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History Linguists can also be helpful in tracing historical evolutions, past Written Non-Written

- The branch of knowledge dealing with past events. connections among different groups, and flow of cultural -Published materials -Oral history
- History derived from the Greek work Historia which influence by studying the language and the changes that it has -Manuscript (any - Ruins
means “knowledge” acquired through inquiry or undergone. handwritten or typed record -Art works
investigation. that has not been printed) -Audio recordings
- Historia became known as the account of the past of Scientists like biologists and biochemist can help with the study -Artifacts
a person or a group of people through written of the past through analyzing genetic and DNA patters of human -Fossil
documents and historical evidences. societies. -Video recordings
- For Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of
a set of natural phenomena, whether or not Historiography Historical Sources – Primary Sources:
chronological ordering was a factor in the account. - The writing of history, especially the writing of - A primary source is a document or physical object
- was also focused on writing about wars, revolutions, history based on the critical examination of sources, which was written or created during the time under
and other breakthroughs. the selection of particular details from the authentic study.
- Historians only get to access representation of the materials in those sources. And the synthesis of - These sources were present during an experience
past through historical resources and evidences. those details into a narrative that stands the test of or time period and offer an inside view of a
critical examination. particular event.
Traditional Historians – They lived with the mantra of “no - Materials produced by people or groups directly
document, no history” Are sources/references important? involved in the event or topic being studied.
- They are either participants or witnesses.
- But as any other academic disciplines, history History as Reconstruction - These sources range from eyewitness accounts,
progressed and opened up to the possibility of valid - Only a small part of what happened in the past was diaries, letters, legal documents, and official
historical sources, which were not limited to written ever observed. documents (government or private) and even
documents. - The historian is many times removed from the photographs.
- Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written events under investigation.
is also discrimination against other social classes - Historians rely on surviving records. Four Main Categories or Primary Sources:
who were not recorded in paper. 1. Written Sources
- For example, nobilities, monarchs, elites and middle “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered 2. Images
class would have their birth, education, marriage by those who observed it; only a part of what was remembered 3. Artifacts
and death as matters of government and historical was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only 4. Oral testimony
record. a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.”
- But how about peasant families or indigenous Four examples of Primary Sources related to visual imagery.
groups who were not given much thought about “Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part 1. Maps
being registered to government records? of what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the 2. Photographs
- Does the absence of written documents about them historian.” 3. Sketches, Drawings, Paintings
mean that they were people of no history or past? 4. Cartoons
Did they even exist? Historical Method
- The process of critically examining and analyzing Maps
Historians started using other kinds of historical kinds of records and survival of the past. - Generally used to indicate locations as well as
historical sources: - Historians have to verify sources, to date them, topography.
1. ORAL TRADITIONS - Epic locate their place of origin and identify their - Reveals how space and geography were being used
- Songs intended functions. to emphasize trade routes, travel routes, structural
2. ARTIFACTS build up, etc.,
3. MEMORY Historical Sources Photographs
4. ARCHITECTURE - Sources – an object from the past or testimony - reflect social conditions of historical realities and
concerning the past on which historians depend in everyday life.
History thus became more inclusive and started collaborating order to create their own depiction of that past. - It also gives us visual ideas of places, historical
with other disciplines as its auxiliary disciplines. - Materials used for the writing of history. events as well as people.
- Tangible remains of the past. (Anthony Brundage)
Archaeologist, historians can use artifacts from a bygone era to
study ancient civilizations that were formerly ignored in history
because of lack of documents.
It is said that the pictures tell a thousand words. Today, however, External Criticism 3. Ability to tell the truth rests upon the witness
with the advent of technology, pictures can easily be made to lie. - it refers to the genuineness of the documents a nearness to the event.
But photographs still tell stories and from it we can distinguish researcher uses in a historical study. e.g., nearness to the event, competence of witness,
details that tell the other side of a story or something beyond - The practice if verifying the authenticity of evidence degree of attention.
texts. It is also a record of the past that is useful for historians. by examining its physical characteristics; consistency
with the historical characteristics of the time when it 4. Willingness to tell the truth
Sketches and Drawings was produced; and the materials used for the e.g., to determine if the author consciously or
- That may indicate the conditions of life of the past evidence. unconsciously tells falsehoods
societies. - The problem of authenticity.
- To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents. 5. Corroboration
Paintings - To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation. i.e., historical facts – particulars which rest upon the
- And other art works are visual representations based independent testimony of two or more reliable
on the artist’s expression or interpretation of events Test of Authenticity witnesses.
and ideas. These become useful historical sources 1. Determine the date of the document to see whether
when we have to know or understand the context of they are anachronistic. Why do we need to study History?
the period in which they are made. e.g., pencils did not exist before the 16th Century.
