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DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Lecture Notes On

Technical Communication (BAS-301)

B.Tech. / 2nd Year / 3rd Sem.

AKTU

ABHAY AGARWAL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


MODULE –I
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION &VOICE DYNAMICS

“COMMUNICATION IS THE KEY”

The word communication comes from the Latin word ‘communicare’, meaning ‘to share, to impart, or
exchange useful of beneficial thoughts. Its literal meaning is ‘giving or sharing information’.

“Communication is a process of sharing information”. The word process suggests that


communication exists as a flow through a sequence or series of steps.

Communication is a dynamic interactive process that involves the effective transmission of facts, ideas,
thoughts, feelings, and values. It is not passive and does not just happen. We actively and consciously
engage in communication in order to develop the information and understanding required for effective
group functioning. It is dynamic because it involves a variety of forces and activities interacting over a
period of time.

Process of communication:

Communications is a continuous process that mainly involves three elements viz. sender, message, and receiver.
The elements involved in the communication process are explained below in detail:

1. Message
It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, etc. that is generated by the sender and is then intended to be
communicated further.

2. Sender
The sender or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to the receiver. He is the source and the
one who starts the communication

3. Encoding
The message generated by the sender is encoded symbolically such as in the form of words, pictures, gestures,
etc. before it is being conveyed.
ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
4. Medium
It is the manner in which the encoded message is transmitted. The message may be transmitted orally or in
writing. The medium of communication includes telephone, internet, post, fax, e-mail, etc. The choice of medium
is decided by the sender.

5. Receiver
He is the person who is last in the chain and for whom the message was sent by the sender. Once the receiver
receives the message and understands it in proper perspective and acts according to the message, only then the
purpose of communication is successful.

6. Decoding
It is the process of converting the symbols encoded by the sender. After decoding the message is received by the
receiver.

7. Feedback
Once the receiver confirms to the sender that he has received the message and understood it, the process of
communication is complete.

Role Or Purpose of communication: The purpose of communication is to inquire, inform, persuade,


entertain, request and investigate. A single message can have one or more of the following purposes:

1. Flow of Information:
The relevant information must flow continuously from top to bottom and vice versa. The staff at all levels
must be kept informed about the organizational objectives and other developments taking place in the
organization. A care should be taken that no one should be misinformed. The information should reach the
incumbent in the language he or she can understand better. The use of difficult words should be avoided. The
right information should reach the right person, at right time through the right person.

2. Coordination: it is through communication the efforts of all the staff working in the organization can be
coordinated for the accomplishment of the organizational goals. The coordination of all personnel’s and their
efforts is the essence of management which can be attained through effective communication.

3. Learning Management Skills:


The communication facilitates flow of information, ideas, beliefs, perception, advice, opinion, orders and
instructions etc. both ways which enable the managers and other supervisory staff to learn managerial skills

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


through experience of others. The experience of the sender of the message gets reflected in its which the
person at the receiving end can learn by analyzing and understanding it.

4. Preparing People to Accept Change:


The proper and effective communication is an important tool in the hands of management of any organization
to bring about overall change in the organizational policies, procedures and work style and make the staff to
accept and respond positively.

5. Developing Good Human Relations:


Managers and workers and other staff exchange their ideas, thoughts and perceptions with each other through
communication. This helps them to understand each other better. They realize the difficulties faced by their
colleagues at the workplace. This leads to promotion of good human relations in the organization.

Some other specific purpose of communication is:

1. To convey information/opinion

2. To convince

3. To persuade

4. To entertain

Features of Communication

1) Use of familiar and easy words: Only familiar and easy words should be used,
complicated words should be avoided.
2) Use of clear sentences: Simple sentence structure should be used. Normal word order of Subject –
Verb – Object should be followed.
3) Use of sentences of moderate length. (12 to 25 words): Sentences of 12 to 25 words only
should be used.
4) Use of active voice: Active voice should be used as it is easy to understand and emphasis is laid on the
subject and not on the object.
5) Avoid redundant phrases (lengthy and incorrect expressions) and use concise word or phrase.
6) Avoid Repetition: Repetition should be avoided as it can mar the beauty of expression.
7) Accuracy: Accuracyincludesaccuracyofinformationaswellasaccuracyofexpression.

