Power Transmission Line Trainer

Experiments Manual

Model: NW-JEMT005
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Safety Instructions
• The Main Circuit Breaker should be switched OFF before you begin work on the circuits.
• DO NOT run wires over moving or rotating equipment, or on the floor, or string them across
walkways from bench-to-bench.

• Use wires of appropriate length. Do not allow them to drape over your equipment.
• Make sure that the instructor has checked all connections before switching ON the Simulator.
• Check the Main Power Supply Voltage for proper value before energizing the circuit.

• Always switch on the power source as a LAST step.

• DO NOT make circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is on.

• Do NOT pull wires out until you are absolutely sure that the circuit is completely dead. Shocks can
occur if an inductive load (motor or transformer) is disconnected while conducting.
• Under emergency conditions, use the “Emergency Power OFF” to switch off the main supply.
• DO NOT wear loose-fitting clothing, metal bracelets or watchstraps in the Lab. Rings and necklaces
are usually excellent conductors in excellent contact with your skin.
• DO NOT touch anything if your hands are wet.
• All conducting surfaces intended to be at ground potential should be connected together.
In the event of electrical shock:

• Do not touch the victim until the power has been shut off. Use the “Emergency Power OFF”.

• Do not remove the victim from the electric source until the power has been shut off.

• If you cannot shut off the power, use an insulator such as a dry rope, cloth or broom handle to drag
the person away from the live wire.

• If there is no heartbeat and no breathing, do CPR. (CPR to be performed by qualified personal only).
Get Emergency Care.

• If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing, immediately start rescue breathing. Get Emergency Care.

• Check for burns and treat as third-degree burns. Get Emergency Care.

• If the person is breathing, put them in the recovery position. Get Emergency Care.

• In the event of a mild shock, and the following symptoms are observed, see a doctor: Heart skipping
beats, fever or coughing up sputum.

Safety Instructions Page 2 of 37

Power Transmission Line Trainer

Table of Contents

No Title Page

1 Safety Instructions 2

2 Table of Contents 3

3 Trainer Overview 4

4 Experiment #1 Study of the Short Transmission Line Characteristic 8

5 Experiment #2 Study of the Medium (T) Transmission Line Characteristic 17

6 Experiment #3 Study of the Medium (PI) Transmission Line Characteristic 25

7 Experiment #4 Study of the Open Circuit at Transmission Line 33

8 Experiment #5 Study of the Short Circuit at Transmission Line 36

Table of Contents Page 3 of 37

Power Transmission Line Trainer

Trainer Overview
Power is generated only in areas near load clusters. For this reason, supply networks designed to
transmit high powers must be able to operate at variable voltage levels. For technical and financial
reasons, in particular, networks operating at high and extra-high voltages usually consist of overhead
transmission lines. Only a combination of individual sub-networks into an integrated power grid makes it
possible to operate large power station units at high efficiencies. Moreover, only integrated operation
makes it possible to maintain a practical reserve to allow for potential failure. In view of these
advantages of integrated power grids, practically all network in Jordan operate continuously in parallel
mode at a standard frequency of 50 Hz.

The higher the power to be transmitted and the greater the distance between the power source and
consumer, the higher the transmission voltage. As this voltage increases, naturally so does the required
height of the pylons in order to ensure that certain safety clearances are maintained. When speaking of
electricity supply, a distinction is made between extra-high voltage networks (220 - 380 kV and beyond),
high-voltage networks (60 - 110 kV), medium voltage networks (10 – 30 kV) and low-voltage networks
(in which power transmission typically takes place at a voltage of 600 V).

During actual operation, it is naturally not possible to constantly maintain the voltages at all of a
network's nodes at their nominal values. At least the voltage bandwidth in networks employing high and
extra-high voltages fluctuates between roughly ± 10% of the nominal voltage. Control transformers
between the various network levels ensure that customers in spite of that receive voltages close to the
respective nominal values.