Cartoons What would happen if we don’t look for evidence/sources? Will
- for political expression or propaganda also indicates 2. Determine the author history will be factual/relevant?
the temper of the times. e.g., handwriting, signature, seal
Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking
Repositories of Primary Sources 3. Anachronistic style 1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
1. National Archives of the Philippines e.g., Idiom, orthography, punctuation can be detected 2. Sensitivity to Context
2. National Library of the Philippines by specialist who are familiar with contemporary 3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in
3. National Historical Commission of the Philippines writing. human affairs.
4. National Museum of the Philippines
5. UP Main Library 4. Anachronistic reference to events Relevance of History
6. ADMU Rizal Library e.g., too early, too late, too remote 1. History offers a storehouse of information about how
7. Archivo General de Indias people and societies behave.
8. Archivo General de la Nacion 5. Provence or custody 2. The past causes the present and the future.
9. American Historical Collection e.g., determine its genuineness 3. History provides a terrain for modern contemplation.
10. Ayala Museum 4. Helps provide identity.
11. Lopez Memorial Museum 6. Semantics 5. A study of history is essential for good citizenship.
-Determining the meaning of a text or word.
Secondary Sources
- A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary 7. Hermeneutics
sources. These sources are one or more steps -Determining ambiguities
removed from the event.
- Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or Internal Criticism
graphics of primary sources in them. - It refers to the accuracy of the contents of a
document.
Example of Secondary Sources - It has to do with what the document says.
- History textbook
- Printed materials (serials, periodicals which Test of Credibility
interprets previous research) 1. Identification of the author
e.g., to determine his reliability, mental processes,
Historical Criticism personal attitudes.
- It is the historical approach to literary criticism. It
involves looking beyond the literature at the broader 2. Determination of the approximate date
historical and cultural events occurring during the e.g., handwriting, signature, seal
time the piece was written.
The First Vovage Around the World by Magellan by Antonio April 14, 1521 – Image of Child Jesus The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
Pigafetta - Held mass with Raja Humabon and baptized 800
souls Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
Background of the Author - Pifagetta showed the image of Child Jesus and a (KKK)
- Antonio Pigafetta A.K.A Antonio Lombardo cross to the queen and asked to keep in place of her - The KKK was a Philippine revolutionary society
- Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography idols founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892.
- Born into a wealthy Vicenza family - The Child Jesus is known today as Santo Niño, which - The organization envisioned (1) a United Filipino
- Son of Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela Zogathe, and is celebrated every January in Cebu nations that will revolt against the Spaniards for (2)
the elder of two siblings. the total independence of the country from Spain.
- He wrote the expedition's main account, First April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan
Voyage Around the World. - Datu Zula, chief of the island Matan Emilio Jacinto – Author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan
- (1519 - 1522) Took part in the first globe (Mactan)welcomed them. But Cilapulapu, the other December 15, 1875 - April 16, 1899
circumnavigation, and was able to complete it after chief,refused to obey to the king of Spain “Utak ng Katipunan” or “Brains of the Katipunan”
the murder of Ferdinand Magellan - Datu Zula requested the captain to defeat lapulapu, - a Filipino revolutionary who fought for freedom
which started the battle - a Filipino General during the Philippine Revolution
Historical Background Document - Natives outsmarted them, used ‘patibongs’ to defeat - Elected as the Secretary of State for the Haring
them. The voyagers were losing in this battle Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government
- On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from established during the outbreak of hostilities
Seville, Spain in an effort to find a western sea route April 28, 1521 – Death of Magellan - Became the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary
to the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. - Captain told them to give up this losing battle,but his to Andres Bonifacio.
- Pigafetta kept a detailed journal, the original of men insist
which is lost. However, an account of the voyage, - Magellan was shot in the leg with a poisoned COLLEGE AND EDUCATION
written by Pigafetta between 1522 and 1525, arrow.He died, their ‘mirror’, ‘comfort’, and ‘true - San Juan de Letran College – Intramuros
survives in four manuscript versions: one in Italian guide’ as what Pigafetta described - University of San Tomas - to study law. Dropped out
and three in French. - They retreated leaving their captain dead. at 20
- Pigafetta's work is important not only as a source of DEATH
information about the voyage itself, but also September 8, 1522 - Emilio Jacinto died on April 16, 1899 at the age of 24
includes an early Western description of the people - Victoria, the only ship to survive, finally arrived at - the cause of his death was malaria
and languages of the Philippines. Seville. Thus, ending the Magallanes-Elcano
Expedition. Key Personalities – The Founders of Katipunan
Content Presentation and Analysis of the Important Historical
Information found in the Document Contribution and Relevance of the Document in the Philippine Ladislao Diwa: 1863 – 1930
History - He was working as "Escribano del Juzgado" when he
March 16, 1521 – Arrival in Samar - The document is one of the early proofs of life in the was apprehended by Spanish officials in Betis
- Arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the island was called Visayas region. Pampanga.
