Revision Tour -1

Data Types: Data Type specifies which type of value a variable can store. type() function is
used to determine a variable's type in Python
Data Types In Python
1. Number
2. String
3. Boolean
4. List
5. Tuple
6. Set
7. Dictionary

Python tokens :
(1) keyword :
Keywords are reserved words. Each keyword has a specific meaning to the Python
interpreter, and we can use a keyword in our program only for the purpose for which it
has been defined. As Python is case sensitive, keywords must be written exactly.
(2) Identifier : Identifiers are names used to identify a variable, function, or other entities in a
program. The rules for naming an identifier in Python are as follows:
The name should begin with an uppercase or a lowercase alphabet or an underscore
sign (_). This may be followed by any combination of characters a z, A Z, 0 9 or
underscore (_). Thus, an identifier cannot start with a digit.
It can be of any length. (However, it is preferred to keep it short and
It should not be a keyword or reserved word
We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, %, etc., in identifiers.
(3) Variables: A variable in a program is uniquely identified by a name (identifier). Variable
in Python refers to an object an item or element that is stored in the memory.
Comments: Comments are used to add a remark or a note in the source code. Comments
are not executed by interpreter. a comment starts with # (hash sign). Everything
following the # till the end of that line is treated as a comment and the interpreter simply
ignores it while executing the statement.

Mutable and immutable data types : Variables whose values can be changed after they
are created and assigned are called mutable. Variables whose values cannot be changed
after they are created and assigned are called immutable.

(4) Operators: An operator is used to perform specific mathematical or logical operation on

values. The values that the operators work on are called operands.
Arithmetic operators :four basic arithmetic operations as well as modular division, floor
division and exponentiation. (+, -, *, /) and (%, //, **)
Relational operators : Relational operator compares the values of the operands on its
either side and determines the relationship among them. ==, != , > , < , <=, , >=
Logical operators : There are three logical operators supported by Python. These
operators (and, or, not) are to be written in lower case only. The logical operator
1
Page
 evaluates to either True or False based on the logical operands on either side. and , or ,
not
Assignment operator : Assignment operator assigns or changes the value of the variable
on its left. a=1+2 Augmented assignment operators : += , -= , /= *= , //= %= , **=
Identity operators : is, is no
Membership operators : in, not in
Type Conversion:
The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float, etc.) to another
data type is called type conversion.Python has two types of type conversion.

Implicit Type Conversion /automatic type conversion

Explicit Type Conversion
CONTROL STATEMENTS

Control statements are used to control the flow of execution depending upon the
specified condition/logic.
There are three types of control statements:
1. Decision Making Statements (if, elif, else)
2. Iteration Statements (while and for Loops)
3. Jump Statements (break, continue, pass)

Questions and Answers

1 Mark questions
Q1. Which of the following is not considered a valid identifier in Python:
(i)three3 (ii)_main (iii)hello_kv1 (iv)2 thousand
Q2.Which of the following is the mutable data type in python:
(i)int (ii) string (iii)tuple (iv)list
Q3. Which of the following statement converts a tuple into a list in Python:
(i) len(string) (ii)list(tuple) (iii)tup(list) (iv)dict(string)
Q4. Name of the process of arranging array elements in a specified order is termed as
i)indexing ii)slicing iii)sorting iv) traversing
Q5. What type of value is returned by input() function bydefault?
i)int ii)float iii)string iv)list
Q6. Which of the following operators cannot be used with string
(i) + ii) * iii) - iv) All of these
Q7. If L = [0.5 * x for x in range(0,4)] , L is
i)[0,1,2,3] ii)[0,1,2,3,4] iii) [0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5] iv) [0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0]
Q8. Write the output of the following python code:
x = 123
for i in x:
print(i)
i)1 2 3 ii) 123 iii)infinite loop iv) error
Q9. write the ouput of following code
A = 10/2
B = 10//3
print(A,B)
i)5,3.3 ii) 5.0 , 3.3 iii) 5.0 , 3 iv) 5,4
Q10. Name the built-in mathematical function / method that is used to return square root
of a number.
i) SQRT() ii)sqrt() iii) sqt() iv) sqte()
2
Page
 2 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the following python expressions:
a) (3-10**2+99/11) b) not 12 > 6 and 7 < 17 or not 12 < 4
c) 2 ** 3 ** 2 d) 7 // 5 + 8 * 2 / 4 3
Q2. i) Convert the following for loop into while loop
for i in range(10,20,5):
print(i)
ii) Evaluate:- not false and true or false and true
Q3. What are advantages of using local and global variables ?
Q4. Remove the errors from the following code Rewrite the code by underlining the errors .
x= the
for i in range [0,11]:
if x = y
print x+y
else:
print x-y
Q5. Rewrite the following code in python after removing all syntax errors. Underline each
correction done in the code:
def func(x):
for i in (0,x):
if i%2 =0:
p=p+1
else if i%5= =0
q=q+2
else:
r=r+i
print(p,q,r)
func(15)
Q6. Write the output of the following code:-
String1="Coronavirus Disease"
print(String1.lstrip("Covid"))
print(String1.rstrip("sea"))
Q7. Write the ouput of the following code:-
Text = "gmail@com"
L=len(Text)
Ntext=""
for i in range(0,L):
if Text[i].isupper():
Ntext=Ntext+Text[i].lower()
elif Text[i].isalpha():
Ntext= Ntext+Text[i].upper()
else:
Ntext=Ntext+'bb'
print(Ntext)
Q8. L =
Perform following operations on the above list L.
i)L[3:] ii) L[: : 2] iii)L[1:2] iv) L[1][1]
Q9.Write the output of the following:
word = 'green vegetables'
print(word.find('g',2))
print(word.find('veg',2))
print(word.find('tab',4,15))
3
Page
 3 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Write the python program to print the index of the character in a string.

Expected output:
Current character p position at 0
Current character y position at 1
Current character t position at 2
Q2. Find and write the output of the following python code:
string1 = "Augmented Reality"
(i) print(string1[0:3]) (ii) print(string1[3:6]) (iii) print(string1[:7])
(iv) print(string1[-10:-3]) (v) print(string1[-7: :3]*3) (vi) print(string1[1:12:2])
Q3. Find the output of the give program :
x = "abcdef"
j = "a"
for i in x:
print(j, end = " ")
Q4. Find output generated by the following code:
i=3
while i >= 0:
j=1
while j <= i:
print(j,end = ' ')
j=j+1
print()
i=i-1
Q5. Find output generated by the following code:
i=1
y = 65
while i<=5:
j=i
while j<=I:

j= j+1
y = y+1
print()
i=i+1

4 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1.Differentiate between break and continue statement used in python.
Q2What is comment in python ? Explain its significance.
Q3.Explain the types of errors occurring in python programming language.

5 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1.Differentiate between type conversion and type casting in python with examples.
Q2.Explain mutable and immutable objects in python with examples.
Q3. What is the use of else statement in for loop and in while loop ? Explain.

ANSWERS
ANSWER OF 1 MARK QUESTIONS

1) (iv)
2) (iv)
3) (ii)
4
Page
 4) (iii)
5) (iii)
6) (iii)
7) (iii)
8) (iv)
9) (iii)
10) (ii)

ANSWER OF 2 MARK QUESTIONS

1) a) -88.0 b) True c)512 d)2.0
2) (i) i=10
while(i<20):
print(i)
i+=5
(i) true
3. Advantages of Local Variable
o The same name of a local variable can be used in different functions as it is only
recognized by the function in which it is declared.
o Local variables use memory only for the limited time when the function is executed;
after that same memory location can be reused.
Advantages of Global Variable
o Global variables can be accessed by all the functions present in the program.
o Only a single declaration is required.
o Very useful if all the functions are accessing the same data.
4.
x = int(input the
for y in range(0,11):
if x = = y:
print(x+y)
else:
print(x - y)
5. def func(x): Error 1
for i in range(0,x): Error 2
if i%2 ==0: Error 3
p=p+1
elif i%5= =0 Error 4
q=q+2
else:
r=r+i
print(p,q,r)
func(15)else: Error 4
print(c+10)
6. ronavirus Disease
Coronavirus Di
7. GMAILbbCOM
iii)[ [ 6,7,8] ] iv) 7
9. 8
6
10
ANSWER OF 3 MARK QUESTIONS
1) string1 = input("enter string")
for i in range(len(string1)):
print("current character",string1[i],"position at",i)
5
Page
 2) (i) Aug (ii) men (iii) Augment (iv)ed Real (v)RlyRlyRly (vi) umne e
3) aaaaaa
4) 1 2 3
12
1
5) A
BC
DEF
GHIJ
KLMNO

ANSWER OF 4 MARK QUESTIONS

1) The break statement terminates the current loop , i.e the loop in which it appears, and resumes
execution at the next statement immediately after the end of that loop.if break statement is
inside a nested loop(loop inside another loop), break will terminate the innermost loop.
When a continue statement is encountered, the control jumps to the beginning of
the loop for next iteration, thus skipping the execution of statements inside the body of loop for
the current iteration. As usual, the loop condition is checked to see if the loop should continue
further or terminate. If the condition of the loop is entered again, else the control is transferred to
the statement immediately following the loop.

2) Comments in Python are identified with a hash symbol, #, and extend to the end of the line.
Hash characters in a string are not considered comments, however. There are three ways to
write a comment - as a separate line, beside the corresponding statement of code, or as a
multi-line comment block.
here are multiple uses of writing comments in Python. Some significant uses include:
Increasing readability
Explaining the code to others
Understanding the code easily after a long-term
Including resources
Re-using the existing code
3. There are three types of Python errors.
1. Syntax errors
Syntax errors are the most basic type of error. They arise when the Python parser is unable to
understand a line of code. Syntax errors are almost always fatal, i.e. there is almost never a
way to successfully execute a piece of code containing syntax errors.
2.Logical errors
These are the most difficult type of error to find, because they will give unpredictable results
and may crash your program. A lot of different things can happen if you have a logic error.
3.Run time errors
Run time errors arise when the python knows what to do with a piece of code but is unable to
perform the action.Since Python is an interpreted language, these errors will not occur until
the flow of control in your program reaches the line with the problem. Common example of
runtime errors are using an undefined variable or mistyped the variable name.

ANSWER OF 5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Type Conversion
In type conversion, the python interpreter automatically converts one data type to another.
Since Python handles the implicit data type conversion, the programmer does not have to
convert the data type into another type explicitly.
The data type to which the conversion happens is called the destination data type, and the
data type from which the conversion happens is called the source data type.
6
Page
 In type conversion, the destination data of a smaller size is converted to the source data type
of larger size. This avoids the loss of data and makes the conversion safe to use.
x = 20
y = 25.5
Z=x+y
Here value in z, int type is converted to float type
Type Casting
n type casting, the programmer has to change the data type as per their requirement
manually. In this, the programmer explicitly converts the data type using predefined
functions like int(), float(), str(), etc. There is a chance of data loss in this case if a
particular data type is converted to another data type of a smaller size.
x = 25
float(x)
It converts into float type

2. Mutable in Python can be defined as the object that can change or be regarded as something
changeable in nature. Mutable means the ability to modify or edit a value.
Mutable objects in Python enable the programmers to have objects that can change their
values. They generally are utilized to store a collection of data. It can be regarded as
something that has mutated, and the internal state applicable within an object has changed.
Immutable objects in Python can be defined as objects that do not change their values and
attributes over time.
These objects become permanent once created and initialized, and they form a critical part of
data structures used in Python.
Python is used in numbers, tuples, strings, frozen sets, and user-defined classes with some
exceptions. They cannot change, and their values and it remains permanent once they are
initialized and hence called immutable.
3. Else with loop is used with both while and for loop. The else block is executed at the end
of loop means when the given loop condition is false then the else block is executed.
i=0
while i<5:
i+=1
print("i =",i)
else:
print("else block is executed")
Explanation
declare i=0
we know then while loop is active until the given condition is true. and we check i<5
true till the value of i is 4.
i+=1 increment of i because we want to execute the while loop infinite times.
print the value of i
else block execute when the value of i is 5.

l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
for a in l:
print(a)
else:
print("else block is executed")

declare a list l=[1,2,3,4,5]

for loop print a.
else block is execute when the for loop is read last element of list.
7
Page
 STRINGS
A sequence of characters is called a string. Strings are used by programming languages to
manipulate text such as words and sentences.
Strings literal in Python are enclosed by double quotes or single quotes. String literals can
span multiple lines, to write these strings triple quotes are used.
Empty string can also be created in
Programming Python .
>>> str =
Accessing Values in Strings
Each individual character in a string can be assessed using a technique called indexing .
Python allows both positive and negative indexing.
S=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
P y t h o n L a n g u a g e
-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
>>> S[7] >>>S[-10]
L n
Deleting a String
As we know, strings are immutable, so we cannot delete or remove the characters from the
string but we can delete entire string using del keyword. >>> strl = " WELCOME "
>>> del strl
>>> print ( str1 )
String Slicing NameError : name ' strl ' is not defined .
To access some part of a string or substring, we use a method called slicing.
Syntax: string_name[start : stop]
>>> str1 = " Python Program "
>>> print ( str1[ 3: 8]) >>> print ( str1 [ : -4 ] ) >>> print ( strl [ 5 : ] )
hon P Python Pro n Program
Strings are also provide slice steps which used to extract characters from string that are not
consecutive. Syntax string_name [ start : stop : step ]
>>> print ( stri [ 2 : 12 : 3 ] )
tnrr
We can also print all characters of string in reverse order using [ ::-1 ]
>>> print ( strl [ :: - 1 ] )
margorP nohtyP
Traversing a String
1. Using ' loop: for loop can iterate over the elements of a sequence or string . It is used
when you want to traverse all characters of a string. eg.
Output:
>>> sub = " GOOD "
G
>>> for i in subs:
O
print ( i )
O
D
2. Using ' for ' loop with range
>>> sub = " COMPUTER "
>>> for i in range ( len ( sub ) ) :
print ( sub [ i ], - end = Output: Output C - O - M - P - U - T - E - R
String Operations
Concatenation
To concatenate means to join. Python allows us to join two strings using the concatenation
operator plus which is denoted by symbol +.
8
Page
 >>> str1 = 'Hello' #First string
>>> str2 = 'World!' #Second string
>>> str1 + str2 #Concatenated strings 'HelloWorld!'
String Replication Operator ( * )
Python allows us to repeat the given string using repetition operator which is denoted by
symbol (*) .
>>> a = 2 * " Hello "
>>> print ( a )
HelloHello
Comparison Operators
Python string comparison can be performed using comparison operators ( == , > , < , , < = , >
= ) . These operators are as follows
>>> a = ' python ' < ' program '
>>> print ( a )
False
>>> a = ' Python '
>>> b = ' PYTHON "
>>> a > b
True
Membership Operators are used to find out whether a value is a member of a string or not .
(i) in Operator: (ii) not in Operator:
>>> a = "Python Programming Language" >>> a = "Python Programming Language"
>>> "Programming" in a >>> "Java" not in a
True True
BUILT IN STRING METHODS
Method Description
len() Returns length of the given string
title() Returns the string with first letter of every word in the string in
uppercase and rest in lowercase
lower() Returns the string with all uppercase letters converted to
lowercase
upper() Returns the string with all lowercase letters converted to
uppercase
count(str, start, end) Returns number of times substring str occurs in the given string.
find(str,start, Returns the first occurrence of index of substring stroccurring in
end) the given string. If the substring is not present in the given string,
then the function returns -1
index(str, start, end) Same as find() but raises an exception if the substring is not
present in the given string
endswith() Returns True if the given string ends with the supplied substring
otherwise returns False
startswith() Returns True if the given string starts with the supplied substring
otherwise returns False
isalnum() Returns True if characters of the given string are either alphabets
or numeric. If whitespace or special symbols are part of the given
string or the string is empty it returns False
islower() Returns True if the string is non-empty and has all lowercase
alphabets, or has at least one character as lowercase alphabet and
rest are non-alphabet characters
9
Page
 isupper() Returns True if the string is non-empty and has all uppercase
alphabets, or has at least one character as uppercase character and
rest are non-alphabet characters
isspace() Returns True if the string is non-empty and all characters are
white spaces (blank, tab, newline, carriage return)
istitle() Returns True if the string is non-empty and title case, i.e., the first
letter of every word in the string in uppercase and rest in
lowercase
lstrip() Returns the string after removing the spaces only on the left of the
string
rstrip() Returns the string after removing the spaces only on the right of
the string
strip() Returns the string after removing the spaces both on the left and
the right of the string
replace (oldstr, newstr) Replaces all occurrences of old string with the new string
join() Returns a string in which the characters in the string have been
joined by a separator
partition ( ) Partitions the given string at the first occurrence of the substring
(separator) and returns the string partitioned into three parts.
1. Substring before the separator
2. Separator
3. Substring after the separator If the separator is not found in the
string, it returns the whole string itself and two empty strings
split() Returns a list of words delimited by the specified substring. If no
delimiter is given then words are separated by space.

LIST
List is an ordered sequence, which is used to store multiple data at the same time. List
contains a sequence of heterogeneous elements. Each element of a list is assigned a number
to its position or index. The first index is 0 (zero), the second index is 1 , the third index is 2
and so on .
Creating a List In Python,
a = [ 34 , 76 , 11,98 ]
b=['s',3,6,'t']
d=[]
Creating List From an Existing Sequence: list ( ) method is used to create list from an
existing sequence . Syntax: new_list_name = list ( sequence / string )
You can also create an empty list . eg . a = list ( ) .
Similarity between List and String
len ( ) function is used to return the number of items in both list and string .
Membership operators as in and not in are same in list as well as string .
Concatenation and replication operations are also same done in list and string.
Difference between String and List
Strings are immutable which means the values provided to them will not change in the
program. Lists are mutable which means the values of list can be changed at any time.
Accessing Lists
To access the list's elements, index number is used.
S= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
>>> S[5]
97 12 4 66 7 8 97 computer 5.5
>>>S[-2] -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
computer
10
Page
 Traversing a List
Traversing a list is a technique to access an individual element of that list.
1. Using for loop for loop is used when you want to traverse each element of a list.
>>> a =
>>> fot x in a:
print(x, end = output : p r o g r a m
2. Using for loop with range( )
>>> a =
>>> fot x in range(len(a)):
print(x, end = output : p r o g r a m
List Operations
1. Concatenate Lists
List concatenation is the technique of combining two lists . The use of + operator can easily
add the whole of one list to other list . Syntax list list1 + list2 e.g. >>> L1 = [ 43, 56 , 34 ]
>>> L2 = [ 22 , 34 , 98 ]
2. Replicating List >>> L = 11 + 12
Elements of the list can be replicated using * operator . >>> L [ 43, 56, 34, 22 , 34 , 98 ]
Syntax list = listl * digit e.g. >>> L1 = [ 3 , 2 , 6 ]
>>> L = 11 * 2
>>> L [ 3 , 2 , 6 , 3 , 2 , 6 ]
3. Slicing of a List: List slicing refers to access a specific portion or a subset of the list for
some operation while the original list remains unaffected .
Syntax:- list_name [ start: end ] Syntax: list_name [ start: stop : step ]
>>> List1 = [ 4 , 3 , 7 , 6 , 4 , 9 ,5,0,3 , 2] >>> List1 = [ 4 , 3 , 7 , 6 , 4 , 9 ,5,0,3 , 2]
>>> S = List1[ 2 : 5 ] >>> S = List1[ 1 : 9 : 3 ]
>>> S >>> S
[ 7, 6, 4 ] [ 3, 4, 0 ]
List Manipulation
Updating Elements in a List
List can be modified after it created using slicing e.g.
>>> l1= [ 2 , 4, " Try " , 54, " Again " ]
>>> l1[ 0 : 2 ] = [ 34, " Hello " ]
>>> l1
[34, ' Hello ', ' Try ', 54, ' Again ']
>>> l1[ 4 ] = [ "World " ]
>>> l1
[34, ' Hello ', ' Try ', 54, ['World ']]
Deleting Elements from a List
del keyword is used to delete the elements from the list .
Syntax:-
del list_name [ index ] # to delete individual element
del 11st_name [ start : stop ] # to delete elements in list slice c.g.
>>> list1 = [ 2.5 , 4 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 8 , 90 ]
>>> del list1[3] >>> del list1[2:4]
>>> list1 >>> list1
[2.5, 4, 7, 7, 8, 90] [2.5, 4, 8, 90]

BUILT IN LIST METHODS

Method Description
len() Returns the length of the list passed as the argument
list() Creates an empty list if no argument is passed
Creates a list if a sequence is passed as an argument
11
Page
 append() Appends a single element passed as an argument at the end of the list
extend() Appends each element of the list passed as argument to the end of the given list
insert() Inserts an element at a particular index in the list
count() Returns the number of times a given element appears in the list
index() Returns index of the first occurrence of the element in the list. If the element is
not present, ValueError is generated
remove() Removes the given element from the list. If the element is present multiple
times, only the first occurrence is removed. If the element is not present, then
ValueError is generated
pop() Returns the element whose index is passed as parameter to this function and
also removes it from the list. If no parameter is given, then it returns and
removes the last element of the list
reverse() Reverses the order of elements in the given list
sort() Sorts the elements of the given list in-place
sorted() It takes a list as parameter and creates a new list consisting of the same elements
arranged in sorted order
min() Returns minimum or smallest element of the list
max() Returns maximum or largest element of the list
sum() Returns sum of the elements of the list

TUPLES
A tuple is an ordered sequence of elements of different data types. Tuple holds a sequence of
heterogeneous elements, it store a fixed set of elements and do not allow changes
Tuple vs List
Elements of a tuple are immutable whereas elements of a list are mutable.
Tuples are declared in parentheses ( ) while lists are declared in square brackets [ ].
Iterating over the elements of a tuple is faster compared to iterating over a list.
Creating a Tuple
To create a tuple in Python, the elements are kept in parentheses ( ), separated by commas.
a = ( 34 , 76 , 12 , 90 )
b=( 's',3,6,'a')
Accessing tuple elements, Traversing a tuple, Concatenation of tuples, Replication of tuples
and slicing of tuples works same as that of List