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


8) Logical division of paragraphs: Paragraphs should be logically divided; as a paragraph
should convey only a single idea. If there is more than one idea then write those many numbers of
paragraphs.
9) Proper mechanical means to convey information: Select the most suitable technique to carry
your message, e.g. – underline, bold letter, italics, box, use of colored pen etc.
Types of Communication:

Verbal Communication: Communication with the words is called Verbal communication which can be
written or oral. Language is the most common medium of communication .Most of our communication takes
place through words. Although we communicate many things non- verbally but it has its limits to what one
can communicate without the help of language. It is the central to our nature as human beings .It is known as
social artifact- a tool. There are many forms in which verbal communication take place. For example : a
message may be conveyed on the telephone or face to face or send it by an email and in response receiver can
select his form of his/her choice.
The medium of verbal communication is mainly of two types:
A. Written Communication
B. Oral Communication
Introduction to oral communication The word ‘oral’ comes from the Latin word for mouth. Oral
communication is a communication by speaking rather than in some other way – for example, writing. You
will also be looking at ways of listening to others – an important skill in many everyday situations. Oral skills
– both speaking and listening – are at the very foundation of literacy. Classroom talk helps students to learn, to
reflect on what they are learning, and to communicate their knowledge and understanding. The strategies in
this section provide simple but powerful tools for improving communication in every classroom and all
subject areas. Whatever you teach, these tools can help you to obtain more precise information about what
your students know and can do. This, in turn, can help you to provide better feedback and guidance.

Non-Verbal Communication: When the communication takes place without using words or language .

1. Formal Communication
Formal communications are the one that flows through the official channels designed in the organizational chart.
It may take place between a superior and a subordinate, a subordinate and a superior or among the same cadre
employees or managers. These communications can be oral or in writing and are generally recorded and filed in
the office.

2. Informal Communication
Any communication that takes place without following the formal channels of communication is said to
be informal communication. Informal communication is often referred to as the ‘grapevine’ as it spreads
throughout the organization and in all directions without any regard to the levels of authority.

Informal communication spreads rapidly, often gets distorted and it is very difficult to detect the source of such
communication. It also leads to rumors which are not true. People’s behavior is often affected by rumors and
informal discussions which sometimes may hamper the work environment.

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Flow of communication at work place: communication is very essential for an organization. No
organization can exist without proper network which maintains the flow of information. It flows in an
organization both formally and informally.

Formal Informal
Downward communication
1. D
Upward communication Grapevine
ownw
Horizontal/Lateral communication
Diagonal/Cross-wise communication ard
comm
unication: When the information flows in an organization from higher authority to those at the lower, is
known as downward communication. It is a communication from decision maker to worker or senior to
their subordinates. It can be an instruction, advice, explanation of a procedure which is purely formal in
form. It can be used to pass routine information, new policies etc. It can take any form like notice, face to
face or telephonically.
Main function:
The main function of downward communication is providing direction and control. It involves
the transfer of information, instruction, advice, request, feedback and ideas to the subordinate
staff. It increases staff awareness and facilitates implementation of:
New policies Guidelines
Decisions Evaluations
Performance appraisal of employees.
Examples of Downward Communication:
A communication from General Manager of a company to the branch managers is an
example of downward communication.
Other examples of downward communication include-
 Annual Confidential reports
 Performance appraisals
 Notices
 Project feed back
 Announcements of company policies
 Official instructions
Forms of downward communication may include-
 Notes
 Notices
 Memos

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


 Telephone conversations
 Voice mails
 Emails
 Face to face Communication

Advantage:
a. In this communication we have got a systematic flow of information means if the information is
related to a person then only passes to them.

b. It may strengthen the relation between higher and lower authority.


c. Manipulation can be reduced.