Humunu (now Homonhon) - It helped us understand how Filipinos lived in the - Represented Malolos in the Congress
- Locals welcomed them by giving them their native past and how they dealt with Magellan and his men - Survived the Philippine-American War and went
products such as fish, figs, coconuts, palm wine when they arrived in the Philippines. back to Cavite
- It emphasizes the native’s generosity and hospitality
March 31, 1521 to the expedition team. Valentin Diaz: 1849 – 1916
- Sunday morning - We discover what religion Filipinos in the past used - A counselor in the Supreme Council of the Katipunan
- Held at Mazaua (Limasawa) to have. - Joined Rizal's La Liga Filipina and was appointed
- Attended by local islanders, Spanish voyagers, the Oficial de Mesa del Juzgado de Binondo.
two Rajas, and Magellan Learning Experiences - Joined General Aguinaldo in exile in Hong Kong
- - Navigation Skills - Served as Colonel of the army during the Philippine-
April 7, 1521 - Cultural exchange American war.
- Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the largest and - Endurance
the most trade island - Planning and Preparation
- Pigafetta described the inhabitants’ houses that - Expansion of Knowledge
were made of logs
- Fired mortars as a “sign of peace and friendship”
- Tension between the king of Zubu and the voyagers
and Magellan threatened them to rage war
Andres Bonifacio: 1863 – 1897 1894 IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal:
- Also belonged to La Liga Filipina, but he quickly lost - Katipunan had spread throughout Manila, and superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be
faith in his ability to achieve reforms through chapters were established in Luzon provinces. understood, but not superiority by nature.
peaceful means. - the official newspaper, the Kalayaan, was published
- Grew to believe that a revolution was the only viable with Emilio Jacinto as editor V. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the
option for the Philippines to achieve freedom. - Two works of Bonifacio were published – Pag-ibig sa scoundrel, gain to honor.
- The third and last Supremo of the Katipunan and led Tinubuang Lupa and Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
the start of the revolution in Manila in 1896. Tagalog. VI. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
- Refused to recognize the government of General
Aguinaldo. August 19, 1896 VII. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time
- Katipunan had spread throughout Manila, and lost.
Deodato Arellano: 1844 – 1899 chapters were established in Luzon provinces.
- A propagandist and well known for serving as the - The official newspaper, the Kalayaan, was published VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law
founding president of the Katipunan, a revolutionary with Emilio Jacinto as editor or in the field.
group in the Philippines. - Two works of Bonifacio were published – Pag-ibig sa
- The first Supremo or president of the Supreme Tinubuang Lupa and Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga IX. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping
Council of the Katipunan, 1892-1893. Tagalog. secrets.
- Regarded as a genuine Filipino patriot who lived and
battled for the country's independence 1896 X. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the
- The Katipunan was discovered by Spanish children, and if the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he
Teodoro Plata: 1866 – 1897 authorities, and the Katipuneros tore their cedula guides will also go there.
- Helped create the Katipunan (identification card) in Pugad Lawin to start the
- Held positions as an official of the juzgado mesa in Philippine Revolution. XI. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as
Binondo and as an "Escribano del Juzgado in a faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of
Mindoro 1897 life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and
- Adopted the name "Balany" in order to join La Liga - Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared
Filipina Katipunan in Northern Luzon. thee.
- Participated in the Cry of Pugad Lawin while serving - Andres Bonifacio, the Father of the Philippine
as the Katipunan's Minister of War Revolution and founder of the Katipunan, and his XII. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children,
brother Procopio were executed. brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers
Jose Dizon and sisters of thy neighbor.
- Served as Venerable Master of Taliba and later April 16, 1899
became the Grand Fourth Vice-President of the Gran - Emilio Jacinto died due to malaria at the age of 24. XIII. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose
Consejo Regional de Filipinas. is aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a *priest, a
- Uncle of Emilio Jacinto, son of his sister Josefa Dizon The Kartilya ng Katipunan servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he
Jacinto. The original name was “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga Anak enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven
- Was publicly executed at Bagumbayan (Luneta) with ng Bayan” or “Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and
other 12 Masons and Liga members on January 11, Country” honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed,
1897 he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in
THE KATIPUNAN CODE OF CONDUCT the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
SIGNIFICANT DATES
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable XIV. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the
JULY 7, 1892 purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed. longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most
- The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting
mga Anak ng Bayan, also called KKK or Katipunan II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives
was founded by Andres Bonifacio virtue. of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid
1893 sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan)
- Women joined the organization, including Gregoria III. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to
de Jesus and Josefa Rizal to keep its records and and to adjust one's conduct, acts and words to what is in itself perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for
documents. reasonable. admission.

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