The conductor cross-section should be selected so as to minimize the voltage losses along the routes to
the consumers, while also preventing impermissible high current densities which might overheat the
conductive materials. The outcome is economical cross-sections standardized not only for the sake of
mutual compliance but also to ensure compatibility with the respective voltages mentioned earlier.

The voltage present between any two outer conductors (phases) of a three-phase system is agreed as
representing the nominal voltage or rated voltage. The permissible values of the continuous current
(associated with heating) and voltage (associated with the air's breakdown resistance) determine the
maximum power which can be transmitted along a line; this is also known as the thermal power limit. It
is not to be confused with the natural power transmitted if the line is terminated by a resistive load of
the same magnitude as the characteristic impedance.

Three-phase Overhead Power Transmission Line

A line's behavior in the steady state can be described by means of the characteristic parameters
combining resistance, inductance and capacitance. The expression "line" serves as a general term for
overhead lines and underground cables which basically exhibit the same behavior.

The three characteristic parameters just mentioned represent constants which apply at any point along
the length of the line (quantities per unit length). At the lengths of 100 – 400 km (62.15 - 248.6 mi)
typical of extra-high voltage lines, however, concentrations of elements can be considered without any
significant losses in accuracy, thus resulting in the following three phase equivalent circuit diagram:

Trainer Overview Page 4 of 37

Power Transmission Line Trainer

Three-phase equivalent circuit diagram of a power transmission line including concentrated elements

The active resistance R is determined by the conductor's material, cross-section and, naturally, length.
The inductance L accounts for the magnetic field generated when a current flow through a conductor
loop. A distinction is made between two types of capacitances: The line-to-line capacitance CL is the
capacitance between any two outer conductors, while CE is the capacitance between the outer
conductors and earth. The dissipation losses caused by leakage currents and, in particular, corona losses
at high currents, are described by the conductance G. Finally, the characteristics of the return conductor
(earth, earth wire) are represented by means of the parameters RE and LE.

Single-phase representation is sufficient if the operating conditions are symmetric (identical voltages
and currents for the three outer conductors). The line and earth capacitances at various voltages are
converted into a new variable designated the effective or working capacitance CB. In this case: CB = CE +
3 CL. It must be noted that underground cables have a much higher working capacitance than overhead
lines. Regardless, representation with the help of a Π-element is more advantageous than the T-type
equivalent circuit diagram shown above, the transverse elements being applied in a proportion of half
each at the beginning and end of the diagram. This results in the following representation:

Single-phase equivalent circuit diagram of a Transmission line

To keep transmission losses within limits, efforts are made in practice to minimize the conductor
resistance R and maximize the conductance G. Accordingly, R << ωL and G >> ωCB.

Trainer Overview Page 5 of 37

Power Transmission Line Trainer

Trainer Front Panel Component

I. Main Power Supply And Control Unit

1) Three-Phase Power Supply Indicator. 5) Earth Leakage.
2) Three-Phase Power Supply Adjustable. 6) Fusses.
3) Three-Phase Main Circuit Breaker (MCB). 7) Emergency Stop.
4) Three-Phase Power Supply (R, Y, B, G).
II. Demonstration Module
1) R-Line Input. 12) Y-Line Input. 23) B-Line Input.
2) Line-to-Ground 13) Line-to-Ground 24) Line-to-Ground
Capacitance. Capacitance. Capacitance.
3) Line-to-line Capacitance. 14) Line-to-line Capacitance. 25) Line-to-line Capacitance.
4) Series Resistance. 15) Series Resistance. 26) Series Resistance.
5) Series Inductance. 16) Series Inductance. 27) Series Inductance.
6) Line-to-Ground 17) Line-to-Ground 28) Line-to-Ground
Capacitance. Capacitance. Capacitance.
7) Series Inductance. 18) Series Inductance. 29) Series Inductance.
8) Series Resistance. 19) Series Resistance. 30) Series Resistance.
9) Line-to-line Capacitance. 20) Line-to-line Capacitance. 31) Line-to-line Capacitance.
10) Line-to-Ground 21) Line-to-Ground 32) Line-to-Ground
Capacitance. Capacitance. Capacitance.
11) R-Line Output. 22) Y-Line Output. 33) B-Line Output.
34) Ground.
35) Input Metering Unit.
36) Output Metering Unit.
III. Load Bank
1) Light Bulb. 6) Capacitive Load.

