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Physics Project

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11 views15 pages

Physics Project

Uploaded by

golaharshit53
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HALF YEARLY PROJECT ON

“Logic Gates”
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “Rupesh
Kumar and Harshit Gola”
students of class XII Science-B
has successfully completed
their physics project on ‘LOGIC
GATES’ under the guidance of
“Mrs.Urwashi Kainth”
CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page no.

1 Introduction 1
2 Principle 2
3 Basic Gates 3
4 The OR Gate 5
5 The AND 7
Gate
Introduction
GATE: A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship
between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to
pass through or stop it.

The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement
relating to them.

Truth Table: A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output voltages are
expressed in the form of a table called truth table.

Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all The inputs and outputs that are
possible for the logic gates.

Boolean algebra: The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates.

Boolean Expressions: They are the logical statement which are followed by logical gates.
Principle
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input
and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic

Devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N


transistor.

We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND
gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No

Basic Gates
1. The OR Gate:
It is a
device
that

combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate has


two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR.

The Boolean expression: A+B=Y

This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

2. The AND Gate:


The AND Gate: It is a device that combines A with

B to give Yas the result. The AND gate has two or more
inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.

The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A x B=Y

This indicates that Y equals to A and B.


The OR Gate
Aim:
To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:


An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and


corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery corresponds to level.
The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
The following conclusion can be drawn from the
above circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open A=1 , B=0) ,
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open
(A=1 B=0 , then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed
(A=0,B=1) , then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1,B=1)
, then bulb glows, hence Y=1
TRUTH TABLE:
The AND Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use
of two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the
positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and


corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery corresponds to the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at
C with respect to earth .
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the
working of this circuit:

(i) If the switch A and B are kept open ( A=0 B=0) then bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0

(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1,B=0)


then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.

(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1)


then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0

(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1,B=1) , then


bulb glows, hence Y=1 .
TRUTH TABLE
Conclusion
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits
or microchips in today's modern world.
Without logic gates, electronic world would be
nearly incomplete!

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