BUILT IN TUPLE METHODS

Method Description
len() Returns the length or the number of elements of the tuple passed as Argument
tuple() Creates an empty tuple if no argument is passed. Creates a tuple if a sequence is
passed as argument
count() Returns the number of times the given element appears in the tuple
index() Returns the index of the first occurance of a given element in the tuple
sorted() Takes elements in the tuple and returns a new sorted list. It should be noted that,
sorted() does not make any change to the original tuple
min() Returns minimum or smallest element of the tuple
max() Returns maximum or largest element of the tuple
sum() Returns sum of the elements of the tuple
12
Page
 DICTIONARY
Dictionary is an unordered collection of data values that store the key : value pair instead of
single value as an element . Keys of a dictionary must be unique and of immutable data types
such as strings, tuples etc. Dictionaries are also called mappings or hashes or associative
arrays
Creating a Dictionary
To create a dictionary in Python, key value pair is used .
Dictionary is list in curly brackets , inside these curly brackets , keys and values are declared .
Syntax dictionary_name = { key1 : valuel , key2 : value2 ... } Each key is separated from its
value by a colon ( :) while each element is separated by commas .
>>> Employees = { " Abhi " : " Manger " , " Manish " : " Project Manager " , " Aasha " : "
Analyst " , " Deepak " : " Programmer " , " Ishika " : " Tester "}
Accessing elements from a Dictionary
Syntax: dictionary_name[keys]
>>> Employees[' Aasha ']
' Analyst '
Traversing a Dictionary
1. Iterate through all keys 2. Iterate through all values
>>> for i in Employees: >>> for i in Employees:
print(i) print(Employees[i])
Output: Output:
Abhi Manger
Manish Project Manager
Aasha Analyst
Deepak Programmer
Ishika Tester
3. Iterate through key and values 4. Iterate through key and values simultaneously
>>> for i in Employees: >>> for a,b in Employees.items():
print(i, " : ", Employees[i]) print("Key = ",a," and respective value = ",b)
Output: Output:
Abhi : Manger Key = Abhi and respective value = Manger
Manish : Project Manager Key = Manish and respective value = Project Manager
Aasha : Analyst Key = Aasha and respective value = Analyst
Deepak : Programmer Key = Deepak and respective value = Programmer
Ishika : Tester Key = Ishika and respective value = Tester
Adding elements to a Dictionary
Syntax: dictionary_name[new_key] = value
>>> Employees['Neha'] = "HR"
>>> Employees
{' Abhi ': ' Manger ', ' Manish ': ' Project Manager ', ' Aasha ': ' Analyst ', ' Deepak ': '
Programmer ', ' Ishika ': ' Tester ', 'Neha': 'HR'}
Updating elements in a Dictionary
Syntax: dictionary_name[existing_key] = value
>>> Employees['Neha'] = " Progammer "
>>> Employees
{' Abhi ': ' Manger ', ' Manish ': ' Project Manager ', ' Aasha ': ' Analyst ', ' Deepak ': '
Programmer ', ' Ishika ': ' Tester ', 'Neha': ' Progammer '}
Membership operators in Dictionary
Two membership operators are in and not in. The membership operator inchecks if the key is
present in the dictionary
>>> " Ishika " in Employees >>> ' Analyst ' not in Employees
True True
13
Page
 BUILT IN DICTIONARY METHODS
Metho Description
d
len() Returns the length or number of key: value pairs of the dictionary
dict() Creates a dictionary from a sequence of key-value pairs
keys() Returns a list of keys in the dictionary
values() Returns a list of values in the dictionary
items() Returns a list of tuples(key value) pair
get() Returns the value corresponding to the key passed as the argument
If the key is not present in the dictionary it will return None
update() appends the key-value pair of the dictionary passed as the argument to the key-
value pair of the given dictionary
del() Deletes the item with the given key To delete the dictionary from the memory we
write: del Dict_name
clear() Deletes or clear all the items of the dictionary

MIND MAP
List is an ordered sequence Method
of heterogeneous elements len()
List is created using [ ] list()
bracket append()
Individual character in a list extend()
can be assessed using index insert()
Lists are mutable count()
index()
remove()
List Osperations
Concatination Operator (+)
LIST pop()
reverse()
Replication Operators (*) sort()
Comparison Operators ( == , sorted()
> , < , < = , > = , !=) min()
Membership Operators (in max()
& not in sum()
List supports slicing

Tuple is an ordered sequence of

heterogeneous elements
Tuple is created using ( ) bracket
Method
Individual character in a tuple
can be assessed using index len()
Tuples are immutable tuple()
count()
TUPLE index()
Tuple Operations sorted()
Concatination Operator (+) min()
Replication Operators (*)
max()
Comparison Operators ( == , > , < , sum()
< = , > = , !=)
Membership Operators (in & not in
Tuples supports slicing
 MIND MAP

Dictionary is an unordered Method

collection of data values that store len()
the key : value pair dict()
Keys of a dictionary must be
keys()
unique and of immutable data types
Dictionary is created using { } DICTIONARY values()
bracket items()
Individual character in a dictionary get()
can be assessed using keys update()
Membership Operators (in & not in del()
checks if the key is present clear()

Enclosed by single, double or Method

triple quotes len()
Individual character in a string title()
can be assessed using index lower()
Strings are immutable upper()
count(str, start, end)
find(str,start, end)
index(str, start, end)
STRING endswith()
startswith()
String Operations isalnum()
Concatination Operator islower()
(+) isupper()
Replication Operators isspace()
(*) istitle()
Comparison Operators ( lstrip()
== , > , < , < = , > = , rstrip()
!=) strip()
Membership Operators replace(oldstr, newstr)
(in & not in join()
partition())
String supports slicing
split()

QUESTIONS:
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What will be the output of the following set of commands
>>> str = "hello"
>>> str[:2]
a. lo b. he c. llo d. el
2. Which type of object is given below
>>> L = 1,23,"hello",1
a. list b. dictionary c. array d. tuple
3. Which operator tells whether an element is present in a sequence or not
a. exist b. in c. into d. inside
 4. Suppose a tuple T is declared as T = (10,12,43,39), which of the following is incorrect
a. print(T[1]) b. T[2] = -2 c. print(max(T)) d. print(len(T))
5. Which index number is used to represent the last character of a string
a. -1 b. 1 c. n d. n 1
6. Which function returns the occurrence of a given element in a list?
a. len() b. sum() c. extend() d. count()
7. which type of slicing is used to print the elements of a tuple in reverse order
a. [:-1] b. [: : -1] c. [1 : :] d. [: : 1]
8. Dictionaries are also called
a. mapping b. hashes c. associative array d. all of these
9. Which function returns the value of a given key, if present, from a dictionary?
a. items() b. get() c. clear() d. keys()
10. The return type of input() function is:
a. list b. integer c. string d. tuple
ANSWERS
1 B 6 d
2 D 7 b
3 B 8 d
4 B 9 b
5 A 10 c

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Rewrite the following code in python after removing all syntax error(s). Underline each
correction done in the code.
STRING=""WELCOME
NOTE""
for S in range[0,8]:
print (STRING(S))
Q2. Find output generated by the following code:

Str=Str[-4:]
print(Str*2)
Q3. What will be the output of the following question
L = [10,19,45,77,10,22,2]
i) L.sort() ii) max(L)
print(L)
Q4. Find the output
L = [10,19,45,77,10,22,2]
i) L[3:5] ii) L[: : -2]
Q5. Distinguish between list and tuple.
Q6. Read the code given below and show the keys and values separately.
D= : 1, : 2, : 3}
Q7. Observe the given list and answer the question that follows.
List1 = 20,
i) list1[-3] ii) list1[3]
Q8. Assertion (A) :
s = [11, 12, 13, 14]
s[1] = 15
Reasoning (R) : List is immutable.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) A and R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A .
(C) A is true, R is false.
(D) A is false, R is true.
16
Page
 Q9. a=(1,2,3)
a[0]=4
Assertion: The above code will result in error
Reason: Tuples are immutable. So we change them.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.

ANSWERS
Q1. CORRECTED CODE:-
STRING= "WELCOME"
NOTE=" "
for S in range (0, 7) :
print (STRING [S])
Also range(0,8) will give a runtime error as the index is out of range. It shouldbe range(0,7)
Q2. Q3. Q4.
uter [2, 10, 10, 19, 22, 45, 77] [77, 10]
[2, 10, 45, 10]
Q5.
List Tuple
Elements of a list are mutable Elements of tuple are immutable
List is declared in square brackets [] Tuple is declared in parenthesis ()
Iterating over elements in list is slower as Iterating over elements of tuples is faster as
compared to tuple compared to list
e.g L1 = [1,2,3] e.g T1 = (1,2,3)
Q6. Q7. Q8. (C) Q9. (A)
Keys:
Values: 1,2,3

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Which of the string built in methods are used in following conditions?
ii) Returns the length of a string
iii) Removes all leading whitespaces in string
iv) Returns the minimum alphabetic character from a string
Q2. Write a program to remove all the characters of odd index value in a string
Q3. Write a python program to count the frequencies of each elements of a list using
dictionary
Q4. what will be the output of the following python code
L = [10,20]
L1 = [30,40]
L2 = [50,60]
L.append(L1)
print(L)
L.extend(L2)
print(L)
print(len(L)
Q5. Find the output of the given question
t=
i) t[5]
ii) t[3:7]
iii) t[1] + t[-2]
17
Page
 ANSWERS
Q1. i) len() ii) lstrip() iii)min()
Q2. str a string
final =
For i in range(len(str)):
if (i%2 == 0):
final = final + str[i]
modified string is
Q3. L1 = []
n= number of elements of the list
for i in range(0,n):
ele = int(input())
L1.append(ele)
list =
of list with their frequencies :
freq ={}
for item in L1:
if item in freq:
freq[item] += 1
else:
freq[item] = 1
for k,v in freq.item():
k, v)
Q4. Q5.
[10, 20, [30, 40]] i)
[10, 20, [30, 40],50,60] ii)
iii) 34

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the output
i) 'python'.capitalize()
ii) max('12321')
iii) 'python'.index('ho')
iv) 'python'.endswith('thon')
Q2. Consider the following code and answer the question that follows.
book = {1:'Thriller',2:'Mystery',3:'Crime',4:'Children Stories'}
library = {5:'Madras Diaries',6:'Malgudi Days'}
v) Ramesh wants to change the book He has written the
following code:
book['Crime'] = 'Crime Thriller'
but he is not getting the answer. Help him to write the correct command.
vi) Ramesh wants to merge the dictionary book with the dictionary library. Help him to write
the command.
Q3. Write the suitable method names for the conditions given below:
i) Add an element at the end of the list
ii) Return the index of first occurrence of an element
iii) Add the content of list2 at the end of list1
iv) Arrange the elements of a list1 in descending order

ANSWERS
Q1.
i) 'Python' ii) '3' iii) 3 iv) True
18
Page
 Q2. i) book[3] = 'Crime Thriller'
ii) library.update(book)
Q3. i) append() ii) index() iii) list1.extend(list2)
iv) list1.sort(reverse = True)

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the output of the following code:
a = (5,(7,5,(1,2)),5,4)
print(a.count(5))
print(a[1][2])
print(a * 3)
print(len(a))
b = (7,8,(4,5))
print(a + b)
Q2. Following is a program to check a list is same if it is read from front or from back.
Observe the program and answer the following questions:
a = [1,2,3,3,2,1]
i= # statement 1
mid = (len(a)) / 2
same = True
while : # statement 2
if a[i] != : # statement 3

same = False
break
# statement 4
if same == : # statement 5

vii) Which value will be assigned to the variable I in statement 1?

viii) Fill the blank line in statement 2.
ix) Fill the blank line in statement 3.
x) Fill the blank line in statement 4.
xi) Fill the blank line in statement 5.
Q3. Explain the following string functions with examples.
i) title() ii) count( ) iii) find() iv) index() v) join()

ANSWERS
Q1. 2
(1, 2)
(5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4, 5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4, 5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4)
4
(5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4, 7, 8, (4, 5))

Q2. i) 0
ii) i < mid
iii) a[i] != a[len(a) i 1]
iv) i = i + 1
v) True
Q3. i) title()
Returns the string with first letter of every word in the string in uppercase and rest in
lowercase.
19
Page
 >>> str1 = 'hello WORLD!'
>>> str1.title()
'Hello World!'
ii) count( )
Returns number of times substring str occurs in the given string. If we do not give start index
and end index then searching starts from index 0 and ends at length of the string.
>>> str1 = 'Hello World! Hello Hello'
>>> str1.count('Hello',12,25)
2
>>> str1.count('Hello')
3
iii) find()
Returns the first occurrence of index of substring stroccurring in the given string. If we do not
give start and end then searching starts from index 0 and ends at length of the string. If the
substring is not present in the given string, then the function returns -1
>>> str1= 'Hello World! Hello Hello'
>>> str1.find('Hello',10,20)
13
>>> str1.find('Hello',15,25)
19
>>> str1.find('Hello')
0
>>> str1.find('Hee')
-1

iv) index( )
Same as find() but raises an exception if the substring is not present in the given string
>>> str1 = 'Hello World! Hello Hello'
>>> str1.index('Hello')
0
>>> str1.index('Hee')
ValueError: substring not found
v) join()
Returns a string in which the characters in the string have been joined by a separator
>>> str1 = ('HelloWorld!')
>>> str2 = '-' #separator
>>> str2.join(str1)
'H-e-l-l-o-W-o-r-l-d-!'
20
Page
 FUNCTION IN PYTHON
Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in module, user defined
functions), creating user defined function, arguments and parameters, default parameters,
positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, scope of a variable
(global scope, local scope)
Let us revise
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
Advantages of function: Reusability of code, Reduce size of code, minimum number
of statements, minimum storage, Easy to manage and maintain
Types of functions: Built-in-functions, Functions defined in module, User defined
function
Built-in functions are the functions whose functionality is pre-defined in python like
abs(), eval(), input(), print(), pow()
Some functions are defined inside the module like load() and dump() function defined
inside the pickle module.
A function that can be defined by the user is known as user defined function.
def keyword is used to define a function.
There is a colon at the end of def line, meaning it requires block
User Defined function involved two steps:
defining
calling
Syntax for user defined function:
def <function name>( [parameter list ]):
doc string
<statement>
[<statement>]
Python supports three types of formal arguments/ parameters: Positional Arguments,
Default parameters, Keyword (or named ) Arguments
Positional Arguments: When the function call statement must match the number and
order of arguments as defined in the function definition, this is called the positional
argument matching.
A parameter having default value in the function header is known as a default
parameter.
Keyword Arguments are the named arguments with assigned values being passed in
the function call statement.
A function may or may not return one or more values.
A function that does not return a value is known as void function and returns legal
empty value None.
Functions returning value are also known as fruitful functions.
The flow of execution refers to the order in which statements are executed during a
program.
A variable declared in a function body (block) is said to have local scope. i.e. it can
be accessed within this function.
A variable declared outside of all functions/top level of segment of a program is said
to have global scope. i.e. it can be accessible in whole program and all blocks (
functions and the other blocks contained within program.
21
Page
 MIND MAP ON FUNCTION
Function: A function is a group of statements that exists within a
program for the purpose of performing a specific task.

Types Scope: Scope of a variable is the area of the program

where it may be referenced.

Built-in-functions: User Defined

Bulit-in functions are Function defined in
module: A module is functions: A function
the predefined is a block of code which
functions that are a file containing
functions and only runs when it is
already available in called. In Python, a
variables defined in Local: A variable
the python. Ex- int(), function is defined
separate files. created inside a
using the def keyword. function belongs to
the local scope of
that function, and
can only be used
Global: A variable declared inside that function.
outside of all functions/top Ex-
level of segment of a program
is said to have global scope. i.e. x = 300
it can be accessible in whole def myfunc():
program and all blocks. print(x)
myfunc()
Ex- print(x)
def myfunc():
x = 300
print(x)
myfunc()

Types of Arguments/Parameters

Default Arguments: A Keyword Arguments:

Positional Arguments: default argument is an Value can be provided by using
argument that assumes a their name instead of the position
Arguments passed to a default value if a value is not
function in correct positional (order) in function call statement.
provided in the function call These are called keyword
order. for that argument. arguments.
 Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
1. What is the default return value for a function that does not return any value explicitly?
(a) None (b) int (c) double (d) null
2. Which of the following items are present in the function header?
(a) Function name only (b) Parameter list only
(c) Both function name and parameter list (d) return value
3. Which of the following keyword marks the beginning of the function block?
(a) func (b) define (c) def (d) function
4. Pick one of the following statements to correctly complete the function body in the given
code snippet.
def f(number):
# Missing function body
print (f(5))
(a) return (b) print(number) (c) (d) return number
5. Which of the following function header is correct?
(a) def f(a=1,b): (b) def f(a=1,b,c=2):
(c) def f(a=1, b=1, c=2): (d) def f(a=1,b=1,c=2,d);
6. Which of the following statements is not true for parameter passing to functions?
(a) You can pass positional arguments in any order.
(b) You can pass keyword arguments in any order.
(c) You can call a function with positional and keyword arguments.
(d) Positional arguments must be before keyword arguments in a function call
7. A variable defined outside all the functions referred to
(a) A static variable (b)A global variable (c) A local variable (d) An automatic variable
8. What is the order of resolving scope of a name in a python program?
(L: Local namespace, E: Enclosing namespace, B: Built-In namespace, G: Global namespace)
(a) BGEL (b) LEGB (c) GEBL (d) LBEG
9. Assertion (A):- If the arguments in a function call statement match the number and order
of arguments as defined in the function definition, such arguments are called positional
arguments.
Reasoning (R):- During a function call, the argument list first contains default
argument(s) followed by positional argument(s).
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
10. The ......................... refers to the order in which statements are executed during a program
run.
(a) Token (b) Flow of execution (c) Iteration (d) All of the above
11. Choose the correct option:
Statement1: Local Variables are accessible only within a function or block in which it is
declared.
Statement2: Global variables are accessible in the whole program.
(a) Statement1 is correct but Statement2 is incorrect
(b) Statement2 is correct but Statement1 is incorrect
(c) Both Statements are Correct
(d) Both Statements are incorrect
12. The ............................ of a variable is the area of the program where it may be referenced
a) external b) global c) scope d) local
23
Page
 Answers
Questions Answers

1. (a) None
2. (c) Both function name and parameter list
3. (c) def
4. (d) return number
5. (c) def f(a=1, b=1, c=2):
6. (a) You can pass positional arguments in any order.
7. (b) A global variable
8. (b) LEGB
9. (c) A is True but R is False
10. (b) Flow of execution
11. (c) Both Statements are Correct
12. c) scope

Short Questions (2 Marks)

Q1. What do you mean by a function? How is it useful?
Answer: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are useful
as they can be reused anywhere through their function call statements.
Q2. Observe the following Python code very carefully and rewrite it after removing all
syntactical errors with each correction underlined.
def execmain():
x = input("Enter a number:")
if (abs(x)= x):
print("You entered a positive number")
else:
x=*-1
print("Number made positive : ",x)
execmain()
Answer:
def execmain():
x = int(input("Enter a number:"))
if (abs(x)== x):
print("You entered a positive number")
else:
x*=-1
print("Number made positive : ",x)
execmain()
Q3. What is an argument? Give an example.
Answer: An argument is data passed to a function through function call statement. It is
also called actual argument or actual parameter. For example, in the statement
print(math.sqrt(25)), the integer 25 is an argument.
Q4. What is the output of the program given below?
x = 75
def func (x) :
x = 10
func (x)
print ('x is now', x)
Answer: x is now 75
Q5. What will be the output of the following code:
24
Page
 total=0
def add(a,b):
global total
total=a+b
print(total)
add(6,6)
print(total)
Answer: 12
12
Q6. Is return statement optional? Compare and comment on the following two return
statements:
(i) return
(ii) return val
Answer: The return statement is optional only when the function does not return a value. A
function that returns a value must have at least one return statement.
From the given two return statements,
(i) The statement return is not returning any value. Rather it returns the control to
caller along with empty value None.
(ii) The statement return val is returning the control to caller along with the value
contained in variable val.
Q7. Divyansh, a python programmer, is working on a project which requires him to define a
function with name CalculateInterest(). He defines it as:
def CalculateInterest(Principal,Rate=.06, Time): # Code
But this code is not working, Can you help Divyansh to identify the error in the above
function and with the solution?
Answer. Yes, here non-default argument is followed by default argument which is wrong as
arguments to a function ,all the arguments to its
right must also have default values, otherwise it will result in an error.)
Q8. Write a function that takes a positive integer and returns the position digit of the
integer.
Answer: def getOnes(num):
oneDigit=num%10 # return the ones digit of the integer num
return oneDigit
Q9. Anita has written a code to input a number and check whether it is prime or not. His code
is having errors. Rewrite the correct code and underline the corrections made.
def prime():
n=int(input("Enter number to check :: ")
for i in range (2, n//2):
if n%i=0:
print("Number is not prime \n")
break
else:
print("Number is prime \
Answer:
def prime():
n=int(input("Enter number to check :: ")) #bracket missing
for i in range (2, n//2):
if n%i==0: # = missing
print("Number is not prime \n")
break #wrong indent
else:
print("Number is prime \ # quote mismatch
25
Page
 Q10. What is the difference between parameter and argument?
Answer:
Parameters are temporary variable names within functions. The argument can be
thought of as the
value that is assigned to that temporary variable.

numbers.
def sum(a,b):
return a+b
sum(10,20)
Here a
calls, i.e., the values passed to the function at runtime.10, 20 are the arguments for the
function sum.
Q11. What is the significance of having functions in a program?
Answer: Creating functions in programs is very useful. It offers the following advantages:
(i) The program is easier to understand.
(ii) Redundant code is at one place, so making changes is easier.
(iii) Reusable functions can be put in a library in modules.
Q12. What is the difference between local variable and global variable? Also give a suitable
Python code
to illustrate both.
Answer:
S.No. Local Variable Global Variable
1. It is a variable which is declared within a It is a variable which is declared
function or within a block. outside all the functions or in a global
space.
2. It cannot be accessed outside the function It is accessible throughout the
but only within a function/block of a program in which it is declared.
program.
For example, in the following code x, xcubed are global variables and n and cn are local
variables.
def cube(n): # n and cn are local variables
cn=n*n*n
return cn
x=10 # x is a global variable
xcubed=cube(x) # xcubed is a global variable
print(x, xcubed)

Short Questions (3 Marks)