Trainer Overview Page 6 of 37

Power Transmission Line Trainer

2) Light Bulb Toggle Switch. 7) Inductive Load.

3) Light Bulb Banana Sockets. 8) Inductive Load.
4) Capacitive Load. 9) Inductive Load.
5) Capacitive Load.

Trainer Overview Page 7 of 37

Power Transmission Line Trainer

Experiment #1
Study of the Short Transmission Line Characteristic
Objective
• To study the characteristics of a transmission line at different types of loads (Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive).
• To construct the model of short transmission lines and evaluate their performance in terms of
voltage regulation, transmission efficiency.

Theory
A transmission line has four parameters R, L, C and G distributed uniformly along the whole length of the
line. The resistance, R and inductance, L form the series impedance. The capacitance, C and
conductance, G existing between conductors and/or neutral form shunt paths throughout the length of
the line. Depending on the length of the line, transmission lines are classified as:

Short transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is less than 80 km, it is usually
considered as a short transmission line. Due to small length, the shunt paths can be neglected. the short
transmission line model is shown below

The equivalent circuit of single-phase short line is shown in figure below. Note that single phase of short
transmission line is considered as three phase system under balanced condition can be thought of three
single phase units each transmitting 1/3rd of the total power. Therefore, phase voltage and current shall
be considered if we analyze three phase system using three single phase systems.

In the figure above,

𝑅 = Line Resistance

𝑋𝐿 = Line Reactance

𝑉𝑠 = Sending end phase voltage

𝑉𝑅 = Receiving end phase voltage

𝐼 = Line Current.

In the single line equivalent circuit of a short line, the current sending IS and current received IR are:

Experiment #1 Page 8 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝑹
Neglected the shunt admittance and using KVL, the relation between sending end voltage VS and
receiving end voltages

𝑽𝑺 = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒁 = 𝑽𝑹 + (𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 )𝑰
𝑽𝑹 = 𝑽𝑺 − (𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳)𝑰
In electrical engineering, it is a good practice to draw phasor for a circuit. Therefore, we will draw the
phasor of above circuit for evaluation transmission line performance. Let us consider line current I as
reference and assume that it is lagging the receiving end voltage VR by an angle ØR for drawing phasor.

In the above phasor,

OA is receiving end voltage and leading the current I by an angle of Ø𝑅.

𝐼𝑅 is the voltage drop in the resistance of line.

𝐼𝑋𝐿 is the voltage drop in the reactance of the line.

Therefore, sending end voltage must be the vector sum of receiving end voltage, voltage drop in
resistance and reactance. Let’s calculate sending end voltage using phasor diagram.

In right angled triangle OCD,

𝑂𝐶2 = 𝑂𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐶2

= (𝑂𝐸)2 + (𝐷𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶)2
= (𝑉𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅)2 + (𝐴𝐸 + 𝐵𝐶)2
= (𝑉𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅)2 + (𝑉𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅 + 𝐼𝑋𝐿)2
But OC = Vs

𝑉𝑠2 = (𝑉𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅)2 + (𝑉𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅 + 𝐼𝑋𝐿)2

Therefore,

𝑉𝑠 = √[(𝑉𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅)2 + (𝑉𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅 + 𝐼𝑋𝐿)2]

Experiment #1 Page 9 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Calculation of Voltage Regulation

If receiving end voltage, line current and power factor at receiving end is known then

Voltage Regulation (%)

|𝑉𝑆 | − |𝑉𝐿 |
𝑉𝑅% = × 100%
|𝑉𝐿 |
where the value of 𝑉𝑠 can be calculated.

Calculation of Transmission Efficiency

Power delivered at receiving end = 𝑉𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
Therefore, input power = Loss + Delivered Power

= 𝐼 2 𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅
Transmission Efficiency η (%) = Power Delivered / Power sent
𝑉𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅
η (%) = × 100 %
𝐼2 𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅
Calculation of Sending end Power Factor

Sending end power factor is calculated from the phasor diagram shown above. As clear from phasor the
angle between the sending end voltage Vs and line current I am Ø𝑠, therefore 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑠 will be the power
factor at sending end.