Disadvantage:
a. It consumes a lot of time because it stands for lot of formality.

2. Upward communication: reports and responses of the lower authority to inform their superior on the
enquiry or instruction are called upward communication. The basic purpose of this flow is to develop
faith or trust and to give importance to the other authority.
Since upward communication involves the transfer of – information, request and feedback from
subordinates to their seniors, it promotes better working relationships within an organization by giving
the subordinate staff opportunities to share their views and ideas with their supervisors. It facilitates
employee involvement in the decision making process.

Upward Communication is:


Communication from sub-ordinate to superior.
Communication from employees to management.
Communication from workers to decision makers

Examples of upward communication include –


 Business proposals
 Suggestion box
 Exit interviews
 Grievance redressed committees

Advantage:
a. Some useful suggestion and information can be made in this process.
b. Lower authority gets the chance to interact with the higher authority.
c. Lower authority feels him as the important part of the organization.
ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Disadvantage:
a. It consumes a lot of time because of the involvement of higher authority.

3. Horizontal/Lateral communication: This form of communication takes place among same rank or status
or peer group of employee. In other words, when the employees of same rank or status are
communicating with each other, is known as horizontal communication.
It takes place between professional peer groups or people working on the same level of hierarchy. It is
the communication among workers at the same level. The main objectives of horizontal
communication are -
Developing teamwork and Promoting group coordination within an organization. Horizontal
communication is less formal and structured than both downward and upward communication
and may be carried out through –
 Informal discussions
 Management gossip
 Telephone calls

Advantage: a. it saves time and bridges the gap among department organization.
b. In this flow employees are free to communicate the way they want because there is no
such issue of reputation or class.
c. They may adept informal ways to communicate formal ideas.

Disadvantage: a. it may create conflict among employee.

b. employee may create negative tendency because of that they may not share the right
information.

Diagonal / Cross-wise Communication: When the employees of different department or status share
information by cutting across a function in between, is known as diagonal or crosswise
communication. Diagonal communication flows in all directions.
As the diagonal channel occurs between people who do not have to follow rigid norms of
communication protocol.

Advantage: a. it provides freedom to the lowest authority to express their thoughts and idea.

Disadvantage: a. it may break their relation with the rest of the classes.

GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION:
ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Grapevine communication is an informal flow of organizational communication. when the employee of
different department meet with each other during lunch break, canteen session or outside somewhere they
share some of the official information along with personal i.e. known as Grapevine communication.

It helps to enhance the interaction among the employee and develop interpersonal relation between them. It
can complement the formal channel by providing a speed to formal flow of communication. It contains useful
informational about attitude, opinion, view and problem of employee, but the information which flows in the
grapevine sometimes leads to confusion & create negative environment for which no one can be held
responsible, that’s why Grapevine communication is also known as “Necessary Evil”.

Example:

1 If The employee of different department are working on same project but because of their hectic schedule
they don’t meet very often so during lunch or canteen session if they discuss about the project so not only it
helps the project but also the organization .

2 If the information shared through grapevine, carries some important and secret detail about an organization,
leaks out so it can damage the organization as well.

Highlighted Points of Grapevine:

a. It develops Interpersonal relation.

b. It bridges the gap among the employee.

c. It provides speed to the formal channel.

d. It can create confusion & some time destructs the organization.

e. It can be a rumor as well.

BARRIER TO THE COMMUNICATION:


The element that obstructs the free flow of communication from sender to receiver is known as barrier to
communication.
A barrier acts like a sieve allowing a part of message to pass through it and checks some of the
information as a result desired response is not possible. There are mainly four types of barrier:

1. Noise: Noise is defined as unplanned and unwanted sound that disturbs the communication process
which causes the barrier in the transmission of message. It effects the interpretation or decoding
part of communication.
Example: DJ sound from outside disturb the communication environment of the class.