Q1. Consider the following function that takes two positive integer parameters a and b.
Answer the following questions based on the code below:
def funct1(a,b):
if a>1:
if a%b==0:

funct1(int(a/b),b)
else:
funct1(a,b+1)
(a) What will be printed by the fuction call funct1(24,2)?
(b) What will be printed by the fuction call funct1(84,2)?
26
Page
 (c) State in one line what funct1()is trying to calculate.
Answer (a) 2 2 2 3
(b)2 2 3 7
(c) finding factors of A which are greater than and equal to B.
Q2. Write a user defined function to print the odd numbers from a given list passed as an
argument.
Sample list: [1,2,3,4,5,6,,7,8,9,10]
Expected Result: [1,3,5,7,9]
Answer:
def odd_num(l):
odd=[]
for n in l:
if n%2!=0:
odd.append(n)
return odd
print(odd_num([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]))
Q3. Which line in the given code(s) will not work and why?
def interest(p,r,t=7):
I=(p*r*t)
print(interest(20000,.08,15)) #line 1
print(interest(t=10, 20000, 0.75)) #line 2
print(interest(50000, 0.7)) #line 3
print(interest(p=10000,r=.06,time=8)) #line 4
print(interest(80000, t=10)) #line 5
Answer: Line 2: positional argument must not be followed by keyword argument, i.e.,
positional argument
must appear before a keyword argument.
Line 4: There is no keyword argument with
Line 5: Missing value for positional arguments, R.
Q4. Write a python function showlarge() that accepts a string as parameter and prints the
words whose length is more than 4 characters.
Eg: if the given string is life is for serving my
The output should be
serving
Country
Answer:
def showlarge(s):
l = s.split()
for x in l:
if len(x)>4:
print(x)
s=" My life is for serving my Country "
showlarge(s)
Q5. Write a function Interchange (num) in Python, which accepts a list num of integers, and
interchanges the adjacent elements of the list and print the modified list as shown below:
(Number of elements in the list is assumed as even)
Original List: num = [5,7,9,11,13,15]
After Rearrangement num = [7,5,11,9,15,13]
Answer:
def Interchange(num):
for i in range(0,n,2):
27
Page
 num[i], num[i+1] = num[i+1], num[i]
print(num)
num=[5,7,9,11,13,15]
n=len(num)
if n%2==0:
Interchange(num)
Q6. Write a function INDEX_LIST(L), where L is the list of elements passed as argument to

Non-Zero Elements of L.
For example:
If L contains [12, 4, 0, 11,0, 56]
The indexList will have - [0,1,3,5]
Answer:
def INDEX_LIST(L):
indexList=[]
for i in range(len(L)):
if L[i]!=0:
indexList.append(i)
return indexList

Long Questions/Case Study/Application Based (4 Marks)

Q1. Krishnav is looking for his dream job but has some restrictions. He loves Delhi and
would take a job there if he is paid over Rs.40,000 a month. He hates Chennai and
demands at least Rs. 1,00,000 to work there. In any another location he is willing to work
for Rs. 60,000 a month. The following code shows his basic strategy for evaluating a job
offer.
def DreamProject():
pay=
location=
if location == "Mumbai":
take it!") #Statement 1
elif location == "Chennai":
if pay < 100000:
print ("No way") #Statement 2
else:
print("I am willing!") #Statement 3
elif location == "Delhi" and pay > 40000:
print("I am happy to join") #Statement 4
elif pay > 60000:
print("I accept the offer") #Statement 5
else:
print("No thanks, I can find something better") #Statement 6

On the basis of the above code, choose the right statement which will be executed when
different inputs for pay and location are given
(i) Input: location = pay = 50000
a. Statement 1 b. Statement 2 c. Statement 3 d. Statement 4
(ii) Input: location = ,pay = 50000
a. Statement 2 b. Statement 4 c. Statement 5 d. Statement 6
(iii) Input- location = Other pay = 1
a Statement 1 b. Statement 2 c. Statement 4 d. Statement 6
28
Page
 (iv) Input location = pay = 500000
a. Statement 6 b. Statement 5 c. Statement 4 d. Statement 3

Answer: (i) b. Statement2 (ii) d. Statement6 (iii) d. Statement6 (iv) c. Statement4

toddlers understand concepts in a fun way. Being a senior programmer, you have taken
responsibility to develop a program using user-defined functions to help children differentiate
between upper case and lower case letters/ English alphabet in a given sequence. Make sure
that you perform a careful analysis of the type of alphabets and sentences that can be included
as per age and curriculum. Write a python program that accepts a string and calculates the
number of upper case letters and lower case letters.
Answer:
def string_test(s):
d={"UPPER_CASE":0,"LOWER_CASE":0}
for c in s:
if c.isupper():
d["UPPER_CASE"]+=1
elif c.islower():
d["LOWER_CASE"]+=1
else:
pass
print("Original String:",s)
print("No. of Upper Case Characters:",d["UPPER_CASE"])
print("No. of Lower Case Characters:",d["LOWER_CASE"])
string_test("Play Learn and Grow")

Case Based/ Source Based Integrated Questions (5 Marks)

Q1. Traffic accidents occur due to various reasons. While problems with roads or inadequate
safety facilities lead to some accidents,
carelessness and their failure to abide by traffic rules.
ITS Roadwork is a company that deals with manufacturing and installation of traffic
lights so as to minimize the risk of accidents. Keeping in view the requirements, traffic
simulation is to be done. Write a program in python that simulates a traffic light. The
program should perform the following:
(a) A user defined function trafficLight() that accepts input from the user, displays an
error message if the following is displayed depending upon return value from
light(); [2]
(i) if the value returned by
light() is 0.
(ii) if the value returned by light() is 1.
(iii) may go if the value returned by light() is 2.
(b) A user defined function light() that accepts a string as input and returns 0 when
the input is RED, 1 when the input is YELLOW and 2 when the input is GREEN.
The input should be passed as an argument. [2]
(c)
executed. [1]
Answer: (a)
#Program to simulate a traffic light comprising of two user defined functions trafficLight() and
light()
def trafficLight():
signal=input("Enter the colour of the traffic light:")
29
Page
 if signal not in ["RED","YELLOW","GREEN"]:
print("Please enter a valid traffic light colour in CAPITALS")
else:
value=light(signal)
if value==0:
print("STOP","Life is more important thanspeed")
elif value==1:
print("PLEASE GO SLOW")
else:
print("You may go now")
(a) # function light()
def light(colour):
if colour=="RED":
return 0
elif colour=="YELLOW":
return 1
else:
return 2
trafficLight()

# Display BETTER LATE THAN NEVER

print("BETTER LATE THAN NEVER")

Q2. Observe the following code and select appropriate answers for the given questions:
total=1
def multiply(l): # line1
for x in l:
total # line2
total*=x
return # line3
l=[2,3,4]
print(multiply( ), # line4
, Thank
(i) Identify the part of function in # line1
(a) Function header (b) Function calling (c) Return statement (d)Default argument
(ii) Which of the keyword is used to fill in the blank for # line2 to run the program
without error.
(a) eval (b) def (c) global (d) return
(iii) Which variable is going to be returned in # line3
(a) total (b) x (c) l (d) None
(iv) Which variable is required in the # line4
(a) total (b) x (c) l (d) None
(v) In the # line4 the multiple(l) is called
(a) Caller (b) Called (c) Parameters (d) Arguments
Answer: (i) (a) Function header
(ii) (c) global
(iii) (a) total
(iv) (c) l
(v) (a) Caller
30
Page
 Exception Handling
Exception: Contradictory or Unexpected situation or unexpected error, during program
execution, is known as Exception.
Exception Handling: Way of handling anomalous situations in a program-run, is known as
Exception Handling.
Some common examples of Exceptions are:
Divide by zero errors Hard disk crash
Accessing the elements of an array beyond its range Opening a non-existent file
Invalid input Heap memory exhausted
Example:
try :
print ("result of 10/5 = ", (10/5))
print ("result of 10/0 = ", (10/0))
except :
print ("Divide by Zero Error! Denominator must not be zero!")
The output produced by above code is as shown below :
result of 10 / 5 = 2
result of 10 / 0 = Divide by Zero Error! Denominator must not be zero!
1 Marks Question:
1. Errors resulting out of violation of programming grammar rules are known as:
(a) Compile time error (b) Logical error (c) Runtime error (d) Exception
2. An unexpected event that occurs during runtime and causes program disruption, is called:
(a) Compile time error (b) Logical error (c) Runtime error (d) Exception
3. Which of the following keywords are not specific to exception handling ?
(a) try (b) except (c) finally (d) else
4. Which of the following blocks is a - block ?
(a) try (b) except (c) finally (d) else
5. Which keyword is used to force an exception ?
(a) try (b) except (c) raise (d) finally
Answers:
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
Predict the output of the following code for these function calls:
(a) divide(2, 1) (b) divide(2, 0) (c)
def divide(x, y):
try:
result = x/y
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("division by zero!")
else:
print ("result is", result)
finally:
print ("executing finally clause")
Solution.
(a) divide(2, 1) result is 2
executing finally clause
(b) divide(2, 0) division by zero!
executing finally clause

executing finally clause

Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'str'
31
Page
 FILE HANDLING TEXT FILES
I. INTRODUCTION:
Files are named locations on disk to store related information. They are used to
permanently store data in a non-volatile memory (e.g. hard disk).
Since Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile (which loses its data when
the computer is turned off), we use files for future use of the data by
permanently storing them.
When we want to read from or write to a file, we need to open it first. When
we are done, it needs to be closed so that the resources that are tied with the file
are freed.
Hence, in Python, a file operation takes place in the following order:
Open a file
Read or write (perform operation)
Close the file
II Types of File in Python
There are two types of files in Python and each of them are explained below in detail
with examples for your easy understanding. They are:
1) Binary file 2) Text file
II. Text files in Python
A text file is usually considered as sequence of lines. Line is a sequence of
characters (ASCII), stored on permanent storage media. Although default
character coding in python is ASCII but supports Unicode as well.
In text file, each line is terminated by a special character, known as End of Line
(EOL). From strings we know that \n is newline character.
At the lowest level, text file is collection of bytes. Text files are stored in human
readable form. They can also be created using any text editor.

editor itself.
Example of Text Files:
Web standards: html, XML, CSS, Tabular data: csv, tsv etc.
JSON Configuration: ini, cfg, reg etc
Source code: c, app, js, py, java etc.
Documents: txt, tex, RTF etc.
III. OPENING OR CREATING A NEW FILE IN PYTHON
The method open() is used to open an existing file or creating a new file. If the
complete directory is not given then the file will be created in the directory in
which the python file is stored. The syntax for using open() method is given
below.
Syntax:
file_object = open( file_name, Buffering )
The open method returns file object which can be stored in the name file object
(file-handle).
File name is a unique name in a directory. The open() function will create the file with
the specified name if it is not already exists otherwise it will open the already existing
file.
File Access Modes:
The access mode: it is the string which tells in what mode the file should be
opened for operations. There are three different access modes are available in
python.
Reading: Reading mode is crated only for reading the file. The pointer will be
at the beginning of the file.
Writing: Writing mode is used for overwriting the information on existing file.
32
Page
 Append: Append mode is same as the writing mode. Instead of over writing
the information this mode append the information at the end.
Below is the list of representation of various access modes in python.
Access modes in Text Files
Read Mode: Read mode is used only to read data from the file.
Write Mode: This mode is used when you want to write data into the file
or modify it. Remember write mode overwrites the data present in the file.
Append Mode: Append mode is used to append data to the file. Remember
data will be appended at the end of the file pointer.
Read or Write Mode: This mode is used when we want to write or read
the data from the same file.
Append or Read Mode: This mode is used when we want to read data
from the file or append the data into the same file.
Buffering:
Buffering is the process of storing a chunk of a file in a temporary memory
until the file loads completely. In python there are different values can be given.
If the buffering is set to 0 , then the buffering is off. The buffering will be set
to 1 when we need to buffer the file.
Examples of Opening TEXT Files in Python
# open file in current directory

# specifying full path

f= \temp\ # raw string
f= \\temp\\ #-absolute path
IV. CLOSING FILES IN PYTHON
After processing the content in a file, the file must be saved and closed. To do this
we can use another method close() for closing the file. This is an important method
to be remembered while handling files in python.
Syntax: file_object.close()
string = "This is a String in Python"
my_file = open(my_file_name.txt,"w+",1)
my_file.write(string)
my_file.close()
print(my_file.closed)
V. READING INFORMATION IN THE FILE
In order to read a file in python, we must open the file in read mode.
There are three ways in which we can read the files in python.
read([n])
readline([n])
readlines() all lines returned to a list
Here, n is the number of bytes to be read.
Example 1:
my_file =
print(my_file.read(5))
Output:
Hello
Here we are opening the file test.txt in a read-only mode and are
reading only the first 5 characters of the file using the
my_file.read(5) method.
Example 2:
my_file =
print(my_file.read())
33
Page
 Output:
Hello World
Hello Python
Good Morning #Here we have not provided any argument inside
the read() function.
#Hence it will read all the content present inside
the file.
Example 3:
my_file =
print(my_file.readline(2))
Output:
He
This function returns the first 2 characters of the next line.
Example 4:
my_file =
print(my_file.readline())

Output:
Hello World
Using this function we can read the content of the file on a line by line basis.
Example 5:
my_file =
print(my_file.readlines())
Output:
World\ Python\

Here we are reading all the lines present inside the text file including the newline
characters.
Example 5: Reading a specific line from
a File Output:
line_number = 4 How are You
fo =

#In this example, we are trying to read

currentline = 1 only the 4th line from the
for line in fo: using
if(currentline == line_number):
print(line)
break
currentline = currentline +1
VI. WRITE TO A PYTHON TEXT FILE
In order to write data into a file, we must open the file in write mode.
We need to be very careful while writing data into the file as it overwrites the
content present inside the file that we are writing, and all the previous data will be
erased.
We have two methods for writing data into a file as shown below.
write(string) and writelines(list)
Example 1:
34
Page
 The above code writes the String into the file.
The first line will be and
my_file =
as we have mentioned \n character,
theow
pen)( C:/Documents/Python/test.txt ,
cursor
file andwill
thenmove
write to the next line of the
World\
Remember if we mention \n
character, then the data will be written
continuously in the text file like

Example 3:
fruits = \ \ \

my_file.writelines(fruits)

The above code writes a list of data into the file simultaneously.
Append in a Python Text File:
To append data into a file we must open the file in
mode so that we will have access to both
the append as well as write modes.
Example 1:
my_file =
my_file.write
The above code appends at the
end of the file
Example 2:
my_file =
my_file.write \
The above code appends the string at the end
of
the file in a new line
flush() function
When we write any data to file, python hold everything in buffer (temporary
memory) and pushes it onto actual file later. If you want to force Python to write
the content of buffer onto storage, you can use flush() function.
Python automatically flushes the files when closing them i.e. it will be implicitly
called by the close(), BUT if you want to flush before closing any file you can use
flush()
REMOVING WHITESPACES AFTER READING FROM TEXT FILE
read() and readline() reads data from file and return it in the form of string and
readlines() returns data in the form of list.
All these read function also read leading and trailing whitespaces, new line
characters. If we want to remove these characters you can use functions
strip() : removes the given character from both ends.
lstrip(): removes given character from left end
rstrip(): removes given character from right end
File Pointer
Every file maintains a file pointer which tells the current position in the file
where reading and writing operation will take.
When we perform any read/write operation two things happens:
The operation at the current position of file pointer
File pointer advances by the specified number of bytes.
35
Page
 1- MARK QUESTIONS
1. To read three characters from a file object f, .
(a) f.read(3) (b) f.read() (c) f.readline() (d) f.readlines()
2. The files that consists of human readable characters
(a) binary file (b) text file (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
3. Which function is used to write a list of string in a file?
(a) writeline() (b) writelines() (c) writestatement() (d) writefullline()
4. What will be the output of the following Python code?
myFile = None
for i in range (8):
with as myFile:
if i > 5:
break
print(myFile.closed)

(a) True (b) False (c) None (d) Error

5. What will be the output of the following Python code?

Name of the file: myFile.name)

myFile.flush()
myFile.close()
Suppose the content of the file is
Education Hub
Learning is the key of success.
(a) Compilation error (b) Runtime error (c) No output (d) Flushes the file when closing
them
6. What is the output of following code?

s=myfile.read(10)
print(s)
s1=myfile.read(15)
print(s1)
myfile.close()

a) Education b) Education c) Education d) Education

Hub Learning Hub Hub Hub
is Learning is Learning Learning is
is

7. What is the output of following code?

s=f.readline()
lcount=len(s)
print(lcount)
f.close( )
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 8
36
Page
 8. What is the output of following code?

s=0
ts=0
while str:
str=f.readline()
ts=ts+len(str)
print(ts)
f.close()
(a) 44 (b) 43 (c) 37 (d) 45
9. What is the output of following code?
def test () :
s=open
f=s.read()
z=f.split( )
count=0
for i in z:
count=count+1
print(count)

Suppose the content of file is

Education Hub
Electronic learning
Learning is the key of success.
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 9
10. What is the output of following code?
def test() :

lines=0
l=f.readlines( )
for i in l:
if i [0] = = :
lines+=1
print(lines)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) Error

ANSWER 1-MARK QUESTIONS

1. (a) ) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a)5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a)9. (b) 10.

2 MARK QUESTIONS

Q1. Write a single loop to display all the contens of a text file file1.txt after removing leading
and trailing WHITESPACES
out=open('output.txt','w')
out.write('hello,world!\n')
out.write('how are you')
out.close( )
open('output.txt').read( )
37
Page
 Q3. Read the code given below and answer the questions
f1=open('main.txt','w')
f1.write('bye')
f1.close()
If the file contains 'GOOD' before execution, what will be the content of the file after
execution of the code
Q4. Observe the following code and answer the follow
f1=open("mydata","a")
#blank1
f1.close()
(i) what type of file is mydata
(ii) Fill in the blank1 with statement to write "abc" in the file "mydata"
Q5. A given text file data.txt contains :
Line1\n
\n
line3
Line 4
\n
line6
What would be the output of following code?
f1=open('data.txt')
L=f1.readlines()
print(L[0])
print(L[2])
print(L[5])
print(L[1])
print(L[4])
print(L[3])
Q6. In which of the following file modes the existing data of the file will not be lost?
i) rb
ii) w
iii) a+b
iv) wb+
v) r+
vi) ab
vii) w+b
viii)wb
ix) w+
Q7. What would be the data types of variables data in following statements?
i) Data=f.read( )
ii) Data=f.read(10)
iii) Data=f.readline()
iv)Data=f.readlines()
Q8 Suppose a file name test1.txt store alphabets in it then what is the output of the following
code
f1=open("test1.txt")
size=len(f1.read())
print(f1.read(5))
Q9. What is standard input, output and error steams?
Q10. Write a short note on flush() function.
38
Page
 ANSWER 2-MARK QUESTIONS
Ans1 for line in
print(line.strip())
Ans2 The output will be
Hello,world!
How are you?
The first line of code is opening the file in write mode,the next two line writes text t file .the
last line
opens the file and from that reference reads the file content.file() performs the same functions

applied.
Ans3 The file would now contains because when an existing file is openend in
write mode .it
truncates the existing data in file .
Ans4 i) Text file
ii)
Ans5 Line1
Line3
Line 6
Line 4
Ans6 ab and a+b mode
Ans7 a) string b)string c)string d)list
Ans 8 No Output
Explanation: the f1.read() of line 2 will read entire content of file and place the file pointer at
the
end of file. for f1.read(5) it will return nothing as there are no bytes to be read from EOF and,
thus,print statement prints nothing.
Ans 9
Standard input device(stdin) reads from the keyboard
Standard output device(stdout)- prints to the display and can be redirected as standard
input
Standard error device(stderr)- Same as stdout but normally only for errors. Having error output
separately allows the user to divert regular output to a file and still be able to read error messages.
Ans 10
While writing, Python writes everything into a buffer and pushes it into file at a later
time.
When flush() function is called it immediately empties the buffer and writes into the
file.
This function is called automatically when file is closed.
39
Page
 3 MARK QUESTIONS

Q1. Write a python code to find the size of the file in bytes, number of lines and number
of words.
# reading data from a file and find size, lines, words

str=f.read( )
size=len(str)
of file n
f.seek(0)
L=f.readlines( )
word=L.split( )

f.close( )
Q2. Write code to print just the last line of a text file
Ans:
lineList=fin.readlines()
line = lineList[-1])
Q.3 Write a program to count the words and present in a text file

Ans.
fname = "python.txt"
num_words = 0
f= open(fname, 'r')
words = f.read().split()
for a in words:

num_words = num_words + 1
print("Number of words:", num_words)
f.close()
Q.4. Write a program to display all the lines in a file along with line/record
number.
Ans.
fh=open("python.txt","r")
count=0
lines=fh.readlines()
for a in lines:
count=count+1
print(count,a)
fh.close()
Q. 5 Write a program to display all the lines in a file have the word
in it.
Ans.
fh=open("python.txt","r")
count=0
lines=fh.readlines()
for a in lines:
if > 0) :
print(a)
fh.close()
40
Page
 3- MARK QUESTIONS

1. Write a python program to create and read the city.txt file in one go and print
the contents on the output screen.
Answer:
# Creating file with open() function
f=open("city.txt","w")
f.write("My city is very clean city.")
f.close()
# Reading contents from city.txt file
f=open("city.txt","r")
dt = f.read()
print(dt)
f.close()
2. Consider following lines for the file friends.txt and predict the output:
Friends are crazy, Friends are naughty !
Friends are honest, Friends are best !
Friends are like keygen, friends are like license key !
We are nothing without friends, Life is not possible without friends !
f = open("friends.txt")
l = f.readline()
l2 = f.readline(18)
ch3=f.read(10)
print(l2)
print(ch3)
print(f.readline())
f.close()
Output:
Friends are honest
, Friends
are best !
Explanation:
In line no. 2, f.readline() function reads first line and stores the output string in l but not printed
in the code, then it moves the pointer to next line in the file. In next statement we have
f.readline(18) which reads next 18 characters and place the cursor at the next position i.e.
comma (,) , in next statement f.read(10) reads next 10 characters and stores in ch3 variable and
then cursor moves to the next position and at last f.readline() function print() the entire line.
3. Write a function count_lines() to count and display the total number of lines from the
file. Consider above file friends.txt.
def count_lines():
f = open("friends.txt")
cnt =0
for lines in f:
cnt+=1
lines = f.readline()
print("no. of lines:",cnt)
f.close()
4. Write a function display_oddLines() to display odd number lines from the text file.
Consider above file friends.txt.
def display_oddLines():
f = open("friends.txt")
cnt =0
for lines in f:
41
Page
 cnt+=1
lines = f.readline()
if cnt%2!=0:
print(lines)
f.close()
5. Write a function cust_data() to ask user to enter their names and age to store data in
customer.txt file.
def cust_data():
name = input("Enter customer name:")
age=int(input("Enter customer age:"))
data = str([name,age])
f = open("customer.txt","w")
f.write(data)
f.close()

4 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. This question consists of 6 sub-questions . Attempt any 5 questions.
Below is a program to delete the line having word (passed as argument). Answer the
questions that follow to execute the program successfully.
def filedel(word) :
file1 = # Statement 1
nfile =
while True :
line = file1. # Statement 2
if not line :
break
else :
if word in line :
# Statement 3
else :
print(line)
nfile. (line) # Statement 4
file1.close()
. close() # Statement 5

(i). In which mode, program should open the file to delete the line in statement 2?
(a) w (b) r (c) r+ (d) a+
(ii). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank in line marked as Statement 3.
(a) read() (b) read(n) (c) readlines() (d) readline()
(iii). Identify the missing code for blank space in line marked as Statement 4.
(a) True (b) Flag (c) pass (d) False
(iv). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank in line marked as Statement 5.
(a) read (b) write (c) writelines (d) writeline
(v). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank in line marked as Statement 6.
(a) file 1 (b) file (c) nfile (d) None

Answer 1
(i). (b) (ii). (d) (iii) (c) (iv). (b) (v). (c)

Q2. This question consists of 6 sub-questions . Attempt any 5 questions.