Sending end power factor = 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑠 = 𝑂𝐷/𝑂𝐶 = (𝑂𝐸 + 𝐸𝐷) / 𝑉𝑠 = (𝑉𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅) / 𝑉𝑠

Experiment #1 Page 10 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Part 1: Resistive Load.

Procedure

Figure 1.1: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #1.1

Table 1.1: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #1.1

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

8 Black R-Line Output II.11 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

9 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

10 Black B-Line Output II.33 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

Experiment #1 Page 11 of 37
 Power Transmission Line Trainer

11 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

12 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

13 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 1.1) and (Table 1.1).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it the
(Table 1.1.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 1.1.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #1.1

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #1 Page 12 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Part 2: Capacitive Load.

Procedure

Figure 1.2: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #1.2

Table 1.2: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #1.2

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

8 Black R-Line Output II.11 Capacitive Load III.4

9 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Capacitive Load III.5

10 Black B-Line Output II.33 Capacitive Load III.6

Experiment #1 Page 13 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

11 Black Capacitive Load III.4 Ground II.34

12 Black Capacitive Load III.5 Ground II.34

13 Black Capacitive Load III.6 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 1.2) and (Table 1.2).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it the
(Table 1.2.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 1.2.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #1.2

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #1 Page 14 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Part 3: Inductive Load.

Procedure

Figure 1.3: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #1.3

Table 1.3: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #1.3

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

8 Black R-Line Output II.11 Inductive Load III.7

9 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Inductive Load III.8

10 Black B-Line Output II.33 Inductive Load III.9

Experiment #1 Page 15 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

11 Black Inductive Load III.7 Ground II.34

12 Black Inductive Load III.8 Ground II.34

13 Black Inductive Load III.9 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 1.3) and (Table 1.3).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 1.3.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).
Results
Table 1.3.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #1.3

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Conclusion
1- Explain results of the Short Transmission Line Characteristic with different Loads (Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive).
2- Draw the Phasor Diagram (𝑉𝑆 , 𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 ) of the different loads (Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive).
3- Define the Ferranti Effect, and what is it effect on the transmission line.

Experiment #1 Page 16 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Experiment #2
Study of the Medium (T) Transmission Line Characteristic
Objective
• To study the characteristics of a transmission line at different types of loads (Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive).
• To construct the model of long transmission lines and evaluate their performance in terms of
voltage regulation, transmission efficiency.

Theory
In Nominal T model of Transmission line, the whole shunt capacitance of line is assumed to be lumped
at the middle of the line. The half of the line resistance and reactance is assumed at either side of the
shunt capacitance as shown in figure below. Due to such modeling of line, capacitive charging current is
flowing through half of the transmission line. Mind that, this is not the case in End Condenser method.
In End Condenser method, capacitive charging current flows through the entire line as shunt
capacitance is assumed to be lumped at the receiving end.

Let us now try to find the sending end voltage and current. For that, we will apply Kirchhoff’s law. Each
parameter is shown in figure above with their meaning.

As the voltage across the shunt capacitance

𝑉1 = (𝑅/2 + 𝑗𝑋/2)𝐼𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅
Also, using Kirchhof’s current law,

𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑐
Therefore,

𝑉𝑠 = (𝑅/2 + 𝑗𝑋/2)𝐼𝑠 + 𝑉1
= (𝑅/2 + 𝑗𝑋/2)𝐼𝑅 + (𝑅/2 + 𝑗𝑋/2)𝐼𝑠 + 𝑉𝑅
Let us now take the receiving end voltage as reference and assume that receiving end current or load
current is lagging by some angle Ø𝑅.