2. Physics Barrier: (It is also known as channel noise) If the problem occurs in the mechanism of the device
ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
that is used to pass the information from sender to receiver known as Physical barrier.
Example: Disturbance in Mic , Network issue in Mobile, poor internet connection , poor hand writing.

3. Semantic Barrier: This barrier is generated internally causing a error in the message itself. It may be
because of connotative language allowing the meaning to be interpreted differently by sender and
receiver. Example: Bimonthly, Right

4. Psychological barrier: When a person is not in state of mind that he/she can express or receive the
thought then it can it termed as Psychological barrier. Example: Excessive happiness or sadness.

CLASSIFICATION OF BARRIER:

According to the process of message formation and the factor that cause the barrier we can classify the
barrier in following types:

1. Intrapersonal barrier
2. Interpersonal barrier
3. Organizational barrier

1. INTRAPERSONAL BARRIER: This occurs due to the difference in experience; education; personality.
Each of us interprets the message differently. Certain common things are responsible for interpersonal barrier
.Factors as follows:

i. Wrong assumption: This particular barrier occurs due to the premeditated thought of sender. In order to
prevent this barrier we must empathize with the receiver or try to understand his background.
Example: When a patient moves to doctor and describe his problem, if without having knowledge of his
background doctor delivers the ideas in medical terms so this creates a problem between doctor and patient. In
this doctor was premeditated that patient can understand medical terms.
i. Varied Perception: Every individual has his own opinion and the way of thinking, each one of us react /
respond differently to a given situation that is known as varied perception.
Example: Many people believe in their hard work in order to achieve success while some other thinks
manipulation is the best option that’s why we have two different opinions on same topic.
ii. Differing background: No two people have a similar background, people may vary in education, status, and
culture etc .A background plays a very important role in interpreting the message.
Example: 1.If two people are belonging to different religion so because of their different background they

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


cannot communicate properly.

2. A person from north India and another from south India.


iv. Categorical Thinking : This particular barrier exist among Pansophist . Pan sophists are those who claim
that they know everything about a particular topic and that’s why they refuse to accept any further
information. The clue to detect these types of person nobody, never, always, every time, etc.

2. INTERPERSONAL BARRIER: Interpersonal barrier occurs due to inappropriate transfer of information


between two or more people .The most common factors are:

i. Limited Vocabulary: An inadequate vocabulary can be a major obstacle in communication. Many a


times we fumble or find lack of words to express our ideas. This barrier can be removed by following
ways :
a. Using dictionary to learn new words and meaning
b. Always have a wide variety of synonyms, antonyms and homophones.
c. Many words have a common building block we should try to understand the structure and form new
words.
ii. Emotional Outburst: A moderate level of emotional involvement intensifies the communication and it
can create an obstacle to it.
Example: Extreme anger can create a wrong judgment.
iii. Poor listening skill: This barrier is very common. We must remember that listening and hearing are not
the same. Hearing is passive exercise while listening is careful attention and an accurate decoding of
message. Various distractions that hinder listening like emotional disturbance, wandering attention due
this often conflict and misunderstanding takes place.

3. Organizational barrier : In an organization there are many levels where a message has a greater chance
to get distorted .This occurs due to lack of concentration or people’s tendency to leak out a part of
message .It may occur due to following factors:

i. Too many transfer station: If a message is passing through various link then there are greater possibility
of distortion of that message. it gets distorted at each level not only because of poor listening skill and
lack of concentration but also because of negative tendency. It order to avoid it we can intercom and
email.

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


ii. Negative tendency: This barrier occurs due to interpersonal barrier. Some people may develop negative
tendency and that’s why they hide some of the information which results to inappropriate message and
causes barrier. It can be because of jealousy as well.
iii. Use of inappropriate media: The common media that are being used in various departments like
telephone email etc. While selecting a means we have to remember its advantage and disadvantage.
We must consider following point :

a. Time saving
b. It must not add to the cost of that
c. Type of message
d. Audience.