Below is a program to display all the records in a file along with line/record number from file
Answer the questions that follow to execute the program successfully.
42
Page
 f= open ( , #Line 1
count= 0

while : #Line 2
rec = f . #Line 3
if rec = =
#Line 4
count = #Line 5
print(count, rec, end =
#Line 6

(i). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank marked as Line 1.
(a) status (b) (c) status.txt (d) file.txt
(ii). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank marked as Line 2.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) False (d) True
(iii). Which function will be used to read the content of file marked as Line 3?
(a) readline() (b) readlines() (c) read() (d) read(n)
(iv). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank marked as Line 4.
(a) continue (b) break (c) goto (d) label
(v) Which value will be assign to variable count in Line 5?
(a) count (b) count*i (c) count +1 (d) count + i
(vi). Identify the missing code in Line 6.
(a) f.close (b) myfile.close (c) file.close() (d) f.close()

Answer 2
(i). (b) (ii). (d) (iii). (a) (iv). (b) (v). (c) (vi). (d)

MIND MAP

Binary Files

FILE HANDLING

Text Files

Reading Text Files

Writing Text Files
read()
write()
readline()
writelines()
readlines()
43
Page
 File Handling (Binary File)
There are two types of files:
Text Files- A file whose contents can be viewed using a text editor is called a text file. A text
file is simply a sequence of ASCII or Unicode characters. Python programs, contents written
in text editors are some of the example of text files.e.g. .txt,.rtf,.csv etc.

Binary Files-A binary file stores the data in the same way as as stored in the memory. The
.exe files,mp3 file, image files, word documents are some of the examples of binary files.we
read a binary file using a text editor.e.g. .bmp,.cdr etc.

Text File Binary File

Its Bits represent character. Its Bits represent a custom data.
Less prone to get corrupt as change reflects as Can easily get corrupted, corrupt on even single
soon as made and can be undone. bit change
Can store different types of data (audio,
Store only plain text in a file.
text,image) in a single file.
Widely used file format and can be opened in any Developed for an application and can be opened
text editor. in that application only.

Mostly .txt,.rtf are used as extensions to text files. Can have any application defined extension.
Opening and closing of binary file is same as text file opening and closing. While opening
any binary file we have to specify in file opening mode.

Python has a module which does this work for us and is extremely easy to use. This module
is called pickle; it provides us with the ability to serialize and deserialize objects, i.e., to
convert objects into bitstreams which can be stored into files and later be used to
reconstruct the original objects.
pickle.dump() function is used to store the object data to the file. It takes 3 arguments.First
argument is the object that we want to store. The second argument is the file object we get
by opening the desired file in write-binary (wb) mode. And the third argument is the key-
value argument.
Pickle.load() function is used to retrieve pickled data.The steps are quite simple. We have to
use pickle.load() function to do that.
A Binary file is a file that contains information in the same format in which the information
is held in memory, ie the file content that is returned to us is raw ( with no translation or
specific encoding )

File Handling consists of following three steps :

a) Open the file.
b) Process the file ie perform read or write operation.
c) Close the file.
The open( ) function is used to open a data file in a program through a file-object ( or
a file handle).
A file mode specifies the type of operation(s) ( eg read / write / append ) possible in
the opened file ie it referes to how the file will be used, once it is opened.
44
Page
 The close( ) function breaks the link of the file-object and the file on the disk.
A binary file can be opened in the modes (
Pickle module in Python provides us, with the ability to serialize and de-serialize
objects, ie to convert objects into bitstreams which can be stored into files and later
be used to reconstruct the original objects.
Serialization is also known as pickling.
De-serialization is also known as un-pickling.
Pickle module contains dump( ) function to perform pickling ie write data into a
binary file.
Pickle module contains load( ) function to perform unpickling ie read data from a
binary file.
Syntax of dump( ) function to write data :
dump(data_object, file_object)
Where data_object is the object that has to be written(dumped) to the file with the
file handle named file_object
Syntax of load( ) function to write data :
store_object= load(file_object)
The pickled Python object is read (loaded) from the file having the file handle named
file_object and is stored in a new file handle called store_object.
Read from and Write into a binary file :
Use mode in the open( ) function to read binary files.
We hve read( ) and write( ) methods that works with string parameters and will not
work directly with binary files. Conversion of data at the time of reading and writing
is required.
Dump( ) method is used to write the objects in a binary file and load( ) method is
used to read data from a binary file.
Search operation :
There is no pre-defined function available in python for searching records. It involves
reading of the binary file and then comparing each record with our given value. ( This
is the linear search process )
Append operation :
To add/append data to a binary file, we must open a file mode. The file will
retain the previous records and append the new records at the end of the file.
Update operation :
In order to update a binary file, the poisition of the file pointer must be known. To
check the position of the file pointer, we use the functions and
tell( ) function : It returns the current position of the file pointer in the file.
Syntax of tell( ) function : variable=file_object.tell( )
seek( ) function : It changes the position of the file pointer by placing the file pointer
at the specified position in the open file.
Syntax of seek( ) function : file_object.seek( offset)
45
Page
 MIND MAP: Binary File
46
Page
 1 Mark Questions

1. Binary files commonly have the extension : 1

a) .TXT b) .DAT c) .DOC d) .PDF
2. The method is used to read data from a binary file. 1
3. State whether True or False : 1
When we open a file in append mode the previous data is erased.
4. Which module is required to use the built-in function dump() ? 1
a) math b) flush c) pickle d) unpickle
5. The mode used for both writing and reading data from a binary file : 1
a) wb+ b) w c) wb d) a
6. State whether True or False : 1
The type of operation that can be performed on a file depends upon the mode in
which the file is opened.
7. The module pickle is used for which of the methods in file handling : 1
(a) open( ) and close( )
(b) read( ) and write( )
(c) dump( ) and load( )
(d) None of the above
8. The statement automatically closes the file after processing on the file gets 1
over.
9. The method is used to read data from a binary file. 1
10. The method used to write an object into a binary file is : 1
a) load() b) dump() c) write() d) None of these

2 Marks Questions

1. State whether True or False : 2

a) Data stored inside the file is permanent in nature.
b) A binary file can be opened in write mode using mode only.
2. Write two features of Binary files . 2
3. Write a statement in Python to perform the following operations : 2
a) To open a Binary file in read mode
b) To open a Binary file in read and write mode
4. Observe the following code and answer the questions that follow : 2
File =
# Blank 1
File.close()

a) What type of file( Text / Binary ) is Mydata ?

b) Fill the Blank 1 with statement to write in the file Mydata

5. Q (i) and (ii) are ASSERTION ( A ) and REASONING ( R ) based questions. 2

Mark the correct choice as :
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation for A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
47
Page
 Q (i)
Assertion ( A ) : Access mode adds data to the file.
Reason ( R ) : If file exists data added to end of file, if file does not exists a new
file is created.

Q(ii)
Assertion ( A ) : Access mode opens a file for appending.
Reason ( R ) : The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists.

6. Write in short : 2
i) What is the use of open( ) method ?
ii) What is the use of tell( ) method ?
7. What is the use of load( ) and dump( ) methods? 2
8. Answer in brief : 2
i) Purpose of close( ) function.
ii) Purpose of flush( ) function.
9. Explain seek( ) method. 2

3 Marks Questions

1. a) Explain the wb+ mode in binary files. 3

b) Explain the ab+ mode in binary files.
c) Explain the rb mode in binary files.

2. a) What do you mean by serialization and de-serialization ? 3

b) What are the usage of dump( ) and load( ) functions ?
c) What are the usage of close( ) and flush( ) functions ?

3. Write a program that reads a binary file and displays all records of 3
employees one by one.

4. Write a program that reads a binary file and display the records of all 3
those employees who are getting salary greater than 20000.

5. a) Which method is used to write list, tuple and sequence data types in a binary file ? 3
b) Which function forces Python to write the contents of buffer to file?
c) Which area is automatically associated with the file when we open it?

4 Marks Questions

1. Consider a binary file EMP.DAT containing details empno:name:salary : 4

those
employees who are earning between 20000 and 40000 ( both values inclusive)

2. For a Binary file, explain the processes : 4

i) Search operation
ii) Append operation
iii) Update operation
48
Page
 iv) tell(0 function

3. Create the file phonebook.dat that stores the details in following format : 4
Name Phone
Alex 7865443
Neha 8855342
Obtain the details from the user.

4. A file phonebook.dat stores the details in following format : 4

Name Phone
Alex 7865443
Neha 8855342
Write a program to edit the phone numbers of in file. If there is no record
for report error.

5 Marks Questions

1. Write a function to write numbers into a binary file and read the same. 5

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow : 5

Ramesh, was assigned an incomplete task search( ) function whose purpose was to
search in a pickled file student.dat The following information about student.dat is
known :

File contains details of students in [ roll, name, marks ] format

File contains details of 10 students ( ie from roll 1 to 10 ) ans separate list of
each student is written in the binary file using dump( )

Ramesh has been assigned the task to complete the code and print details of roll
number 1 .

def search( ) :
f=open("student.dat", ) # statement-1
: # statement-2

while True :
rec=pickle. # statement-3
if( ) : # statement-4
print(rec)
except : pass
# statement-5

i) In which mode Ramesh should open the file in statement-1 ?

a) r b) r+ c) rb d) wb

ii) Identify the suitable code to be used at blank space in statement-2.

a) if(rec[0]==1) b) for i in range (10) c) try d) pass
49
Page
 iii) Identify the function (with argument) to be used at blank space in
statement-3.
a) load( ) b) load(student.dat) c) load(f) d) load(fin)

iv) What will be the suitable code for blank space in statement-4?
a) rec[0]==2 b) rec[1]==2 c) rec[2]=2 d) rec[0]==1

v) Which statement should Ramesh use at blank space in statement-5 to

close the file?
a) file.close( ) b) close(file) c) f.close( ) d) close( )

3. A binary file has structure [BookNo, Book_Name, Author, Price].

1. Write a user defined function CreateFile() to input data for a record and add to
Book.dat .
2. Write a function CountRec(Author) in Python which accepts the Author name as
parameter and count and return number of books by the given Author are stored in
the binary file
3.
4.
Write a function countrec() in Python that would read contents of the file
and display the details of those students whose percentage is above 75. Also display
number of students scoring above 75%.

5 Write a function in python to search and display details, whose

from binary file Assuming the binary file is containing the following elements in
the list:
1. Bus Number
2. Bus Starting Point
3. Bus Destination
4.
6. Write a function addrec() in Python to add more new records at the bottom of a binary
file the binary file is containing the following structure :
[Roll Number, Student Name]

7. Write a function searchprod( pc) in python to display the record of a particular product
from a file product.dat whose code is passed as an argument. Structure of product contains
the following elements [product code , product price]

8. Write a function routechange(route number) which takes the Route number as

parameter and modify the route name(Accept it from the user) of passed route number in a
binary file

9. Write a function countrec(sport name) in Python which accepts the name of sport as
parameter and count and display the coach name of a sport which is passed as argument
from the binary file Structure of record in a file is given below
[sport name, coach name]

10.

the details of those employee whose salary is above 20000.

50
Page
 11. Amit is a monitor of class XII-A and he stored the record of all the students of his class in

computer teacher has assigned the following duty to Amit

Write a function remcount( ) to count the number of students who need remedial class
(student who scored less than 40 percent)

Marking Scheme
1 Mark Questions

1. b) .DAT 1
2. load() 1
3. False 1
4. c) pickle 1
5. a) wb+ 1
6. True 1
7. (c) dump( ) and load( ) 1
8. with 1
9. load() 1
10. b) dump() 1
2 Marks Questions

1. a) True 2
b) False
2. i) It can handle large files. 2
ii) It consists of data with a specific pattern without any delimiter,
3. a) 2
b)
4. a) Textfile. 2
b)
5. i) Option B is correct. 2
ii) Option A is correct.
6. i) It opens a file on disk and associates it with a file handle. 2
ii) It tells us the current position of the file pointer within the file.
7. load( ) function is used for reading data fromn a binary file. 2
dump( ) function is to write the object in a binary file.
8. i) It breaks the link of the file object and the file on disk. After file is closed, no file 2
operations can be don on the file.

ii) It forces the writing of data on the disk still pending in output buffers.
9. Syntax is seek( offset, from_what) 2
It changes the current file pointer position. The offset argument indicates the
number of bytes to be moved. The from_what argument specifiesthe reference
[position from where the bytes are to be moved.
3 Marks Questions
51
Page
 1. a) wb+ mode is used to open a binary file in write and read modes both. 3
b) ab+ mode is used to open a binary file in append and read mode both.
Previous content is preserved.
c) rb mode is used to open a binary file in read only mode. No other operation can
be performed.
2. a) Serialization is to convert objects into bitstreams which can be stored into 3
files, whereas de-serialization is used to reconstruct the original objects. It is
also known as pickling.
b) The dump( ) function is used to perform pickling ie write data into a binary file.
Whereas the load( ) function is used to perform unpickling ie read data from a
binary file.

c) close( ) function delinks the file_object with the file on the disk. The flush( )
function forces the write operation on the disk file which remains in the pending
status.
3. import pickle 3
f1=open("emp.dat","rb")
e=pickle.load(f1)
for x in e :
print(x)
f1.close( )
4. import pickle 3
f1=open("emp.dat","rb")
e=pickle.load(f1)
for x in e :
if(e[x]>20000) :
print(x)
f1.close()
5. a) writelines( ) 3
b) flush( )
c) buffer
4 Marks Questions
1. def Readfile( ) : 4

x=i.readline()
while(x) :

If ((float(I[2])>=20000) and ( float(I[2])<40000)) :

print(x)
x=i.readline()
i.close()
2. 4
i) Search operation :
There is no pre-defined function available in python for searching records. It
involves reading of the binary file and then comparing each record with our
given value. ( This is the linear search process )

ii) Append operation :

52
Page
 To add/append data to a binary file, we must open a file in mode. The
file will retain the previous records and append the new records at the end of
the file.

iii) Update operation :

In order to update a binary file, the poisition of the file pointer must be
known. To check the position of the file pointer, we use the functions
and

iv) tell( ) function : It returns the current position of the file pointer in the
file.

Syntax of tell( ) function : variable=file_object.tell( )

3. fp1==open("phonebook.dat","w") 4
fp1.write("Name")
fp1.write(" ")
fp1.write("Phone")
fp1.write("\n")
while True :
name=input("Enter name : ")
phno=input("Enter phone no : ")
fp1.write(name)
fp1.write(" ")
fp1.write(phno)
fp1.write("\n")
ch=input("Want to enter more = y / n :")
if ch=='N' or ch=='n' :
break
fp1.close( )
4. fp==open("phonebook.dat","w+") 4
list=" "
while list :
pos=fp.tell( )
list=fp.readline( )
name,phone=list.split( )
if name= = "Anish" :
phone=input("Enter new number : ")
fp.seek(pos,0)
fp.write(name)
fp.write(" ")
fp.write(phone)
fp.close( )
break
5 Marks Questions
1. def binfile( ) : 5
import pickle
file=open("mydata.dat","wb")
while True :
x=int(raw_input("Enter number : " ))
pickle.dump(x.file)
53
Page
 ans=raw_input(More data y / n : ")
if ans.upper( ) =='N ' :
break
file.close( )
2. i) Correct option is c) rb 5
ii) Correct option is c) try
iii) Correct option is c) load(f)
iv) Correct option is d) rec[0]==1
v) Correct option is c) f.close( )
3 import pickle 5
def createfile():
fobj=open("Book.dat","ab")
BookNo=int(input("Enter Book Number : "))
Book_name=input("Enter book Name :")
Author = input("Enter Author name: ")
Price = int(input("Price of book : "))
rec=[BookNo, Book_name ,Author, Price]
pickle.dump(rec, fobj)
fobj.close()

createfile() # This function is called just to verify result and not required in exam

def countrec(Author):
fobj=open("Book.dat", "rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if Author==rec[2]:
num = num + 1
print(rec[0],rec[1],rec[2],rec[3])
except:
fobj.close()
return num

n=countrec("amit") # This function is called just to verify result and not required in
exam
print("Total records", n) # This statement is just to verify result and not required in
exam

4 import pickle 5
def countrec():
fobj=open("student.dat","rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]>75:
54
Page
 num = num + 1
print(rec[0],rec[1],rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
return num
5 import pickle 5
def countrec():
fobj=open("bus.dat","rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]=="Cochin" or rec[2]=="cochin":
num = num + 1
print(rec[0],rec[1],rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
return num
n=countrec() # This function is called just to verify result
print(n)
6 import pickle 3
def addrec():
fobj=open("student.dat","ab")
rollno=int(input("Roll Number : "))
sname=input("Student Name :")
rec=[rollno,sname]
pickle.dump(rec,fobj)
fobj.close()
addrec()
7 import pickle 5
def searchprod(pc):
fobj=open("product.dat","rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[0]==pc:
print(rec)
except:
fobj.close()

n=searchprod(1) # This function is called to verify the result

8 import pickle 5
def routechange(rno):
fobj=open("route.dat","rb")
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[0]==rno:
rn=input("Enter route name to be changed ")
55
Page
 rec[1]=rn
print(rec) #This statement is called to verify the change in the record
except:
fobj.close()

routechange(1) # This function is called to verify the result

9 def countrec(sn): 5
num=0
fobj=open("data.dat","rb")
try:
print("Sport Name","\t","Coach Name")
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[0]==sn:

print(rec[0],"\t\t",rec[1])
num=num+1
return num
except:
fobj.close()
10 def countrec(): 5
num=0
fobj=open("data.dat","rb")
try:
print("Emp id\tEmp Name\tEmp Sal")
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]>20000:
print(rec[0],"\t\t",rec[1],"\t\t",rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
countrec()# This function is called to verify the result
11 def countrec(): 5
fobj=open("data.dat","rb")
try:
print("Emp id\tEmp Name\tEmp Sal")
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]>20000:
print(rec[0],"\t\t",rec[1],"\t\t",rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
countrec()# This function is called to verify the result
56
Page
 File Handling (CSV File)
CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a file format for data storage which looks like a text
file. The information is organized with one record on each line and each field is separated by
comma.

CSV File Characteristics

One line for each record
Comma separated fields
Space-characters adjacent to commas are ignored
Fields with in-built commas are separated by double quote characters.
When Use CSV?
When data has a strict tabular structure
To transfer large database between programs
To import and export data to office applications, Qedoc modules
To store, manage and modify shopping cart catalogue
CSV Advantages
CSV is faster to handle.
CSV is smaller in size
CSV is easy to generate
CSV is human readable and easy to edit manually
CSV is simple to implement and parse
CSV is processed by almost all existing applications
CSV Disadvantages
No standard way to represent binary data
There is no distinction between text and numeric value.
Poor support of special characters and control characters.
CSV allows to move most basic data only. Complex configurations cannot be
imported and exported this way
Problem.s with importing CSV into SQL (no distinction between NULL and quotes)
Write / Read CSV FILE
Writing and reading operation from text file is very easy. First of all we have to import csv
module for file operation/method call.
Writing: we open file in writing mode using open() method which create newFile like
object. Through csv.writer() method ,we create writer object to call writerow() method to
write objects.
Reading: we open the file in mode and create newFile like object,further we create
newfilereader object using csv.reader()method to read each row of the file.

CSV File
CSV (Comma-separated values) is a common data exchange format used by the
applications to produce and consume data.
A CSV file is a simple text file where each line contains a list of values (or fields)
delimited by commas (mostly), but you will encounter CSV files where data is
delimited using tab (\t) or pipe (|) or any other character.
The first line of the CSV file represents the header containing a list of column names
in the file.
CSV file is commonly used to represent tabular data
See the following table
57
Page
 Name Class Section
Amit X A
Sumit XI B
Ashish XII C

The above table will be stored in CSV format as follows:

If the values in the table contain comma(,) like below in column Address
Name Class Address
Amit X Fr. Agnel School, Delhi
Sumit XI Fr. Agnel School, Delhi
Then in CSV it will be stored like below (Values containing comma will be enclosed in
double quotes)

Python Provides CSV module to work with csv file:

Main Functions are:
1. reader()
2. writer()
3. DictReader()
4. DictWriter()

1. reader() function : This function help us to read the csv file. This function takes a
file object and returns a _csv.reader object that can be used to iterate over the contents
of a CSV file.
How to read entire data from data.csv file?
data.csv
CODING OUTPUT
import csv , ,
, ,
row = csv.reader(f)
for i in row : Notice that each line in the CSV file is returned as a list of
print(i) strings
f.close()

Line-wise explanation of the code

1. The first line is importing a csv module.
2. This line is opening a file (data.csv) in reading mode and f is file object or file
handle.
3. This line is returning a csv.reader object that can be used to iterate over csv file
contents
4. We are using loop on the object which is returned by the previous line.
58
Page
 CODING OUTPUT
import csv
Returns the memory address where csv.reader object is
row = csv.reader(f) stored
print(row)
f.close()

How to read specific column from data.csv?

