestone c) Gold d) Mica

4 The larger occurrences of minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks are called: 1
a) Veins b) Lodes c) Beds d) Layers

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5 What role is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) playing for vehicles? 1
a) Large reserves of Natural gas b) Replacing liquid fuels
c) Hardly any role d) More CNG vehicles are coming about
6 Which of the following is the oldest oil producing state of India? 1
a) Gujarat b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Assam d) Andaman and Nicobar Island
7 Which one of the following is largely derived from ocean water? 1
a) Bauxite b) Magnesium c) Gold d) Mica

8 The highest quality of hard coal is: 1

a) Lignite b) Bituminous c) Peat d) Anthracite
9 Which one of the following non-conventional sources of energy is harnessed in the 1
Parvati Valley near Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh?
a) Tidal Energy b) Geothermal Energy
c) Wind Energy d) Solar Energy
10 In which of the following iron ore belts, Kudremukh mines are located? 1
a) Odisha-Jharkhand belt
b) Maharashtra-Goa belt
c) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
d) Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru- Tumakuru belt
11 Large reserves of _________________ have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari 1
river basin.
a) Natural gas b) Lignite c) Coal d) Petroleum
12 Koraput has rich deposits of ______________________. 1
a) Lead b) Bauxite c) Iron ore d) Manganese
13 Coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done by family members in the form of a long 1
narrow tunnel, known as _________________________ mining.
a) Rathole b) Opencast mining
c) Underground mining d) Openpit mining
14 __________________ is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. 1
a) Copper b) Zinc c) Mica d) Limestone
15 Which one of the following is not a drawback of nuclear power plants? 1
a) Generation of nuclear waste b) Risk of accidents
c) High cost of construction d) Renewable source of energy

16 Choose the correctly matched pair from the following: 1

a) Kalol Oil- fields - Gujarat
b) Bauxite Mines - Maharashtra
c) Chandrapur Thermal Power Plant - Odisha
d) Mayurbhanj Iron Ore Mines - Jharkhand

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17 In the question given below there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and 1
Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion: Natural gas is referred to as an environment friendly fuel.
Reason: Natural gas contains low carbon dioxide emissions.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
18 In the question given below there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and 1
Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion: Mining activity is often called a “Killer Industry”.
Reason: Stricter safety regulations and implementation of environmental laws are
essential to prevent mining.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
19 In the question given below there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and 1
Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion: Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.
Reason: There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate
electricity.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
1 SOURCE-BASED QUESTION: 4
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most
cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced
upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise.
Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and
lodes. In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have
been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal
strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods
under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum,
potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid
regions. Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the
removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing
ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
i) Mention the mode of occurrence of minerals in igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary rocks. (2)
ii) Give examples of minerals formed in sedimentary rocks. (1)
iii) How is bauxite formed? (1)

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 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS IN CBSE BOARD EXAMINATIONS
1 Name the mine and state from which lignite coal is obtained. 1

2 State ways of conserving minerals. 1

3 Explain the cautious steps that could be adopted for the judicious use of limited 3
energy resources.
4 Write the two important uses of Manganese ore, coal, bauxite, lead, Uranium. 1
5 What is the implication of use of solar energy in India? 3

6 Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples. 3

7 Describe the need to develop wind energy and solar energy to solve the energy crisis in 3
India.
8 Describe in detail coal under the following heads: 3
a. Distribution of coal in India. 4
b. Demerits of Indian coal.
9 What are the impacts of mining on health of the miners and environment? Which two 3
factors are essential to prevent mining from becoming a “killer industry”?
10 Distinguish between Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. 3

11 Name any one fuel used to generate thermal electricity. 1

12 How minerals are formed in sedimentary rocks? Name any two mineral formed due to 3
evaporation especially in arid region.
13 How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give your suggestions. 3

14 Describe any three characteristics of Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru 3

iron-ore belt in India.
15 Why should we use renewable energy resources? Explain with arguments. 5

16 ‘The mineral resources in India are unevenly distributed’. Support the statement with 5
proper illustrations.
17 Analyse any three ways to conserve energy resources. 3

18 ‘Energy is required for all activities.’ Support the statement with examples. 3

19 Explain any three characteristics of ‘Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur iron-ore belt’ in India. 3

20 ‘Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks.’ Examine the statement with 2
example.
21 ‘The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.’ Examine the statement with 2
example.

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