Example: In order to convey a confidential message telephone is not appropriate means.

7C's of Communication: In order to make the communication more effective one must adopt these seven C's
which makes the message easier to comprehend. These seven C's are:-

1) Completeness: Every communication must be complete which leads to desired result. If


communicator provides all necessary information to the people who need them for effective working.
2) Conciseness: Relevant information should be conveyed briefly. A precise message saves time and
energy. A communication can be made concise by following ways:-
i. Eliminate unnecessary words and phrases
ii. Shorten long words
iii. Avoid repetition
iv. Organize properly

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


3) Clarity: Clarity prevents confusion. Familiar words should be used to make the sentence more
communicative following tips to attain clarity:-
i. Break long sentences
ii. Parallel structure should be used
iii. Clarity sentence structure
4) Correctness: Correct facts should be transmitted in correct language one must find the accuracy of
factors and words and should remove grammatical errors.
5) Concreteness: Message should be definite and properly communicated. We should ask following
question for the concreteness:-
i. Is the information accurate?
ii. Is it relevant to audience?
iii. Have you provided enough information?
6) Consideration: The presenter should focus on the need of emotions and level of comprehension of the
audience. The following consideration should be kept in mind and practiced for effective
communication:-
i. Focus on 'You' not on ' I ’ or 'We'.
ii. Positive points should be emphasized.
iii. Appropriate channel and medium should be selected for the purpose.
7) Courtesy: We should establish good relationship with the audience. 'You Attitude' should be
maintained throughout the communication process.

Code: A code may be defined as- “Any group of symbols that can be structured in a way that is
meaningful to another person.” A code has a group of elements (vocabulary) and a set of procedures for
combining these elements meaningfully (syntax).
Or
A code is set of instruction /set of arrangement / ordering of information or designing of message in such a
manner that receiver can comprehend the message easily.

Content/Message:
The message that is selected by the source to express its purpose is called content. Content, like codes, has
both element and structure. When more than one piece of information is to be presented, they should have
some order or structure.

Stimulus and response are the two terms that are frequently used in any discussion on the communication
process. A ‘stimulus’ is anything that a person can receive through one of his senses. In fact, it is anything that
can produce a sensation and a ‘response’ is anything that an individual does as a reaction to the stimulus.
ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
These two terms, stimulus and response, are ultimately connected with the whole learning process. The
communication objective of the source is to bring about a change in the behavior of the receiver.
The whole communication process consists of the following:
1. The sender—the source of the message
2. The encoding process
3. The channel used
4. The decoding process
5. The receiver—the person who receives the message
At each stage of the communication process there is a possibility of error. Communication skills help avoid
such errors, so that the message can glide easily through all the stages of the process and reach the receiver.
a. Source:
1. The source, in any communication process, is the most critical part of the communication process. The
message has to be planned and prepared for features including articulation clarity, amplitude and modulation,
pauses and pitch.
2. The sender must be conscious that non-verbal components of the communication are also transmitted
through the channel.
3. The source of the message has great responsibility.
4. He should have an idea about the receiver. It may be also that he wants to convey his message to a group of
persons.
5. Finally, at the end of the communication, he must satisfy himself that the intent of the communication has
been met.

b. The Encoding Process:


In the process of encoding, the sender (i.e. encoder) uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images, video) and non-
verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions) symbols for which he or she believes the receiver
(that is, the decoder) will understand.
The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions. It is very important
how a message will be encoded; it partially depends on the purpose of the message. Any flaw might distort
the meaning of the message he wants to convey.
c. The Channel:
1. Messages are conveyed through various channels. Any written communication such as emails, organization
memos and formal letters are examples of channels. Face-to-face meetings, video conferencing, telephonic
conversation, PC-to-PC communication, .webcast etc., are different communication channels.

d. The Decoding Process:


1. Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding.
2. The decoding of a message is how an audience member is able to understand, and interpret the message.
3. It is a process of interpretation and translation of coded information into a comprehensible form.
4. The audience is trying to reconstruct the idea by giving meanings to symbols and by interpreting the
message as a whole.
5. Effective communication is accomplished only when the message is received and understood in the
intended way.
6. Here the person decoding the message through a particular channel such as a letter, e mail, telephone, etc.,
must be capable of understanding that message.
7. He must have enough knowledge to understand that message.

e. The Receiver:
ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
The person receiving the message should be prepared for the message. Visual reaction to a message takes on
the role of a sender and responds. At other times, the receiver of the message may show his visual reaction to
the message through non-verbal communication.

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Pronunciation is a unique concept in English language which is based on the study of sounds known as
Phonetics. In English, the letters are combined in 26 alphabets but the English pronunciation has a total of 44
letters which are broadly divided into vowels and consonants. The vowels are further divided into
Monophthongs and Diphthongs.
Phonetics –
The standard form of pronunciation is based on symbols known as International Phonetic Alphabet (I.P.A).
The study of these symbols (sounds) is known as Phonetics. These sounds are divided into :
a) Vowel sounds
Vowel sounds are made up from vowels a,e,i,o,u. These symbols have various sound patterns like:
e (ए) dress, bed, head, many
æ (ए) trap, bad ,cat ,mat
ʊ (ए) foot, good, put
iː (ए) fleece, see,sea,tree
əʊ (ए) goat, show, no,know

b) Consonant sounds
It is a speech sound which is articulated with a consonant sound. The consonants are those which does not
include vowels. For example:
t (ए) tea, tight, button
d (ए) day, ladder, odd
g(ए) get, giggle, ghost
tʃ (ए) church, match, nature
dʒ(ए) judge, age, soldier
θ (ए) thing, author, path
ð(ए) this, other, smooth

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Tone/Intonation The modulation of voice shows the intention and approach of the speaker which is known as
Tone or Intonation. In other words, the variation of pitch of a voice can be termed as a tone. There are several
kinds of intonation:
a) Rising Tone: It is used to display conditional expression like question, request, seeking clarification etc.
b) Falling tone: this tone begins on a higher note and then goes to an optimum level which is easily
understood by the audience. They are used to express greetings, routine discussions etc.
c) Falling-Rising-falling Tone: The tone is used in daily conversation in which we begin our discussion on a
higher note then gradually reach to an optimum level. The listener prefers a falling tone followed by a rising
tone because it gives variation to the speech. The speaker may change his tone from falling-Rising to Rising –
falling in order to make the voice clear and modulated.

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


S.No. Technical Communication General Communication
Definition: Technical communication
Literary and other type of
consists of reports, letters, papers,
1. communication such as essays,
proposals, articles, thesis and some other
poems, novels, stories etc. are
writings which are popular among the
known as general communication.
professionals such as doctors, engineers,
scientists and the researchers.
Reply: In technical communication a reply In general communication reader does
2. not send a reply to the writer.
is expected from the reader.
Purpose: Technical communication aims at General communication aims at
3. amusing,entertaining and inspiring the
imparting information, instructions and readers.
explanations.
Style: Style of technical communication is Style of general communication is
4.
impersonal and objective. personal and subjective.

Style of general communication is


Style: Style of technical communication is
5. poetic, decorative and bombastic
accurate and precise.
(language that sounds impressive but
has little
meaning).
Nature: Technical communication is based
6. on General communication is highly
imaginative.
facts.
Language of general communication
Language: Language of technical
7. may be extravagant (exceeding the
communication should be simple but
reasonable limit) and pompous (high
effective.
opinion of own views).
8. Use: Technical communication is used in General communication is related to
life in

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


business so it is related to some specific General or life as a whole.
Profession.
Vocabulary: In technical communication In general communication general
9. technical vocabulary is used. vocabulary is used.

ABHAY AGARWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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