CODING OUTPUT Actual Data of File
import csv Name Subject , ,
Amit CS , ,
row = csv.reader(f) Sumit IP ,
for i in row :
print(i[0] , i[2])
f.close()
#The above code is reading first and
third column from file

If you want to skip the First Row (header of the table)

CODING OUTPUT Actual Data of File
import csv [ , , ,
, ] , ,
row = csv.reader(f)
next(row)
for i in row :
print(i[0] , i[2])
f.close()

next () function will jump to the next

row.

import csv
, ] , ,
row = csv.reader(f) ,
next(row)
next(row)
for i in row :
print(i[0] , i[2])
f.close()
If we use the next() function two times
then it will skip two lines from
beginning

If there is any other delimiter other than comma like in the following file
59
Page
 CODING OUTPUT
import csv , , ,
f= , , ,
row = csv.reader(f, delimiter = , , ,
for i in row : , a
print(i)
f.close()

2. writer() function : This function help us to write data in a csv file. It accepts the
same argument as the reader() function but returns a writer object (i.e _csv.writer)
There are two main methods used in writing in csv file
1. writerow()
2. writerows()

using writerow():
CODING DATA.CSV
import csv Name , Class
f= ,
wr = csv.writer(f)
,
,
f.close( )

using writerows():
CODING DATA.CSV
import csv Name, Class, Subject
fields = , , Amit, XII, CS
rows = , , Sumit, X, IP
, , , Ashu, XI, CS
,
f= , , newline =
wr = csv.writer(f)
wr.writerow(fields)
wr.writerows(rows)
f.close()

Reading a CSV file with DictReader:

This function(DictReader) is working similar to reader(). This function return lines as a
dictionary instead of list.
CODING OUTPUT data.csv
import csv : : Name, Class
f= , : : Amit, XII
row = csv.DictReader(f) : : Sumit, X
for i in row: Ashu, XI
print(i)

This CSV file has no header. So we have to provide field names via
the fieldnames parameter
60
Page
 CODING
import csv
f= ,
row = csv.DictReader(f, fieldnames = , ,
for i in row:
print(i)
f.close()
OUTPUT
: : , :
: : :
: : :
data.csv
Amit, XII, CS
Sumit, X, IP
Ashu, XI, CS

Mind Map- CSV File

Definition: CSV (Comma

Mode of CSV File: Three file writer() Function of CSV File:
Separated Values) is a file looks
opening modes are there 1. writerow()- print record line
like a text file. The information is
organized with one record on by line
file operation close ,opened Syntex:
each line and each field is
file using close() method wr_obj.writerow(row_name)
separated by comma.

2. writerows()- print all record

at a time.
Syntex:
wr_obj.writerows(field_name)
CSV File Characteristics
One line for each record
Comma separated fields
Space-characters adjacent to
commas are ignored
Fields with in-built commas
are separated by double quote CSV File Function of CSV File:
characters.
1. reader()
2. writer()
3. DictReader()
4. DictWriter()method
close():
After file operation close ,opened
file using close() method
Syntex:
file_object.close()

reader(): writer() method ,we create writer

object to call writerow() method to write
objects.
Syntax:
Reading a CSV file with DictReader: reader_obj= csv.reader(file_object)
This function(DictReader) is working similar to
reader(). This function return lines as a dictionary writer():reader()method to
instead of list. read each row of the file.
Syntex: Syntex:
DictReader_Object = csv.DictReader(file_obj) writer_obj= csv.writer(file_object)
61
Page
 1 Marks
Q1. Which of the following module is provided by Python to do several operations on the
CSV files?
(A) os (B) xls (C) csv (D) py
Q2. Which of the following is tasks cannot be done or difficult with CSV module?
(A) Storing data in tabular form (B) Finding data uniquely
(C) Saving data permanently (D) All of these
Q3. The writer() function of csv module has how many mandatory parameters?
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Q4. Which of these is not relevant to csv file?
(A) Text file (B) Binary file
(C) Easily openable in text editor (D) None of the above
Q5. You are having myfile.csv file on c drive. You want to access it in python, how can you
do this?
(A) \\ data = pd.read_csv(source)
(B) \\ data = pd.reads_csv(source)
(C) \\ data = pd.reader(source)
(D) None of the above
2 Marks
Q4.
Assertion: To specify a different delimiter while writing into a csv file, delimiter argument
is used with
csv.writer().
Reason: The CSV file can only take a comma as a delimiter.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Q7.
Assertion: Every record in a CSV file is stored in reader object in the form of a list.
Reason: writerow() method allows us to write a list of fields to the CSV file.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Q10.
Assertion: The CSV module in standard library presents methods to perform
read/write operations on CSV files.
Reasoning: To write data to a CSV file, we can use built-in function writer().
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true
Q11.
Assertion: To open a CSV file employee.csv in write mode, we can give python statement
as follows:

Reasoning: If we try to write on a csv file that does not exist, the file gets Created
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
62
Page
 5 Marks
Q1 Rohit, a student of class 12th, is learning CSV File Module in Python. During examination, he has
. been assigned an incomplete python code (shown below) to create a CSV File 'Student.csv' (content
shown below). Help him in completing the code which creates the desired CSV File.
CSV File
1,AKSHAY,XII,A
2,ABHISHEK,XII,A
3,ARVIND,XII,A
4,RAVI,XII,A
5,ASHISH,XII,A
Incomplete Code
import #Statement-1
fh = open( , , newline='') #Statement-2
stuwriter = csv. #Statement-3
data = []
header = ['ROLL_NO', 'NAME', 'CLASS', 'SECTION']
data.append(header)
for i in range(5):
roll_no = int(input("Enter Roll Number : "))
name = input("Enter Name : ")
Class = input("Enter Class : ")
section = input("Enter Section : ")
rec = [ ] #Statement-4
data.append(rec)
stuwriter. (data) #Statement-5
fh.close()
i. Identify the suitable code for blank space in line marked as Statement-1.
a) csv file b) CSV c) csv d) Csv
ii. Identify the missing code for blank space in line marked as Statement-2?
a) "School.csv","w" b) "Student.csv","w"
c) "Student.csv","r" d) "School.csv","r"
iii. Choose the function name (with argument) that should be used in the blank
space of line marked as Statement-3
a) reader(fh) b) reader(MyFile) c) writer(fh) d) writer(MyFile)
iv. Identify the suitable code for blank space in line marked as Statement-4.
a) 'ROLL_NO', 'NAME', 'CLASS', 'SECTION' b) ROLL_NO, NAME, CLASS, SECTION
c) 'roll_no','name','Class','section' d) roll_no,name,Class,sectionc) co.connect()
v. Choose the function name that should be used in the blank space of line marked
as Statement-5 to create the desired CSV File?
a) dump() b) load() c) writerows() d) writerow()

Marking Scheme
1 Marks
Q1. (C) csv
Q2. (B) Finding data uniquly
Q3. (D) 1
Q4. (B) Binary file
Q5. (A) \\ data = pd.read_csv(source)
2 Marks
Q4. (C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Q7. (B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
63
Page
 Q10. (C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Q11. (D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
5 Marks
Q1
i. Correct Answer : c) csv
ii. Correct Answer : b) "Student.csv","w"
iii. Correct Answer: c) writer(fh)
iv. Correct Answer : d) roll_no,name,Class,section
v. Correct Answer : c) writerows()

STACK Data Structure

Syllabus :
Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using LIST
Data Structure is the method of organising data in the memory of the computer for efficient
processing of Data.
Types of Data Structures :
1. List 2. Stack 3. Queue
We already have studied Lists in class 11 and its review in class 12. The topic STACK is in the
syllabus of class 12 . ( Queue is not in syllabus)
Stack: A stack is an arrangement of a set of homogeneous elements one upon another and is
based on the principle of Last In First Out (LIFO).
It has two major operations PUSH & POP .
PUSH : This operation adds an element at the top of the stack. Then the added element becomes
the top of the Stack.
If the STACK is already full and no element can be pushed into the STACK ,
it is known as OVERFLOW.
POP : This operation removes an element from the top of the stack.
Then the previous element from the deleted position becomes the top of the Stack.
If the STACK is empty it is known as UNDERFLOW.
Implementation of Stack in Python: We can implement Stack in python using List. Let us
write a program in python to create a stack of integer and perform some Push and Pop operation
according to the user choice.
#Program: To implement Stack Using List.
def PUSH(stk,ele): #Function to push element in stack.
stk.append(ele)
def POP(stk): #Function to pop element from stack.
if len(stk) == 0:
print("Stack is empty!")
else:
ele = stk.pop()
def DISPLAY(stk): #Function to display elements of stack.
L = len(stk)
if L == 0:
print("Stack is empty!")
64
Page
 else:
print("The elements in the stacks are:")
for i in range(L-1, -1, -1):
print(stk[i])
# main
stk = [] #Creating an empty List for Stack
while True:
print ("PRESS 1 for Push \n PRESS 2 for Pop")
print ("PRESS 3 for Display \n PRESS 4 for Exit")
ch = int(input())
if ch == 1:
item = int(input("Enter data: "))
PUSH(stk, item)
elif ch == 2:
POP(stk)
elif ch == 3:
DISPLAY(stk)
elif ch == 4:
break
else:
print ("Invalid Choice...")
Mind Map:
STACK

POP:
UNDERFLOW
PUSH:
POP(Stk):
OVERFLOW
o if len(Stk) == 0:
PUSH(Stk,ele):
o Stk.append(ele) o else:
Stk.pop()

APPLICATIONS OF STACK :
1. Reverse a word / line : In a Stack, the elements can be read from TOP end, ie the last
element. Hence it is used to reverse a word or line.
2. The Compiler uses Stack to store the previous state of a program, when a function is
called(activated) . ( During Recursion / Recursive funcrion calls)
3. Undo Mechanism in Text Editors.
First of all , let us solve some basic questions :
A) Fill in the blanks : ( These are 1 marks questions )
i) means organization of data. (Ans: Data structure)
ii) Stack is also known as ...............list. (Ans: LIFO)
iii) Insertion of an element in a Stack is known as ......... (Ans: push )
iv) Deletion of an element from top of Stack is known as ...... (Ans: pop)
 v) LIFO stands for ........... (Ans: Last-In-First-Out)
B) State whether the statements are True or False : ( These are 1 marks questions )
i) Insertion and Deletion from a Stack, takes place only from TOP. (Ans: True)
ii) If a Stack is Empty, it is termed as STACK OVERFLOW. (Ans: False)
iii) Removal of an element from top of stack is termed as POP. (Ans:True)
iv) Undo mechanism of text editors is an application of Stack. (Ans: True)
v) Insertion of an element to the top of stack is termed as PUSH. (Ans: True)

Questions:
S.No. Question
Q 01 Stack is also known as: 1
a) First-in First-out b) Last-in-First-out c) Both a and b d) None of these
Ans b) Last-in-First-out
Q 02 In a stack, if a user tries to remove an element from empty stack, it is known as: 1
a) Underflow b) Empty c) Overflow d) None
Ans a) Underflow
Q 03 What type of data structure a stack is? 1
a) Linear b) Non-Linear c) Both A and B d) None
Ans a) Linear
Q 04 Which one of the following is an application of Stack Data Structure? 1
a) Managing Function Call b) Arithmetic Expression Evaluation
c) Undo Redo d) All of the above
Ans d) All of the above
Q 05 Which data structure we can use for reversing a string? 1
a) Queue b) List c) Stack d) Dictionary
Ans c) Stack
Q 06 Stack can be implemented in Python using: 1
a) Tuple b) Dictionary c) Set d) List
Ans d) List
Q 07 What are the two operations of stack? 1
Ans The two operations of stack are Push and Pop
Q 08 How do we test for empty stack? 1
Ans if len(stk) == 0:
is
Q 09 Why do we use append() method of list in push operation? 1
Ans To push data at the top of the stack.
Q 10 ASSERTION AND REASONING based questions. Mark the correct choice as 1
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
Assertion (A): - In stack during pop operation it is necessary to check for
underflow.
Reasoning (R): - Underflow is the when the memory allocated to the stack gets
full.
Ans c) A is True but R is False
Q 11 Define any two characteristics of stacks. 2
66
Page
 Ans Stack is a data structure in which insertion and deletion is done from one end
only, usually referred to as TOP.
Stack follows LIFO principle using which an element inserted in the last will be
the first one to be out.
Q 12 Define any two application of stacks. 2
Ans Reversing a string.
In text/image editor for redo/undo the editing.
Q 13 Write down the status of Stack after each operation: 2
Stack = [10,20,30,40] where TOP item is 40
Push 70
Push 100
Pop an item from Stack
Ans |100|
| 70 | | 70 | | 70 |
| 40 | | 40 | | 40 |
| 30 | | 30 | | 30 |
| 20 | | 20 | | 20 |
| 10 |, | 10 | and | 10 |
Q 14 What will be the output of the following code: 2
def PUSH(L):
Stk = []
for i in L:
if i % 5 == 0:
Stk.append(i)
for i in range(len(L)-1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
else:
is
PUSH([12,23,34,54,56,67,87,89])
Ans Stack is Empty
Q 15 What will be the output of the following code: 2
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
is
else:
while len(Stk) != 0:
x = Stk.pop()
if x[0] not in
print(x)
Stk = are am
POP(Stk)
Ans Thank you
How are you
Hello
Q 16 What will be the output of the following code: 2
def G75(D):
Stk = []
for k in D:
if D[k] > 75:
Stk.append(k)
67
Page
 if len(Stk) == 0:
is
else:
while len(Stk) != 0:
print(Stk.pop())
D= 75}
G75(D)
Ans Vijay
Ajay
Q 17 Find the error in the following code and write the correct code and underline the 2
corrected ones:
Def POP(Stk):
If len(Stk) == 0
is
else
F=1
while len(Stk) != 0:
F = F * Stk.pop()
return F
Ans def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
is
else:
F=1
while len(Stk) != 0:
F = F * Stk.pop()
return F
Q 18 Find the error in the following code and write the correct code and underline the 2
corrected ones:
def PUSH(Stk, L):
for w IN L:
if w[0] IN
Stk.extend(w)
Ans def PUSH(Stk, L):
for w in L:
if w[0] in
Stk.append(w)
Q 19 Find the error in the following code and write the correct code and underline the 2
corrected ones:
def Display(L)
l = len L
if l == 0:
print(Stack is Empty!!!)
else:
print("Elements in stack are:")
For i in range(l - 1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
Ans def Display(L):
l = len(L)
68
Page
 if l == 0:
print("Stack is Empty!!!")
else:
print("Elements in stack are:")
for i in range(l - 1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
Q 20 Write a function in Python PUSHD3(L), where L is a list of numbers. from this 3
list push all numbers divisible by 3 into a stack implemented using a list. Display
the stack if it has at least one element, otherwise display appropriate error
message.
Ans def PUSHD3(L):
Div3 = []
for i in L:
if i % 3 == 0:
Div3.append(i)
if len(Div3) == 0
is
else:
while len(Div3) != 0:
print(Div3.pop())
Q 21 Sakshi has created a dictionary D, containing names and salary as key value pairs 3
of 5 employees. Write two separate functions to perform the following
operations:
PUSH(HS, D), where HS is the stack and D is the dictionary which containing
names and salaries. Push the keys (name of the employee) of the dictionary into
a stack, where the corresponding value (salary) is greater than
POP(HS), where HS is the stack. Pop and display the content of the stack.
Ans def PUSH(HS, D):
for k in D:
if D[k] > 75000:
HS.append(k)
def POP(HS):
if len(HS) == 0
is
else:
while len(HS) != 0:
x = HS.pop()
print(x)
Q 22 Write the functions in python, PUSH(Stk, L) and POP(Stk), where Stk is the 3
stack and L is a list of strings. In PUSH function read the list and push those
string into the stack which start with a vowel. And in POP function display the
stack.
Ans def PUSH(Stk, L):
for w in L:
if w[0] in
Stk.append(w)
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
is
else:
69
Page
 while len(Stk) != 0:
x = Stk.pop()
print(x)
Q 23 What will be the output of following code: 3
def PUSH(Stk, N)
for i in range(N,0,-1):
Stk.append(i)
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
is
else:
F=1
while len(Stk) != 0:
F = F * Stk.pop()
return F
Stk = []
PUSH(Stk, 5)
print(POP(Stk))
Ans 120
Q 24 Write a function DoubleStack(Stk), where Stk is a stack containing integers. In 3
the function pop all the element of the stack and double the elements then push
back to the stack in its original place.
For example:
Stk = [10,20,30,40,50]
After the execution of the function the stack should be:
Stk = [20,40,60,80,100]
Ans Def DoubleStack(Stk):
tempStk = []
while len(Stk) != 0:
x = Stk.pop()
tempStk.append(x*2)
while len(tempStk) != 0:
x = tempStk.pop()
Stk.append(x)
Q 25 Write the functions in python, PUSH(L, data), POP(L), DISPLAY(L) to add a 4
new integer, delete an integer from a List of numbers L and display the element
of the stack, considering them to act as push and pop operations of the Stack data
structure.
Ans def PUSH(L, data):
L.append(data)
def POP(L):
if len(L) == 0:
print("Stack is empty!")
else:
return L.pop()
def Display(L):
l = len(L)
if l == 0:
print("Stack is Empty!!!")
70
Page
 else:
print("Elements in stack are:")
for i in range(l - 1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
Q 26 Write a program to reverse a string using stack. 4
Ans def revStr(S):
stk = []
rS =
for i in S:
stk.append(i)
while len(S) != 0:
rS = rS + S.pop()
return rS
S= a
rS = revStr(S)
String rS)
Q 27 Write a function PUSH(L) and POP(Stk), where L is List of integers and Stk is 4
a stack. In PUSH function create two stack StkO and StkE, then read the list L
and push all the even element in StkE and push all the odd element in StkO. At
last return both the stacks. In POP function pop the number from the stack and
display.
Ans def PUSH(L):
StkO = []
StkE = []
for i in L:
if i%2 == 0:
StkE.append(i)
else:
StkO.append(i)
return StkO, StkE
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
is
else:
while len(Stk) != 0:
print(Stk.pop())
Q 28 def PUSH(Stack,N): 5
Stack. ( N) #Statement 1
def POP(Stack):
if : #Statement 2
return "Underflow"
else:
return Stack. #Statement 3
Stack=[]
'PHP',
for i in range(0,len(Books), ): #Statement 4
PUSH(Stack,Books[i])
while len(Stack) != 0:
print( ) #Statement 5
71
Page
 Required Output:
C
C++
C#
Fill the above statement based on given questions:
i Identify the suitable code for the blank of statement 1.
a) .append b) .insert c) .extend d) .add
Ans a) append
ii Fill the statement 2, to check the stack is empty.
a) Stack = [] b) Stack.isEmpty()
c) len(Stack) == 0 d) No of the above
Ans c) len(Stak) == 0
iii Fill the statement 3, to delete an element from the stack.
a) pop(1) b) pop() c) del Stack[1] d) delete(1)
Ans b) pop()
iv Fill the statement 4, to insert the alternate element from Books list.
a) 3 b) 0 c) -1 d) 2
Ans d) 2
v Fill the statement 5, to call the pop function.
a) pop(Books) b) pop(Stack)
c) call pop(Stack) d) def pop(Stack)
Ans b) pop(Stack)
Q 29 PUSH(S,N): #Statement 1 5
S.append(N)
def POP(S):
if S != []:
S.pop() #Statement 2
else:
return None
R={"OM":76, "JAI":45, "BOB":89, "ALI":65, "ANU":90, "TOM":82}
ST=[]
for k in R:
if R[k] >= 75:
PUSH( ) #Statement 3
True: #Statement 4
if ST != []:
print(POP(ST))
else:
#Statement 5
Required Output:
TOM
ANU
BOB
OM
Fill the above statement based on given questions:
i Fill the Statement 1, to define a function.
a) DEF b) Def c) def d) define
Ans c) def
ii Fill the Statement 2, to return the popped data.
72
Page
 a) send b) pass c) assign d) return
Ans d) return
iii Fill the Statement 3, to pass the proper arguments.
a) ST, k b) k, ST c) ST d) k
Ans a) ST, k
iv Fill the Statement 4, to complete the looping structure.
a) for b) do while c) if d) while
Ans d) while
v Fill the Statement 5, to stop the infinite loop.
a) stop b) Stop c) break d) Exit
Ans c) break
Q 30 status = #Statement 1 5
def PUSH(cust):
if cust[2] == "Goa":
L = [cust[0],cust[1]]
.append(L) #Statement 2
def POP():
if (status) == 0: #Statement 3
print( ) #Statement 4
while != 0: #Statement 5
x = status.pop()
print(x)

POP()
Required Output:

Fill the above statement based on given questions:

i Fill the Statement 1, to create a empty stack using list.
a) () b) {} c) [] d)
Ans c) []
ii Fill the Statement 2, to complete push operation.
a) cust b) status c) cust[top] d) status[top]
Ans b) status
iii Fill the Statement 3, to find the size of stack.
a) size b) length c) count d) len
Ans d) len
iv Fill the Statement 4, to display proper message where underflow occurs.
is b) Stack is Empty
c) [Stack is Empty] d) {Stack is Empty
Ans a) is Empty
v Fill the Statement 5, to iterate the loop properly.
a) size(status) b) len(status) c) count(status) d) length(status)
Ans len(status)
73
Page
Networking

Mind Map
 Introduction
Computer Network is a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single
technology.
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
A computer network is a system that connects independent computers in order to share
information and resources
Advantage of Computer Network:
Central Storage of Data
Sharing of Information
Sharing of Resources (Hardware & Software)
Reliability
Communication
Reduced Cost
Disadvantage of Computer Network:
Computer networks require a specific setup
Lack of Security
Cost of network hardware and software
Components of Data Communication:
Message It is information to be communicated
Sender The device which send the message
Receiver The device which receive the message
Transmission media It is physical path by which message travel from sender
to receiver
Protocol It is set of rules that governs data communication. Actually, it is
agreement between the sender and receiver regarding various communication
parameter.
Data Flow
Simplex In this mode of communication, data is transmitted in one direction
only. e.g., Keyboard, monitor. It uses entire capacity of channel to send the data.
Half Duplex Communication is bi-directional but not at the same time. i.e.,
Walkie-Talkie. It uses entire capacity of channel is utilized for each direction.
Full Duplex Communications is bi-directional simultaneously i.e., both sender
and receiver can send data at the same time.
Network Terminology
Node- The device connected to a network.
Client The device that requests for a service
Server The Device that renders the services
Client-Server - In this model, the data are stored on powerful computers called
Server that can be accessed by a much simpler computer called Client that are
connected by a network.
Network Interface Card or Unit (Network Adapter or LAN card) - It is hardware
that allows a computer (or device) to connect to network.
MAC (Media Access Control) address Each NIC is assigned a unique 12-digit
hexadecimal number, known a MAC address, is used as network address in
communication. The format for the MAC address is
MM : MM : MM : SS : SS : SS

Manufacturer ID Card Id
IP Address: Every device on network has unique identifier called IP address. It

(Period).
Channel It is communication path through which data is actually transmitted.
75
Page
 Communication Media- It allows data or signal to be communicated across the
devices. It is means of communication.
Data Information stored within the computer system in form of
Signal- It is electric or electromagnetic encoding of data to be transmitted. It
can be categorized into following two types:
o Analog Signal that has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period
of time.
o Digital Signal that can have only a limited number of defined values.
Bit rate It defines the amount of data transferred. It is defined as number of
bits per second (bps). [Bps Bytes per Second]
Baud The number of changes in signal per second.
Bandwidth It is difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies
contained in the signal.
IP Address vs MAC Address
IP Address MAC Address
It is of 4 bytes It is of 6 bytes
Represented by decimal number Represented by hexadecimal number
It is logical address It is physical address
Its value can vary for the same machine It is fixed address
It can be assigned only when a device is It is assigned by manufacturer of the card
connected to network irrespective of connectivity
Command to know the IP address is Command to know the IP address is
Ipconfig ipconfig/all
Switching Technique
A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes called switches capable
of creating temporary connections between two or more liked devices.
There are three basic switching technique
Circuit Switching: In circuit switching a dedicated path is established before
sending data from sender to receiver and entire communication is carried out
the same path.
Packet Switching In packet switching in a message is broken into a number
of parts called packet which are sent independently from sender to receiver
and reassembled at the destination.
Message Switching:

Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

A dedicated path is established No dedicated path is established
Entire message follows the same path Each packet travels independently to
each other

Network Devices
Modem
It stands for modulator and demodulator
It a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format
suitable for an analog.
76
Page
 A modem transmits data by modulating one or more carrier wave signals to encode
digital information, while the receiver demodulates the signal to recreate the
original digital information.
Repeater
Repeaters are network devices that amplify or regenerate an incoming signal before
retransmitting it.
It operates at physical layer of the OSI model.
The repeater allows to transfer the data through large area distance
Hub
It is a multiport device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each
other over a network.
It is a non-intelligent network device that sends message to all ports( i.e. Broadcast)
Types of Hubs
Active Hub
It strengthens the signal and may boost noise too.
It is relatively costlier than passive hub.
Passive Hub
It repeat/copy signals.
It is relatively cheaper than active hub.
Switch
Network Switch or switch is also a network multiport device that allow multiple
computers to connect together.
Network switch inspects the packet, determine source and destination address and
route the packet accordingly.
It operates at Data Link Layer (layer 2) of OSI model.
Bridge
It connects multiple network segments having same protocol
It works at Data Link Layer (Layer 2).
Bridge does not simply broadcast traffic from one network.
Bridges use bridge table to send frames across network segments.
It also improves the overall network performance.
Router
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or
sub networks.
It serves two primary functions:
o Managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets
to their intended IP addresses, and
o Allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.
It connects LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks).
It operates on layer 3 or 4 in OSI model
Gateway
It is simply a device or hardware that acts as a "gate" between the networks.
It connects two networks with different transmission protocols together.
It converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or format
to another.
It operates on layer 5 of OSI model
RJ45
It stands for Registered Jack.
It is common interface to connect Twisted Pair Cable.
It is used for Ethernet and Token Ring Network.
Ethernet Card
77
Page
 It also known as NIC card.
It enables a computer to access an Ethernet network (LAN)
It has MAC id which gives it unique identity in the network.
Wi-Fi card
It is also known wireless network adaptor.
It is a wireless network technology that allows devices to communicate over
wireless signals.
It uses radio waves for the communication
Difference between Router and Switch
A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same
network, whereas a router forwards data between different networks.
Difference between a Router and a Modem
A router forms networks and manages the flow of data within and between those
networks, while a modem connects those networks to the Internet.
Difference between a Router and Gateway
A gateway is a concept while a router is a device that implements a gateway.
Router Gateway
It ensure that data packets are To connect two networks of different
switched to the right address with the protocols as a translator
best route.
It routes the data packets via similar It connects two dissimilar networks
networks
It supports dynamic Routing. It does support dynamic Routing.

Type of Network
PAN
It stands for Personal Area Network.
It is a computer network formed around a person.
It generally consists of a computer, mobile, or personal digital assistant.
Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and Bluetooth systems.
PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop.
LAN
It is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited
area such as room, building & campus.
Higher Data Speed.
LANs are in a narrower geographic scope (up to 1 Km).
It is a private network.
MAN
A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network that
span across a city.
It mostly covers towns and cities in a maximum 50 km range.
The dual bus in MAN network provides support to transmit data in both directions
concurrently.
WAN
It connects device across globe.
It uses public network
Internet
BSNL
78
Page
 Network Media

Guided or Wired
Telephone (T1) cable
Twisted pair cable
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
Co-axial cable
Optical Fiber/Fibre
Unguided or Wireless
Infrared
Radio Wave
Microwave
Bluetooth
Satellite
Twisted Pair Cable
A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires, which are
twisted together and run in parallel.
A STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable has a fine wire mesh surrounding the wires
to protect the transmission
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable does not has a fine wire mess.
It is also known as Cat# cable where # denote number. e.g., Cat6
Connector: RJ 45
Co-axial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center, and a plastic layer that
provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield.
Connector: BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman)
Optical Fibre
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a
diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
It uses light for data transmission using total internal reflection.
Unguided Media or Wireless Media
No Physical media is used
Less Secure
Relatively low speed
Can be used for longer distance
Best suited for difficult terrain
There is no need to acquire land rights
Radio Wave
Frequency 3KHz 1GHz
Omni-Directional
79
Page
 Penetrate obstacle
Antenna of sender and receiver should not be aligned
Infrared
300GHz to 400THz
Line of sight- antenna of sender and receiver must be aligned
Short distance communication
It cannot penetrate obstacle best suited for indoor
Secure
Support high data rate
TV Remote
Microwave
1GHz to 300 GHz
Line of sight- antenna of sender and receiver must be aligned
Cannot penetrate obstacles
Rain or other disturbance cause issue with Microwave
Types of microwave propagation
Terrestrial Microwave propagation
Satellite Microwave propagation
Bluetooth
It also uses radio waves
2.4 GHz
Range 10mtr
Short distance

Topology
Physical and Logical arrangement of nodes in the network is called Network Topology.
Types of Topologies
Bus Tree
Ring Mess
Star Hybrid
Bus Topology
In Bus Topology all the nodes are connected to single cable or backbone
Both the end has terminators.

Ring Topology
In Ring Topology all the nodes are connected to each-other to form a loop.
Each workstation is connected to two other components on either side
It communicates with these two adjacent neighbors.
Data is sent and received using Token.
80
Page
 Star Topology
In Star Topology all the nodes are connected to a central device called Hub/Switch.
All communication is controlled by the central Device (Hub/Switch)

Tree Topology
In Tree Topology, the devices are arranged in a tree fashion similar to the branches of
a tree.
It has multilayer architecture.

Protocol
It is set of rules or standard that governs communication.
Types of Protocol (Broadly can be kept in two suites of Protocols vis. TCP/IP or OSI)
FTP SMTP
HTTP/HTTPS PPP
IMAP TELNET
POP3 VoIP
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
It is a protocol suite consist of two protocols Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol.
TCP ensures reliable transmission or delivery of packets on the network.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
It is is an application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as
HTML.
HTTPS (Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
It is an extension of HTTP protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as
HTML securely over a network.
It encrypts data to be sent using TLS (Transport Layer Security)/SSL (Secure Sockets
Layer).
FTP (File Transmission Protocol)
It is used for the transfer of computer files among hosts over TCP/IP (internet).
Telnet (TErminaL NETWork)
It is an application protocol that allows a user to communicate with a remote device.
SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol)
It is used to send mail from mail client to mail server over internet.
81
Page
 POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
It provides mechanism for retrieving emails from a remote server for a mail recipient.
POP3 downloads the email from a server to a single computer, then deletes the email
from the server.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
It is also used to retrieve mail from mail server to client over internet (TCP/IP).
It allows access to mail from different device.
VoIP (Voice over IP)
It is also known as Internet Telephony or Internet calling.
It allows to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular
(or analog) phone line.

Introduction to web services

WWW:
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system where
documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators,
which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and are accessible over the Internet.
The Web is not the same as the Internet: The Web is one of many applications built
on top of the Internet.
Tim Berners-Lee proposed the architecture World Wide Web in 1989.
Application of Internet Web 2.0:
The term web 2.0 is used to refer to a new generation of websites that are supposed to
let people to publish and share information online.
It aims to encourage the sharing of information and views, creativity that can be
consume by the other users e.g.: YouTube
Web 3.0
It refers to the 3rd Generation of web where user will interact by using artificial
intelligence and with 3-D portals.
Web 3.0 supports semantic web which improves web technologies to create, connect
and share content through the intelligent search and the analysis based on the meaning
of the words, instead of on the keywords and numbers.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML):
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
HTML describes the structure of a Web page
Various Tags are
o <html> represents the root of an HTML document
o <head> element is a container for metadata (data about data) and is placed
between the <html> tag and the <body> tag.
o <title> tag defines the title of the document
o <body> defines the document's body.
o </ br> Line Break Tags
o <h1> <h2> - Heading Tags - tags are used to define HTML
headings.
o <font> - defines font face, font size, and color of text etc.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.
XML was designed to store and transport data.
XML was designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
XML is a markup language much like HTML
XML was designed to be self-descriptive
82
Page
 The Difference between XML and HTML
HTML XML
It designed to display the data It is designed to carry data
Its tags are predefined Its tags user defined
It is not case sensitive It is case sensitive
It is static It is dynamic
It is Markup Language It is framework to define Markup
language
Closing tags are not necessary in Closing tags are necessary in XML
HTML
Domain names
A domain name is a website's address on the Internet.
Domain names are used in URLs to identify to which server belong a specific webpage.
The domain name consists of a hierarchical sequence of names (labels) separated by
periods (dots) and ending with an extension.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a text string that specifies where a resource (such
as a web page, image, or video) can be found on the Internet.
Website
Website is a group of web pages, containing text, images and all types of multi-media
files.
Web browser-
A web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and view
websites. Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.
Web servers:
A web server is a computer that stores web server software and a website's component
files (e.g. HTML documents, images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files).
Web hosting:
Web hosting is an online service that enables you to publish your website or web application
on the internet. When you sign up for a hosting service, you basically rent some space on a
server on which you can store all the files and data necessary for your website to work
properly.
Types of Web Hosting
o Shared Hosting - Web server shared among customers
o Reseller Hosting Become yourself as web host to sell others
o Virtual Private Server One server as multiple server for multiple websites
o Dedicated Server- Entire web server is dedicated to same website
Abbreviations:
Abbreviation Full Form
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
FTP File Transfer Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol
MODEM Modulator - Demodulator
WWW World Wide Web
RPC Remote Procedure Call
NFS Network File System
83
Page
 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
DHTM Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
TCP/ IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol
PPP Point To Point Protocol
SIM Identification Module
3G 3rd Generation of Mobile Communication Technology
SMS Short Message Service
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
E-mail Electronic Mail
NFS Network File System
WLL Wireless in Local Loop
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
FRA Fixed Radio Access
GSM Global system For Mobile Communication
ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network
XML Extensible Markup Language
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
URL Uniform Resource Locater
ISP Internet Service Provider
DNS Domain Name System
VSNL Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
MTNL Mahanagar Nigam Telephone Limited
WAIS Wide Area Information Services
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
WDM Wavelenth Division Multiplexing
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
Long Answer Question:
Quick Learn University is setting up its academic blocks at Prayag Nagar and
planning to set up a network. The university has 3 academic blocks and one human
resource Centre as shown in the diagram given below:

Business Technology Block

HR Centre
Law Block

Centre-to-Centre distance between various blocks is as follows:

Law block to business block 40 m
Law block to technology block 80 m
Law block to HR block 105 m
Business block to technology block 30 m
Business block to HR block 35 m
Technology block to HR block 15 m
84
Page
 Number of computers in each of the buildings is as follows:
Law block 15
Technology block 40
HR Centre 115
Business block 25
(a) Suggest a cable layout of connection between the blocks.
(b) Suggest the most suitable place to house the server of the organization with suitable
reason.
(c) Which device should be placed/installed in each of these blocks to efficiently connect all
the computers within these blocks?
(d) The university is planning to link its sales counters situated in various parts of the other
cities. Which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed?
(e) Which network topology may be preferred in each of these blocks?

Most Important Notes Applicable to All Questions based on the above patterns, which may
be kept in mind
i) In a Wing / Block / Lab connect all computers using a HUB or SWITCH. This
is known as LAN connectivity. But now a day we use SWITCH only as it
transmits data to the required destination only and thus faster in transmission.
ii) Computers in a Block are connected to the SWITCH/HUB using Cat 5 Cable.
In place of Cat 5 Cable we can also use Fibre Optics cable if we require more
speed and can afford cost.
iii) Server is placed where there is maximum number of computers as maximum
traffic will be in this block only.
iv) An additional switch may also be used to connect the switches for faster
transmission of data and this is also placed in the block where we have put the
server. These switches can be connected to the additional switch using fibre
optics since it will increase speed but cost has to be born.
v) If the company desires to have connectivity to the Internet, Internet connection
is taken and connected to switch. From here all other buildings and further
computers can access the Internet connection. If the Company wants to connect
these blocks to their office in some other distant place then we can connect these
blocks with that office using an Internet Connection, Radio Wave Connection
(if office is in hilly area), WAN connection if company can afford cost and
requires security of data also. When WAN connectivity is established, switch
is further connected to a ROUTER. Router is costly and filters the network
traffic. It routers the data to the destinations using most optimal path.
vi)
is a distance of more than 100 m between any two blocks then a suitable
REPEATER has to be placed to join Cat 5 cables as in a LAN we can use Cat 5
cable up to a maximum length of 100 m as the signal power attenuates with
more distances. So REPEATER is used to regenerate the signal.
So keeping in mind the above presumptions we answer
(a)
85
Page
 (b) HR centre because it consists of the maximum number of computers to house
the server.
(c) Switch should be placed in each of these blocks.
(d) MAN
(e) star

Question and Answer

Objective Type Question (1 Mark Each)
1. What is the Use of Bridge?
(a) To Connect two LAN (b) To Connect two LAN Segment
(a) To Connect Internet (d) Amplify Signal
2. With the use of computer network, we can share
(a) Data (b) Resources
(c) Both of the above (d) None of the above
3. Which of the following is used in computer network
(a) Router (b) Switch (c) Bridge (d) All of the Above
4. When we connect our mobile with Laptop then we call it
(a) MAN (b) WAN (c) PAN (d) LAN
5. Mbps stands for
(a) Mega Byte Per Second (b) Million Byte Per Second
(c) Megabits Per Second (d) Maximum Bit Per Second
6. Full form of NIC
(a) New Interface Card (b) Network Interface Card
(c) New Internet Card (d) Network Internet card
7. Which device Convert Analog to Digital and vice-versa
(a) Hub (b) Bridge (c) Modem (d) Switch
8. Arun wants to create his own website, which language he can use to create new website.
(a) XML (b) HTML (c) Python (d) C++
9. computer is running slow due to virus. Then what he has to do.
(a) Format Computer (b) Install Firewall
(c) Install Antivirus (d) Do Nothing
10. Hari is copying software without taking permission with Mohan.So which
type of crime is Hari doing
(a) Cyber Bulling (b) Cyber Stalking
(c) Cyber Theft (d) Copyright Infringement
Answers:
1. To Connect two LAN Segment 6. Network Interface Card
2. Both of the above 7. Modem
3. All of the Above 8. HTML
4. PAN 9. Install Antivirus
5. Megabits Per Second 10. Copyright Infringement
Very Short Answer Type Question (2 Marks each)
1. What is the difference between Packet switching and circuit switching techniques?
Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Circuit switching requires a dedicated path before Packet switching does not require any dedicated path
sending data from source to destination. to send data from source to destination.
86
Page
 Circuit Switching Packet Switching

It reserves the entire bandwidth in advance. It does not reserve bandwidth in advance

No store and forward transmission It supports store and forward transmission

Each packet follows the same route A packet can follow any route
2. Write the full form of the following
a. FTP: File Transfer Protocol
b. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
c. VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol
d. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
3. Difference between LAN and WAN

LAN is private. WAN can be private or public.

The full form of LAN is Local Area

The full form of WAN is Wide Area Network.
Network.

The speed of LAN is higher. The speed of WAN is slower.

The configuration and maintenance is The configuration and maintenance is harder

easy in LAN. than LAN.

LAN covers smaller areas like school,

WAN covers a large area like a country.
hospital, etc.

Coaxial or UTP cable is the transmission PSTN or satellite link is a transmission

medium used by LAN. medium used by WAN.
4. Explain Any two Wired Media
a. Twisted Pair Cable
A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires,
which are twisted together and run in parallel.
b. Fibre Optics
Fibre optic cables are mainly used to transmit information over long
distances with minimum loss. The information through optical fibres is
transmitted in the form of light pulses. The core of the optical fibres is made of
glass or plastic
5. Define Any Two Topologies
a. Star
Star topology is a network topology in which each network component
is physically connected to a central node such as a router, hub or switch. In a
star topology, the central hub acts like a server and the connecting nodes act like
clients
b. Bus
A bus topology is a type of local area network configuration in which
computers or terminals (also known as nodes) are connected to a single cable
(as known as the backbone)
6. Write short note on the following:
(a) Bandwidth
(b) DNS

Answer: -
87
Page
 (a) Bandwidth: - Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies available for
transmission of data through that channel. Higher the bandwidth, higher the data
transfer rate. Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and minimum
frequency contained in the composite signals. Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz).
(b) DNS: - A way to translate a URL (domain name) into IP address and vice-versa.

7. Write the name of the most suitable wireless communication channels for each of the
following situations.
a. Communication between two offices in two different countries.
b. To transfer the data from one mobile phone to another.
Answer:
a. Satellite Communication
b. Bluetooth or infrared whichever is supported by the phone.

Short Answer Type Question (3 Marks each)

1. What is Cloud Computing? Name three types also
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the
user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each of
which is a data centre.
Types of Cloud
a. Private clouds
b. Public clouds
c. Hybrid clouds

2. What is ARPANET? What is NSFNET?

ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) is a project
sponsored by US Department of Defense.

NSFNET, developed by the National Science Foundation, was a high-capacity network

and strictly used for academic and engineering research.

Long Answer Type Question (4 Marks each)

1. Define web browser and web server.
Web Browser: - A web browser is a software which is used for displaying the
content on web page(s). It is used by the client to view websites.
Examples of web browser: - Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera,
etc.
Web Server: - A web server is a software which entertains the request(s) made by a
web browser. A web server has different ports to handle different requests from web
browser, like generally FTP request is handled at Port 110 and HTTP request is handled
at Port 80. Example of web server is Apache.
2. Difference between HTML and XML
HTML XML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup XML stands for extensible Markup
Language. Language.
HTML is static in nature. XML is dynamic in nature.
XML provides framework to define
HTML is a markup language.
markup languages.
HTML can ignore small errors. XML does not allow errors.
HTML is not Case sensitive. XML is Case sensitive.
HTML tags are predefined tags. XML tags are user defined tags.
88
Page
 Very Long Answer Type Question (5 Marks each)

1. You as a network expert have to suggest the best network related solutions for their
problems raised in (i) to (v), keeping in mind the distances between the buildings and
other given parameters.

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN TO ACCOUNTS 55M
ADMIN TO RESULT 50M
ACCOUNTS TO RESULT 50M
ADMIN TO EXAMINATION 90M
DELHI Head Office to MUMBAI 2150M
ACCOUNTS TO EXAMINATION 55M
EXAMINATION TO RESULT 45 45M

Numbers of computers installed at various buildings are as follows:

ADMIN 110
ACCOUNTS 75
EXAMINATION 40
RESULT 12
DELHI HEAD OFFICE 20

1. Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the MUMBAI campus (out
of the four buildings) to get the best connectivity for maximum number of computers.
Justify your answer.
2. Suggest and draw cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the
MUMBAI campus for a wired connectivity.
3. Which networking device will you suggest to be procured by the company to
interconnect all the computers of various buildings of MUMBAI campus?
4. Company is planning to get its website designed which will allow students to see their
results after registering themselves on its server. Out of the static or dynamic, which
type of website will you suggest?
5. Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face to face
communication between the people in the ADMIN office of Mumbai campus and Delhi
head office?
a) Cable TV
b) Email
c) Video conferencing
d) Text chat
Ans:
89
Page
 i. Server should be installed in Admin department as it has maximum number of
computers.

ii.
Star topology 5 Admin examination accounts Result
iii. Hub/Switch
iv. Dynamic
v. Video conferencing

Additional Exercise:
1. Which protocol is used to exchange files on Internet
2. What is the purpose of using a MODEM?
3. What type of address is the following?
20:B9:F1:63:2F:FB
4. Identify the topologies from the followings:
(i) In it the nodes form a circular path for data to travel and each node is connected to
two other nodes.
(ii) In it devices are connected through hub/switch, hub/switch is responsible for
receiving and transmitting data from each node to destination.
5. A School would like to go in for network of all the computers. Which topology would
you recommend and why?
6. What is communication channel? What choices do you have while choosing a
communication channel for a network?
7. What do you mean by network topology? Name most popular topologies.
8. Akhil is transferring songs from his mobile to his mobile via Bluetooth
connection. Name the network used by Akhil.

Case Based
9. In Hyderabad, 5 ABC Bank branches are available. One is at RR Pet, other at Market, other at
Ashok Nagar, other at Fire Station and the last one at Bus Stand. Higher official wants to keep
a network between these 5 branches. The branch names (A to E) and the number of
computers in each branch (given inside the rectangle) is given below.
90
Page
 Distance between various buildings
A to B 50 Mts
B to C 30 Mts
C to D 30 Mts
D to E 35 Mts
E to C 40 Mts
D to A 120 Mts
D to B 45 Mts
E to B 65 Mts
(i) Suggest a possible cable layout for connecting the buildings.
(ii) Suggest the most suitable place to install the server of this organization with a suitable
reason
(iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification.
(a) Hub/Switch (b) Modem
(iv) The Bank wants to link its head Office in building to its main office at Mumbai.
(a) Which type of transmission medium is appropriate for such a link?
(b) What type of network this connection result into?
11. Xcelencia Edu Services Ltd. is an educational organization. It is planning to set up its India
campus at Hyderabad with its head office at Delhi. The Hyderabad campus has 4 main buildings -
ADMIN, SCIENCE, BUSINESS and ARTS. You as a network expert have to suggest the best network
related solutions for their problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances between the
buildings and other given parameters.
[CBSE 2015 Main]

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN to SCIENCE 65 m
ADMIN to BUSINESS 100 m
ADMIN to ARTS 60 m
SCIENCE to BUSINESS 75 m
SCIENCE to ARTS 60 m
BUSINESS to ARTS 50 m
DELHI Head Office to HYDERABAD Campus 1600 Km

Number of computers installed at various buildings are as follows:

91
Page
 ADMIN 100
SCIENCE 85
BUSINESS 40
ARTS 12
DELHI Head Office 20

(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the HYDERABAD campus
(out of the 4 buildings), to get the best connectivity for maximum number of
computers. Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the
HYDERABAD campus for connecting the computers.
(iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to be procured by the company to be
installed to protect and control the internet uses within the campus?
(iv) Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face-to-face
communication between the people in the Admin Office of HYDERABAD campus and
DELHI Head Office?
a. Email
b. Text Chat
c. Video Conferencing
d. Cable TV

1. Perfect Edu Services Ltd. is an educational organization. It is planning to setup its India campus
at Chennai with its head office at Delhi. The Chennai campus has 4 main buildings ADMIN,
ENGINEERING, BUSINESS and MEDIA. You as a network expert have to suggest the best
network related solutions for their problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances
between the buildings and other given parameters.
[CBSE COMP 2015]

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN to ENGINEERING 55 m
ADMIN to BUSINESS 90 m
ADMIN to MEDIA 50 m
ENGINEERING to BUSINESS 55 m
ENGINEERING to MEDIA 50 m
BUSINESS to MEDIA 45 m
92
Page
 DELHI Head Office to CHENNAI Campus 2175 km

Number of Computers installed at various buildings are as follows :

ADMIN 110 110

ENGINEERING 75 75

BUSINESS 40 40

MEDIA 12 12

DELHI Head Office 20 20

(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the CHENNAI campus (out of
the 4 buildings), to get the best connectivity for maximum no. of computers. Justify your
answer.
(ii) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the
CHENNAI campus for connecting the computers.
(iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to be procured by the company to be installed to
protect and control the internet uses within the campus?
(iv) Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face-to-face
communication between the people in the Admin Office of CHENNAI campus and DELHI
Head Office?
a. Email b. Text Chat c. Video Conferencing d. Cable TV
10. Expand the following:
a) ARPANET
b) MAC
c) ISP
d) URI
11. What do you understand by the term network?
12. Mention any two main advantages of using a network of computing devices.
13. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
14. Write down the names of few commonly used networking devices.
15. Two universities in different States want to transfer information. Which type of network
they need to use for this?
16. Define the term topology. What are the popular network topologies?
17. How is tree topology different from bus topology?
18. Identify the type of topology from the following:
a) Each node is connected with the help of a single cable.
b) Each node is connected with central switching through independent cables.
19. What do you mean by a modem? Why is it used?
20. Explain the following devices:
a) Switch b) Repeater c) Router d) Gateway e) NIC
21. Sahil, a class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet and web

Help him in understanding both the terms with the help of suitable examples
of each.
93
Page
 Database Management System
DATABASE:
May be defined as a collection of interrelated data stored together to serve multiple
application
It is computer based record keeping system.
It not only allows to store but also allows us modification of data as per requirements
DBMS:
A DBMS refers to Database Management System
It is software that is responsible for storing, manipulating, maintaining and utilizing
database.
A database along with a DBMS is referred to as a database system.
There are various DBMS software available in the market. e.g. Oracle, MS SQL
Server, MySQL, Sybase, PostgreSQL, SQLite
Purpose of DBMS:
Reduce Data redundancy
Control Data Inconsistency
Sharing of data
Ensure data integrity
Enforce standard
Relational Database Model:
In relational database model data is organized into table (i.e. rows and columns).
These tables are also known as relations.
A row in a table represents relationship among a set of values.
A column represents the field/attributes related to relation under which information
will be stored.
For example if we want to store details of students then : Roll, Name, Class, Section,
etc. will be the column/attributes and the collection of all the column information will
become a Row/Record
Sample Tables:
EMPLOYEE:

Dept:
Deptno dname Loc
10 Accounting New York
20 Research Dallas
30 Sales Chicago
40 Operations Bostan
Component of a table:
Data Item: smallest unit of named data. It represent one type of information and often
referred to as a field or column information
Record : collection of data items which represent a complete unit of information
Table: collection of all Rows and Columns.
94
Page
 Relational Data Model:-
Data is organized in two-dimensional tables called relations. The tables or relations are
related to each other.

Characteristics of relational database are:-

Data is arranged into rows and columns,
Each relation is represented as a table.
Every row in a table represents a single entity.
At any given row or column position, there is one and only one value.

Various Terms Used in Relational Model: - A relational database is a type of database

that stores and provides access to data points that are related to one another.
Basic Terminologies related to a Relational Database:-

Entity: An entity is something that exists and an object which can be distinctly
identified. For example, student entity, employee entity,
Attribute: The term attribute is also used to represent a column.
Tuple: Each row in a table is known as tuple.
Cardinality of Relation: It is the number of records or tuples in a relation.
Degree of Relation: Number of columns or attributes is known as degree of a
relation.
Domain of Relation: It defines the kind of data represented by the attribute.
Body of the Relation: It consists of an unordered set of 0 or more tuples.

Concept of Keys
In relation each record must be unique i.e. no two identical records are allowed in the
Database.
A key attribute identifies the record and must have unique values. There are various
types of Keys:
Primary key:
A set of one or more attribute that can identify a record uniquely in the relation is
called Primary Key.
There can be only one primary key in a table
Allows only distinct (no duplicate) values and also forces mandatory entry (NOT
NULL) i.e. we leave it blank.
Candidate Key
In a table there can be more than one attribute which uniquely identifies a tuples in a
relation. These columns are known as candidate key as they are the candidate for
primary key.
Among these database analyst select only one attribute as a primary key.
95
Page
 Alternate Key
In case of multiple candidate keys, one of them will be selected as Primary Key and
rest of the column will serve as Alternate Key.
A Candidate Key which is not a primary key is an Alternate Key.
Foreign key
Used to create relationship between two tables.
It is a non-key attribute whose value is derived from the Primary key of another table.
Primary Key column table from where values will be derived is known as Primary
Table or Master Table or Parent Table and Foreign key column table will be Foreign
Table or Detail Table or Child table.
Example:

From the Above table definition we can observe that the DEPTNO column of EMPLOYEE
table is deriving its value from DEPTNO of table DEPARTMENT. So we can say that the
DEPTNO of EMPLOYEE table is a foreign key whose value is dependent upon the Primary
key column DEPTNO of table DEPARTMENT.
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY:
Used to ensure relationships between records in related tables are valid and
accidentally delete or change the related data.
Referential integrity can be applied when:
o The master column is a Primary Key or has a unique index
o The related fields have the same data type
o Both tables must belong to same database.
When referential integrity is enforced using Foreign Key you must observe the
following rules:
o You cannot enter a value in Child Table which is not available in Master
Primary key column. However you can enter NULL values in foreign key
o You cannot delete a record from Master Table if matching record exists in
related table.
o You cannot modify or change the Primary Key value in Master table if its
matching record is present in related table.

Structured Query Language

It is a language that enables you to create and operate on relational databases
It is the standard language used by almost all the database s/w vendors.
Pronounced as SEQUEL
It is portable i.e. it is compatible with most of the database.
It is not a case sensitive language.
It is very easy to learn.
96
Page
 SQL features
Allows creating/modifying a structure
Changing security settings for system
Permitting users for working on databases or tables
Querying database
Inserting/modifying/deleting the database contents
Classification of SQL
DDL (Data Definition Language)
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DCL (Data Control Language)
TCL (Transaction Control Language)
Data Definition Language:
It allows us to create database objects like creating a table, view or any other database
objects.
The information about created objects are stored in special file called DATA
DICTIONARY.
DATA DICTIONARY contains metadata i.e. data about data.
The commands of DDL are
o CREATE To create a new database object.
o ALTER To modify existing database object.
o DROP To permanently remove existing database object.
Data Manipulation Language:
It allows to perform following operation on data in the table
o Retrieval of information stored in table
o Insertion of new data in table
o Modification of existing data in table
o Deletion of existing data from table
The commands of DML are
o SELECT To retrieve data from the table
o INSERT To insert new tuple /row in the table
o UPDATE To update existing tuple/row from the table
o DELETE To delete existing tuple/row from the table
Exercise:
1. What is Database? What are the advantages of Database System?
2. What is DDL and DML? Give examples of command belonging to each category
3. What is the difference between Primary key and Candidate key?
4. What is Primary Key? What are the restrictions imposed by Primary Key? How many
primary key can be applied on a Table?
5. What is Degree and Cardinality of table?
6. Explain the purpose of DDL and DML commands used in SQL. Also give two examples of
each.

Introduction of MYSQL
Brief history of MySQL:
MySQL is freely available open source RDBMS
It can be downloaded from www.mysql.org
In MySQL information is stored in Tables.
Provides features that support secure environment for storing, maintaining and
accessing data.
It is fast, reliable, scalable alternative to many of the commercial RDBMS today.
97
Page
 MYSQL DATABASE SYSTEM:
MySQL database system refers to the combination of a MySQL server instance and
MySQL database.
It operates using Client/Server architecture in which the server runs on the machine
containing the database and client connects to server over a network
MySQL is a multiuser database system, meaning several users can access the database
simultaneously.
The Server
Listens for client requests coming in over the network and access the database as per
the requirements and provide the requested information to the Client.
The Client
Are the programs that connect to MySQL server and sends requests to the server and
receives the response of Server. Client may be the MySQL prompt or it may be Front-
end programming which connects to server programmatically like connecting to
MySQL using Python Language or Java or any other language.
FEATURES OF MYSQL:
Speed - MySQL runs very fast.
Ease of Use - Can be managed from command line or GUI
It is available free of cost. It is Open Source Software.
Query language Support -Supports SQL
Portability Can be run on any platform and supported by various compilers.
Data Types - supports various data types like Numbers, Char etc.
Security -Offers privileges and password systems that is very flexible and secure.
Scalability and Limits -Can handle large databases. Some of real life MySQL databases
contain millions of records.
Connectivity - Clients can connect to MySQL using drivers
Localization -The server can provide error message to client in many language
SQL and MYSQL:
SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
It is a language that enables you to create and operate on relational databases.
MySQL uses SQL in order to access databases.
It is the standard language used by almost all the database s/w vendors.
MYSQL Elements
Literals
Data types
Null
Comments
Literals
It means the fixed value or constant value. It may be of character, numeric or date
time type.
Character and date/time literals are always in single quotation marks whereas numeric
literals must be without single quotation marks.
For example 12, 12.56, -20-
Date and time values are always in the format YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS.
Special character like quotes are always written be preceding it back-slash(\). For
example if we want to store value as Cat then it should be written as Tom\
Cat
Data Type
Means the type of value and type of operation we can perform on data. For example,
on numeric value we can store numbers and perform all arithmetic operations and so
on.
MySQL support three categories of data types:
Numeric
98
Page
 Date and time
String types

Numeric Data Types

Data type Description

INT Numbers without decimal. Store up to 11 digits. -2147483648 to

2147483647
FLOAT(M,D) Real numbers i.e. number with decimal. M specify length
of numeric value including decimal place D and decimal
symbol. For example if it is given as FLOAT(8,2) then 5
integer value 1 decimal symbol and 2 digit after decimal
TOTAL 8. it can work on 24 digits after decimal.
DOUBLE(M,D) Real numbers with more precision up to 53 place after decimal.

DECIMAL It is used to store exact numeric value that preserves exact

precision for e.g. money data in accounting system.
DECIMAL(P,D) means P no. of significant digits (1-65), D
represent no. of digit after decimal(0-30), for e.g
DECIMAL(6,2) means 4 digit before decimal and 2 digit
after decimal. Max will be 9999.99

Date and Time Types

DATE-A date in YYYY-MM-DD format between 1000-01-01 to 9999-12-31.
DATETIME-Combination of date and time. For example to store 4th December 2018
and time is afternoon 3:30 then it should be written as 2018-12-04 15:30:00
TIMESTAMP - Similar to DATATIME but it is written without hyphen for
example the above date time is stored as 20181204153000
TIME-To store time in the format HH:MM:SS
YEAR(M) -To store only year part of data where M may be 2 or 4 i.e. year in 2 digit
like 18 or 4 digit like 2018.
String Types
CHAR(M)
o Fixed length string between 1 and 255.
o It always occupy M size, irrespective of actual number of characters entered.
o Mostly use in the case where the data to be insert is of fixed size like Grade
(A,B,C,..) or Employee code as E001, E002, etc
VARCHAR(M)
o Variable length string between 1 and 65535 (from MySQL 5.0.3) , earlier it
was 255
o It takes size as per the data entered for example with VARCHAR(20) if the
data entered is MOBILE then it will take only 6 byte.
o It is useful for the data like name, address where the number of character to be
enter is not fixed.
Difference between CHAR & VARCHAR
Char varchar
Fixed length string Variable length string
Fast, no memory allocation every time Slow, as it take size according to data so every
time memory allocation is done
It takes more memory It takes less space
99
Page
 Simple Queries in SQL
Show Databases- This command is used to list all databases on MySql Server
Use <databasename>- This command is used to change/select/open given database
e.g. To open a database
>>>use test
Show tables This command will list all the tables from current database. If no database
is selected it will generate error.
Select database ( ) This command will display the name of current database.
Desc <tablename> or Describe <tablename> - This command will be used to display
the structure of the table.
Create database <databasename> - This command is use to create a new database.
For example create database mydb will new database mydb
Above command will generate error, if database already exist. To supress the error
following command can be used
create database if not exist mydb
Drop database <databasename> - This command is used to remove existing database.
For example drop database mydb will permanently delete mydb database.
Above command will generate error, if database already exist. To supress the error
following command can be used
drop database if exist mydb
Create table <tablename> - This command / statement is used to create a new table in a
database. The syntax the is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype[(size)] [constraint] ,
column2 datatype[(Size)] [constraint],
column3 datatypeI[(size)] [constraints] ,
....
);
Here size and constraints are optional.
e. g.
CREATE TABLE pet (
name VARCHAR(20),
owner VARCHAR(20),
species VARCHAR(20),
sex CHAR(1),
birth DATE, death DATE
);
Droptable <tablename> - This command is used to permanently delete the table from
database.
For example, drop table pet; will delete pet table from database
Alter table <tablename> - This command is used to modify the structure of existing
table such as adding new column, removing existing column, rename or changing data
type, size and constraints.
o Adding new column to exiting table
Syntax :
Alter table <tablename>
Add [column] column_name datatype [(size)];
o Removing new existing column from the table
Syntax:
Alter table <tablename>
drop column <column_name>;
o Changing datatype/size of the column
100

Systax:
Page
 alter table <tablename>
modify column <colname> datatype(size);
o Renaming column name
Alter table tablename
Change old_columnname new_column_name datatype (size)
Update <tablename> - This command is used to update data from the table
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET column_name=new_value, column2_name=new_value
WHERE condition;

The above query will update salary of Scot by 100.

If where clause is not given, it will update/modify the value of column from each row.
Inserting into table_name This command is used to add new row to the table
Syntax :
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (list of values)
Select data from Table using Select statement
Syntax:
Select clause select */column_list
from clause from table(s)
where clause where condition
group by clause group by column_name
having clause having condition
order by clause order by column_name asc/desc
limit clause; limit m,n;
Selecting/displaying entire data from the table
Syntax:
SELECT * From tablename;
or
SELECT ALL column_name FROM tablename;
Selecting/displaying data from specific column
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2,column3, FROM tablename;
Giving descripting name for column using column alias
Syntax:
SELECT */col_name as FROM tablename;
Removing duplicate value from the column using distinct clause
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM tablename;
Inserting text in the query
Syntax:
SELECT FROM tablename;
Number of row in result depend on total number of rows in the table
Performing simple calculation in the query
Syntax:
Select 2+4;
All operation can be performd such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*),
division (/) and remainder (%)
Performing calculation on column
Syntax:
SELECT column1 operator value, FROM Tablename
SELECT ename, sal, sal*12 from emp;
Working with null value
101
Page
 Any operation on NULL will result into NULL, MySql provide ifnull() function to work
with null value. If column contain null value it is replace value given value, otherwise
display original value.
Syntax:
If null(column,

Here, comm column contains null value which is replaced by

Restricting rows using where clause :
Where clause in the query will restrict number of rows in the output based on condition.
Syntax:
SELECT */column list
FROM Tablename
where condition;
Condition (column_name operator expression)
Relational Operator
> greater than < less than >= greater than equal to
<= less than equal to = equal ! = or <> not equal to
Logical Operator
And evaluated true if all the logical expression is true otherwise false.
Or - evaluated true if any the logical expression is true otherwise false.
Logical operator is used to combine two or more logical expression,
Membership Operator
In, Not in
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.
Comparing NULL
is null, is not null
NULL (Absence of value) value cannot be compared using Relational operator. The
above statement is used to check whether column contains NULL or not.
Range Operator
Between
Pattern Matching
Like
Not Like
Like clause is used to match pattern using two wild card characters
_ (underscore) single unknown character
% (modulo) - Zero or more unknown characters
102
Page
 e.g.
words staring with
words ending with
words containing -
word with as second letter -
words with as third last character
words containing four letter as second letter t_
Ordering data using ORDER BY clause
ORDER BY clause is used to arrange data in ascending/descending order
Ordering can be done on more than one column, in this case data is arranged
according first column and then second column and onwards.
By default data is arranged in ascending order, in no ordering information
(asc/desc) is given.
Syntax:
SELECT */col_list FROM tablename
ORDER BY col1 asc/desc, col2 asc/desc;
Aggregate Functions
An aggregate function performs a calculation on multiple values and returns a single
value.
These function work on multiple rows collectively return single value.
List of Aggregate functions are
o max() : return maximum value in set of value

o min() return minimum value from the set of values

o avg() return average value in set of non-null values

o sum() - Return the summation of all non-NULL values of the set of values.

o count() - Return the number of rows in a group

Count(*) return number of rows, including rows with NULL
103
Page
 Count(column_name) - return number of rows, excluding rows with
NULL for the given column

Count (distinct column_name) return number of rows with duplicate

removed

In above example there are 14 row in the EMP table, but distinct clause
only consider unique value.
Group By Clause
o It is used in a SELECT statement to collect data across multiple records and group
the results by one or more columns.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name

In above example salary is grouped on job and maximum salary from each job is
displayed.
o Select clause involving group by clause can contain column present in group by
clause, aggregate function or no column. Otherwise it will return random data
from other column as given below.

Having clause
o Having clause is used to place condition on aggregate function in conjunction with
group by clause.
o Having clause in placed after where clause in select statement.
Syntax:
SELECT columm_name, aggregate_function(col_name)
FROM table
104

WHERE condition
Page
 GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator expression;

The above query will display deptno, maximum salary and number of employees
from each department.
The query given below display deptno, maximum salary and number of employees
from those department which have maximum salary greater than equal to 3000.

As condition is on aggregate function max(), where clause be used in this case.

Exercise Questions:
1. What is MySQL used for? Abhay wants to start learning MySQL. From where can he obtain the
MySQL software ?
2. In the table Priya wanted to increase the Marks(Column Name:
Marks) of those students by 5 who have got Marks below 33. She has entered the following
statement:
3. SELECT Marks+5 FROM Student WHERE Marks<33;
Identify errors(if any) in the above statement. Rewrite the correct SQL statement.
4. Write SQL statement to add a column with data type and size as VARCHAR(70) to
the existing table named Is it a DDL or DML or TCL command ?
5. Table Student has the columns RNO and SCORE. It has 3 rows in it. Following two SQL
statements were entered that produced the output (AVG(SCORE) as 45 and COUNT(SCORE) as 2)
:
(i) AVG(SCORE)
(ii) Count(score)
6. table has a column named that stores city in which each employee resides.
Write SQL query to display details of all rows except those rows
or
7. How is a database related to a table ?
8.
Designation, Age and Salary. EmpID is the Primary key and Name cannot be NULL. Some of the
rows that will be inserted are shown below.

Write SQL query to create the above table with appropriate data types and sizes of columns.
9. Ms. Rajshri is the Class Teacher of Class XII. She wants to create a table named
marks in different subjects of her class. Identify any 4 columns for the table along with their
suitable data types.
105
Page
 10.
data of workshops that are organi
following structure:

11. Ariya wants to add another column in the already existing table
She has written the following statement. However, it errors. Rewrite the correct statement.
MODIFY TABLE CUSTOMERS GENDER char(1);
12. Explain the following statement with the help of example:
13. a transaction either all the SQL statements be committed or all rolled
14. How is HAVING clause similar to WHERE clause? How is HAVING clause different from
WHERE clause? Explain with the help of examples of each.
15. Consider the following table that stores the order details about items to be
transported. Write SQL commands for the statements (i) to (viii).
Table: TRANSPORTER
ORDERNO DRIVERNAME DRIVERGRADE ITEM TRAVELDATE DESTINATION
10012 RAMYADAV A TELEVISION 2019-04-19 MUMBAI
10014 SOMNATHSINGH FURNITURE 2019-01-12 PUNE
10016 MOHANVERMA B WASHINGMACH 2019-06-06 LUCKNOW
10018 RISHISINGH A REFRIGERATOR 2019-04-07 MUMBAI
10019 RADHEMOHAN TELEVISION 2019-05-30 UDAIPUR
10020 BISHENPRATAP B REFRIGERATOR 2019-05-02 MUMBAI
10021 RAM TELEVISION 2019-05-03 PUNE

(i) To display names of drivers and destination city where TELEVISION is being
transported.
(ii) To display driver names and destinations where destination is not MUMBAI.
(iii) To display the names of destination cities where items are being transported. There
should be no duplicate values.
(iv) To display details of rows that have some value in DRIVERGRADE column.
(v) To display names of drivers, names of items and travel dates for those items that are
being transported on or before 1st April 2019.
(vi) To display the number of drivers who have anywhere in their names.
(vii) To display the names of drivers, item names and travel dates in alphabetic
(ascending) order of driver names.
(viii) To display names of drivers whose names are three characters long.
17. In CHAR(10) and VARCHAR(10), what does the number 10 indicate ?
18. table has a column named that stores city in which each employee resides.

or
19. Consider the table given below. Write SQL queries for (i) to (vii).
Table: Gym
REGID NAME PREWEIGHT CURRWEIGHT DOJ GENDER BRANCH

1001 SHEELASIA 115 98 2017-09-02 F ADARSHVIHAR

1002 FAWADKHAN 92 80 2018-10-11 M MODELTOWN

106
Page
 1003 PAWANSINGH 85 80 2018-02-03 M NIRMANNAGAR

1004 SUPRIYA ARORA 113 100 2018-01-16 F MODELTOWN

1005 AJOYBASU 67 75 2017-12-09 M NIRMANNAGAR

1006 TANMAYJACOB 100 71 2017-11-18 M ADARSHVIHAR

1007 LAKSHMIVENKAT 98 95 2018-06-09 F MODELTOWN

Columns REGID stores Registration Id, PREWEIGHT stores weight of the person before joining
Gym, CURRWEIGHT stores current weight, DOJ stores Date of Joining, BRANCH stores the
branch of Gym where the person has enrolled.
(i) To display names of members along with their previous and current weights who are in
Model Town branch.
(ii) To display all names of members, previous weight, current weight, Change in weight (i.e.
how much increase from previous weight or decrease from previous weight, Decrease
will be displayed with negative sign)
(iii) To display BRANCH wise count of members in the Gym. (i.e. display the BRANCH and
number of members in each BRANCH)
(iv) To display names and date of joining of all the members who joined in the year 2018.
(v) To display Names and Current weight of all the members in descending order of Current
Weight.
(vi) To display the names and date of joining of male members who have joined after 27th
September 2018.
(vii) To display names and date of joining of members who have their names starting with
and ending with
20. Consider the table Flight given below, write command in SQL for (i) to (iv) and output for (v) to (viii)
Table : FLIGHT
Flight_No Origin Destination Seats FlightDate Rate

1005 Varanasi Nepal 275 12-Dec-07 3000

2785 Delhi Kerala 290 17-Jan-08 5500

6587 Mumbai Varanasi 435 19-Feb-08 5000

1265 Varanasi Nepal 200 02-Jan-08 5400

4457 Delhi Lucknow 150 22-Feb-08 4500

6856 Varanasi Mumbai 180 03-Mar-08 6000

i) To display Flight flying between Varanasi and Nepal.

ii) To display the different Origin of Flights.
iii) To display list of flights in descending order of Rate.
iv) To display flight details of the flight whose flightdate is after Jan 2008.
v) SELECT Flight_No, Destination FROM Flight WHERE Destination LIKE
vi) SELECT Origin, COUNT(*) FROM Flight GROUP BY Origin;
vii) SELECT Origin, Destination FROM Flight WHERE seats>400;
viii) SELECT SUM(Rate),MAX( Seats) FROM Flight;
JOINS
A relational database consists of multiple related tables linking together using
common columns, which are known as foreign key columns.
It is used retrieve data from multiple tables.
107
Page
 Consider the tables below EMP, DEPT & SALGARDE that stored related
information, all the examples on join will be explained with help of these following
three tables
EMP Table
empno ename job mgr hiredate sal comm deptno
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 1993-06-13 800.00 0.00 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1998-08-15 1600.00 300.00 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 1996-03-26 1250.00 500.00 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 1995-10-31 2975.00 20
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1992-06-11 2850.00 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 1993-05-14 2450.00 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1996-03-05 3000.00 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1990-06-09 5000.00 0.00 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1995-06-04 1500.00 0.00 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 1999-06-04 1100.00 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 2000-06-23 950.00 30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 2000-01-21 1300.00 10
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 1997-12-05 3000.00 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1998-12-05 1250.00 1400.00 30

DEPT Table
deptno dname location
10 Accounting New York
20 Research Dallas
30 Sales Chicago
40 Operations Boston
SALGRADE Table
grade losal hisal
1 700.00 1200.00
2 1201.00 1400.00
4 2001.00 3000.00
5 3001.00 99999.00
3 1401.00 2000.00
Types of Join
Cartesian Product or Cross join
Equi Join
Natural Join
Non-Equi Join
Self Join
Left Outer Join
Right Outer Join
Cartesian Product or Cross join
The cross join makes a Cartesian product of rows from the joined tables.
108
Page
 The cross join combines each row from the first table with every row from the
right table to make the result set.
If Table1 has degree d1 and cardinality c1 and table2 has degree d2 and
cardinality c2, their Cartesian Product has degree d=d1+d2 and cardinality
c=c1*c2;

Ven Diagram
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM table1, table2;
Or
SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
Or
SELECT * FROM table1 JOIN table2;
e.g. SELECT * FROM emp, dept;
SELECT * FROM emp CROSS JOIN dept;
SELECT * FROM emp JOIN DEPT;
Output:
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | dname | loc |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
109

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |

| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
Page
 | 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
56 rows in set (0.02 sec)
Note: Above output has 56 row (14*4) and 11 columns (8+3)
Equi Join-
It performs a JOIN against equality or matching column(s) values of the
associated tables.

Ven Diagram
Syntax
SELECT * /Column_list
FROM Table1, Table 2
WHERE table1.column=Table2.column;
Or
SELECT * /Column_list
FROM Table1 join Table2 on Table1.Column=Table2.Column;
Example: SELECT * FROM emp JOIN dept ON emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Or
SELECT * FROM emp,dept WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Output:

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | dname | loc |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
110

| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |

| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
Page
 | 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Example 1: Display the employee name, sal and name of department name
Ans: In the above query ename and sal belong to emp table whereas dname belongs to
DEPT table. So, to retrieve data in this we will use join
SELECT emp.ename, emp.sal, dept.dname
FROM emp, dept WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Output:
+ + + +
| ename | sal | dname |
+ + + +
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+ + + +
Note:
In case of join full qualified (table_name.column_name) name is used to avoid
ambiguity as both table contains common columns as PRIMARY KEY and
FOREIGN KEY.
Table Alias Like column alias table alias can be used in case of join as given
below.
SELECT e.ename, e.sal FROM emp e, dept d WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Here & are table alias for EMP & DEPT table respectively.

Non- Equi Join

It uses comparison operator instead of the equal sign like >, <, >=, <= along with
join condition.
Syntax:
SELECT * /Column_list
FROM table1, table2,..
WHERE table1.column relational_operator table2.column;
Note: Where relational operator are other than equality operator and between.
Example: Display the employee name, salary and grade of each employee.
Ans: In the above query the involved table are EMP and SALGRADE.
111
Page
 SELECT e.ename, e.sal, s.grade
FROM emp e, salgarde s
WHERE e.sal BETWEEN s.losal AND s.hisal;
Output:
+ + + +
| ename | sal | grade |
+ + + +
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+ + + +
Natural Join
A natural join is a type of join operation that creates an implicit join by combining
tables based on columns with the same name and data type.
It makes the SELECT query simpler with minimal use of conditions.
There is no need to specify the name of common column in the SELECT
statement.
Common column is present only once in the output.
Syntax:
SELECT */column_list
FROM Table1 NATURAL JOIN TABLE2;
Or
SELECT */column_list
FROM TABLE1 join on common_column_name;
Example :
SELECT * FROM emp JOIN dept USING(deptno);
Or
SELECT * FROM emp NATURAL JOIN DEPT;
Output:
+ + + + + + + + + + +
| deptno | empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | dname | loc |
+ + + + + + + + + + +
| 20 | 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 30 | 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 20 | 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 30 | 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 10 | 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
| 20 | 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 10 | 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | ACCOUNTING | NEW
112

YORK |
Page
 | 30 | 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 20 | 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 20 | 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 10 | 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK
|
+ + + + + + + + + + +

Difference between Equi-Join vs Natural Join

Equi-Join Natural Join

Join performed on equality of value of the Join is performed on column haing
columns common name.
Where clause is used to specify the There is no need to use where clause
condition
Both columns from tables are displayed in Common column is displayed only
the result. once
Solved Exercise on Join:

Consider the following two table Customer and Saleman

Customer Table:
salesman_id name city commission
5001 James Hoog New York 0.15
5002 Nail Knite Paris 0.13
5005 Pit Alex London 0.11
5006 Mc Lyon Paris 0.14
5007 Paul Adam Rome 0.13

Customer Table:
customer_id cust_name city grade salesman_id
3002 Nick Rimando New York 100 5001
3007 Brad Davis New York 200 5001
3005 Graham Zusi California 200 5002
3008 Julian Green London 300 5002
3004 Fabian Johnson Paris 300 5006
3009 Geoff Cameron Berlin 100 5003
3003 Jozy Altidor Moscow 200 5007

Q1. Write a SQL query to display Salesman, cust_name and city from above table where the
salesperson and customer belongs to same city.
Ans:
SELECT s.name AS "Salesman",
c.cust_name, c.city
FROM salesman s,customer c
WHERE s.city=c.city;
Or
SELECT salesman.name AS "Salesman",
customer.cust_name, customer.city
FROM salesman,customer
WHERE salesman.city=customer.city;
113
Page
 Q2. write a SQL query to display ord_no, purch_amt, cust_name, city of those orders where
order amount exists between 500 and 2000.
Ans:
SELECT o.ord_no,o.purch_amt,
c.cust_name,c.city
FROM orders o,customer c
WHERE o.customer_id=c.customer_id
AND o.purch_amt BETWEEN 500 AND 2000;

Q3. Write a SQL query to display Customer Name, city, Salesman, commission the all
salesperson(s) and their respective the customer(s).
Ans:
SELECT c.cust_name AS "Customer Name",
c.city, s.name AS "Salesman", s.commission
FROM customer c, salesman s
WHERE c.salesman_id=s.salesman_id;

Q4. What are Joins in SQL?

Ans. Joins in SQL are the statements or clauses using which we can combine two or more
tables, based on some common fields present among the tables.
Q5.Explain the different types of Joins in SQL?
Ans: Some of the major joins in SQL are-
Equi Join Inner join is used to return the records which are having matching
values in both the tables.
Left Join Left join is used to concatenate all the rows of the left table and the
matching rows in the right table.
Right Join-Right join is used to concatenate all the rows of the right table and the
matching rows in the left table.
Full Join-Full join is used to return all the records of both the tables as long as
there is a matching record in either table.
Self Join-Self join is a join that is used to join a table to itself. In a self-join, a
table is considered as if it were two tables.
Cartesian Join-Cartesian join is used to return the number of rows in the first table
multiplied by the number of rows in the second table. It is also referred to as cross
join.
Q6. What is Natural Join?
Ans: Natural join is used to create an implicit join clause based on the value of common
attributes in the two tables. Common attributes are the attributes that have the same name in
both tables. Natural join does not need any comparison operator as in the case of equi join.

Q7. What is an Equi Join?

Ans: An Equi Join is a type of join that combines tables based on matching values in the
specified columns.
The column names do not need to be the same.
The resultant table can contain repeated columns.
It is possible to perform an equi join on more than two tables.

Q 8. What is the difference between cross join and natural join?

Ans: A cross join produces a cross product or cartesian product of two tables whereas the
natural join is based on all the columns having the same name and data types in both the
tables.
114
Page
 Interface of python with an SQL database
Introduction:
Every application required data to be stored for future reference to manipulate data.
Today every application stores data in database for this purpose.
For example, in school student detail are saved for many reasons like attendance, fee
collections, exams, report card etc.
Python allows us to connect all types of database - Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, etc.
In our syllabus we have to understand how to connect python programs with MySQL.
Before we connect python program with any database like MySQL we need to build a
bridge to connect Python and MySQL.
have to
install first.
Steps to create a database connectivity in Python application are:
1. Open python.
2. Import the package required for database programming:
Here we need to import mysql.connector package in our python scripts.
3. Open a connection:
Here we need to establish a connection to MySQL database using connect(). The syntax
for this is as follows:
<Connection_object> = mysql.connector.connect(host= <host_name>, user=
<user_name>, passwd =<password> , [database = <database>]).
Here host_name
user_name means user by which we connect with MySQL, generally it is given as

data we want to use.

For example:
import mysql.connector as sqltor
mycon = sqltor.connect(host ="localhost" , user ="root", passwd = "mypass", database
="test")
4. Create a cursor instance:
Here we have to create an instance of cursor by using cursor(), the syntax is as follows:
<cursorobject> =<connectionobject>.cursor()
For example:
cursor = mycon.cursor()
5. Execute a query:
Here we use the execute() with following syntax.
< cursorobject>.execute(<sql query string>)
For example:
cursor.execute("select * from
6. Extract data from result set:
Here you can fetch the data from the resultset byusing fetch functions.
fetchall(): it will return all th record in the form of tuple.
fetchone(): it returns one record from the result set.
fetchmany(n): it will return n number of records.
rowcount: it will return number of rows retrieved from the cursor so far.
7. Clean up the environment.
A database Connection object controls the connection to the database. It represents a unique
session with a database connected from within a script/program. A Database Cursor is a special
control structure that facilitates the row by row processing of records in the result set. The result
set refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by executing an SQL
115

query and made available to the application program.

Page
 For INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE queries, we must run commit() with the connection
object after executing the SQL query.
Mind Map:

Interface of python
with an SQL database

Statements used for the above statements:

Steps to create a database connectivity in
Python application are: Open Python IDLE
Open python. import mysql.connector
Import the package required for mycon = mysql.connector.connect(host
database programming. ="localhost" , user ="root", passwd =
Open a connection "mypass", database ="test")
Create a cursor instance. cursor = mycon.cursor()
Execute a query. cursor.execute("select * from
Extract data from result set. Use fetchall()/fetchone()/fetchmany(n)
Clean the environment. to extract data from result set.

Questions:
1 Marks Questions
1 To establish connection between Python and MySql Which connector is required.
(a) mysql.connection (b) connector (c) mysql.connect (d) mysql.connector
2 If you want to check whether connection between Python and MySql is established or not. Which
function is used?
(a) con.isconnected() (b) con.connected() (c) con.is_connect (d) con.is_connected
3 Fill the connection string with the required parameter name: -
con=mysql.connector.connect(<1>= localhost , user= <2>= ,
(a) <1>= host , <2> =passwd (b) <1>= host , <2> =password
(b) <1>= 127.0.0.1 , <2> =password (d) <1>= 127.0.0.1, <2> =pass
4 Which of the following component act as a container to hold all the data returned from the query and
from there we can fetch data at a time?
(a) Resultset (b) Container (c) Table (d) Cursor
5 Differentiate between fetchone() and fetchall() ?
6 Which properties of cursor is used to get number of records stored in cursor(Assuming cursor name
is dbcursor?
(a) dbcursor.count (b) dbcursor.row.count
(b) dbcursor.records (d) dbcursor.rowcount
7 Out of which of the following symbol is used for passing parameterized query fro execution to cursor?
a) { } b) % c) $ d) Both (a) and (b)
8 Which cursor function is used to fetch n number of records from cursor?
a) fetchone() b) fetch( ) c) fetchmany() d) fetchall()
9 Which cursor function is used to fetch one record at a time from cursor?
a) fetchone() b) Onefetch() c) fetch() d) fetchonce()
10 Which cursor function is used to send query to connection?
(a) query() (b) execute() (c) run() (d) send()
2 Marks Questions
1 Consider the following table EMP containing information about an employee: -
 EMPNO ENAME DEPT SALARY
1 ALEX MUSIC 60000
2 PETER ART 67000
3 JHONY WE 55000
4 RAMBO P&HE 48000
Following python code is written to access the records of the table. EMP. What will be the output of
the following code:

mycursor.execute(query)
result1= mycursor.fetchone()
result1= mycursor.fetchone()
result1= mycursor.fetchone()
d= int(result1[3])
print(d*3)
(a) P&HEP&HEP&HE (b) 144000
(b) WEWEWE (d) 165000
2 Consider the following Python code written to access the record of CODE passes to
function.Complete the missing statements:
def Search(eno):
#Assume that all the basic setup import, connection and cursor is already created
* from emp where emp where empno =
mycursor .execute(query)
result = mycursor.
print(results)
(a) { } and fetchone() (b) fetchone() and {}
(b) %s and fetchone() (d) %eno and fetchone()
3 Consider the following Python code written for updating the records:
def Update(eno):
#Assume basic setup import, connection(con) and cursor(mycursor) is created
query set salary = 90000 where empno
mycursor.execute(query)
Code is running but the record in actual database is not updating, what could be the possible reason?
(a) save() function is missing (b) con.save() function is missing
(b) con.commit() function is missing (d) commit() is missing
4 Consider the following python code to display all records from table: EMP
def ShowAll()
#Assume basic setup import, connection(con) and cursor(mycursor) is created
* from
mycursor .execute(query)
result = mycursor. fetchall()
for results in row:
print(results)
But query is giving error, what could be the possible reason?
(a) fetchmany() should be used in place of fetchall()
(b) fetchone() should be used in place of fetchone()
(c) print(row) should be used in place of print(results)
(d) loop and print function is wrong, for row in results: snd print(row) should be used.
5 Differentiate between fetchone() and fetchmany() /
6 What is the role of a cursor? Write syntax to create a cursor?
7 To perform query sting based on some parameter. There are two method. Write the given query in (i)
String Templates with % formatting and (ii) String Template with { } formatting
all fields from table student where marks
117
Page
 4 Marks Questions
1 What is resultset? Write code to execute the query * from and store the retrieved
record in the cursor object after creating cursor.
2 Explain the purpose of the following lines in the given code:-
import mysql.connection as con
mycon = ,
mycursor=mycon.cursor() ------------ 1
* from ------------ 2
mydata = mycursor.fetchall() ------------ 3
nrec = mycursor.rowcount() ------------- 4
records fetched till
3 What will be the generated query string of the following code, also write statement to execute Query
and save the changes:-
import mysql.connection as con
mycon = ,
mycursor = mycon.cursor()
Query = INTO books (title, isbn, author, price) VALUES (%s, %s, %s,

5 Marks Questions
1 Consider the following python and MySql connectivity code and answer the following questions:
import mysql.connector
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="12345",database= "student")
if mydb.is_connected()==True:
print("connection ok")
else:
print("error connecting to mysql database")
mycursor=mydb.cursor()
r=int(input("enter the rollno"))
n=input("enter name")
m=int(input("enter marks"))
mycursor.execute("INSERT INTO student(rollno,name,marks) VALUES({},'{}',{})".format(r,n,m))
mydb.commit()
print(mycursor.rowcount,"RECRD INSERTED")
(i) Which of the following statement is connecting database server?
(ii) What is the role of the statement
(iii) Which statement will add record to the table?
(iv) What is the purpose of the in the following print statement.
print(mycursor.rowcount,"RECRD INSERTED")
(v) What is the purpose of ?
2 What are the various methods for fetching record from the table? Explain the purpsose of different
fetch function available in Mysql and fill in the blanks given 1 and 2.
import mysql.connector
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="12345",database="student")
if mydb.is_connected()==True:
print("connection ok")
else:
print("error connecting to mysql database")
1
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM STUDENT")
2
118

for row in rs:

Page
 print(row)
3 Consider the following menu driven program of python and MySql Connectivity and fill the gap with
the correct statement.
import sys
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="12345")
mycursor=mydb.cursor()
while True:
print("MENU")
print("1-Creating Database\n 2-Displaying Database List\n 3-Creating Table\n 4- Showing tables
List\n 5-To See the structure of Table\n 6-exit\n")
ch=int(input("enter your choice"))
if ch==1:
(i)
if ch==2:
(ii)
for x in mycursor:
print (x)
if ch==3:
(iii)
if ch==4:
(iv)
for x in mycursor:
print(x)
if ch==5:
(v)
for x in mycursor:
print(x)
sys.exit()
(i) Write command to create database SCHOOL.
(ii) Write command for displaying database list.
(iii) Write statement to create table FEES with FIELD [ROLLNO, NAME, AMOUNT] assume
datatype from your own.
(iv) Write statement to display tables in current user.
(v) mycursor.execute("DESC STUDENT")
Solution:
1 Marks Questions
1 (d)mysql.connector
2 (d) con.is_connected()
3 (a) <1>= host , <2> =passwd
4 (d) Cursor
5 fetchone() is used to fetch one record at a time. Subsequent fetchone() will fetch next records.If no
more records to fetch ,it returns none. fetchall() is used to fetch all the records from cursor in the form
of tuple.
6 (d) dbcursor.rowcount
7 Both (a) and (b)
8 (c) fetchmany()
9 (a) fetchone()
10 (b) execute()
2 Marks Questions
1 (c) 165000
2 (a) { } and fetchone()
119

3 (a) con.commit() function is missing

Page
 4 (d) loop and print function is wrong, it should be row in and print(row) should be used.
5 (i) fetchone() ->This method retrieves the next row of a query resultset and returns a single
sequence or None if no more rows are available. By default it returns tuple.
(ii) fetchmany() -> This method fetches the next set of rows of a query resultset and returns a list
of tuples. If no more rows are available it returns an empty list.
6 A database cursor is a special control structure that facilitates the row by row processing of records in
the resultset, i.e. the set of records retrieved as per query.
<cursor object> = <connection-object>.cursor()
7 (i) st * from student where marks %(70)
(ii) st= * from student where marks >{
4 Marks Questions
1 The resultset refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by executing an SQL
query and made available to the application program.
cursor = con.cursor()
* from
2 1. Create an instance(object) of a cursor using cursor()
2. Executing sql query to retrieve all the records of the table emp in the mycursor object.
3. Fetch all the record in the resultset.
4. To count the number of rows/records returned by sql query.
3 INSERT INTO books (title, isbn, author, price)

mycursor.execute(Query)
mycon.commit()
5 Marks Questions
1 (i) mysql.connector.connect
(ii) Creates an instance of a cursor
(iii) mycursor.execute(Sql Query)
(iv) To count and display the number of record effected by the query.
(v) Confirms the changes made by the user to the database.
2 (i) fetchone() ->This method retrieves the next row of a query resultset and returns a single sequence
or None if no more rows are available. By default it returns tuple.
(ii) fetchmany() -> This method fetches the next set of rows of a query resultset and returns a list of
tuples. If no more rows are available it returns an empty list.
(iii) fetchall() -> This method will return all the rows from the resultset in the form of a tuple
containing the records.
(iv) Fill in the blanks 1 ---- mycursor=mydb.cursor()
(v) Fill in the blanks 2 ----- rs=mycursor.fetchall()
3 (i) mycursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE SCHOOL")
(ii) mycursor.execute("SHOW DATABASE")
(iii) mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE FEES (ROLLNO INTEGER(3),NAME VARCHAR(20),
AMOUNT INTEGER(10));")
(iv) mycursor.execute("SHOW TABLES")
(v) Write statement to display the structure of the table.
120
Page