Experiment #2 Page 17 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Therefore,

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗0
and

𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 < −Ø𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 (𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅 – 𝑗𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅)

As the current through the shunt capacitor lead by an angle 90° with respect to voltage across it i.e., V1,
therefore

𝐼𝑐 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑉1
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅 (𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅 – 𝑗𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅) + 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑉1
= 𝐼𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅 + 𝑗(𝜔𝐶𝑉1 – 𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅)
Thus, by putting the value of V1 from equations, sending end current can be found. Similarly, the
sending end voltage can be calculated by putting the value of it. Voltage Regulation can also be
calculated as we know the sending and receiving end voltage.

See, I haven’t used phasor diagram to find these parameters. The phasor diagram for Nominal T method
is shown below.

Experiment #2 Page 18 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Part 1: Resistive Load.

Procedure

Figure 2.1: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #2.1

Table 2.1: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #2.1

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.6

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.17

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.28

8 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.6 Series Inductance I.7

9 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.17 Series Inductance I.18

10 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.28 Series Inductance I.29

Experiment #2 Page 19 of 37
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11 Black R-Line Output II.11 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

12 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

13 Black B-Line Output II.33 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

14 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

15 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

16 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 2.1) and (Table 2.1).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 2.1.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 2.1.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #2.1

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #2 Page 20 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Part 2: Capacitive Load.

Procedure

Figure 2.2: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #2.2

Table 2.2: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #2.2

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.6

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.17

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.28

8 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.6 Series Inductance I.7

9 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.17 Series Inductance I.18

10 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.28 Series Inductance I.29

Experiment #2 Page 21 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

11 Black R-Line Output II.11 Capacitive Load III.4

12 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Capacitive Load III.5

13 Black B-Line Output II.33 Capacitive Load III.6

14 Black Capacitive Load III.4 Ground II.34

15 Black Capacitive Load III.5 Ground II.34

16 Black Capacitive Load III.6 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 2.2) and (Table 2.2).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 2.2.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 2.2.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #2.2

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #2 Page 22 of 37
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Part 3: Inductive Load.

Procedure

Figure 2.3: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #2.3

Table 2.3: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #2.3

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.6

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.17

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.28

8 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.6 Series Inductance I.7

9 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.17 Series Inductance I.18

10 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.28 Series Inductance I.29

Experiment #2 Page 23 of 37
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11 Black R-Line Output II.11 Inductive Load III.7

12 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Inductive Load III.8

13 Black B-Line Output II.33 Inductive Load III.9

14 Black Inductive Load III.7 Ground II.34

15 Black Inductive Load III.8 Ground II.34

16 Black Inductive Load III.9 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 2.3) and (Table 2.3).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 2.3.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 2.3.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #2.3

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Conclusion
1- Explain results of the Short Transmission Line Characteristic with different Loads (Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive).
2- Draw the Phasor Diagram (𝑉𝑆 , 𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 ) of the different loads (Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive).
3- Define the Ferranti Effect, and what is it effect on the transmission line.

Page 24 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Experiment #3
Study of the Medium (PI) Transmission Line Characteristic
Objective
• To study the characteristics of a transmission line at different types of loads (Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive).
• To construct the model of medium transmission lines and evaluate their performance in terms
of voltage regulation, transmission efficiency.

Theory
In Nominal π Method, the shunt capacitance of each line i.e., phase to neutral is divided into two equal
parts. One part is lumped at the sending end while the other is lumped at receiving end as shown in
figure below.

Notice that, in this method there is no effect of shunt capacitance at sending end on the line voltage
drop and hence on voltage regulation but this accounts for the charging current in sending end.

Let,

𝐼𝑅 = Load Current per phase

𝑅 = Resistance per phase

𝑋 = Reactance per phase

𝐶 = Capacitance per phase

𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅 = Receiving end power factor (lagging)

𝑉𝑠 = Sending end voltage

Let us now draw the phasor. Assume receiving end voltage 𝑉𝑅 as reference and load current 𝐼𝑅 lagging
this voltage by Ø𝑅.

Experiment #3 Page 25 of 37
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Therefore,

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗0
And

𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 < −Ø𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 (𝐶𝑜𝑠Ø𝑅 – 𝑗𝑆𝑖𝑛Ø𝑅)

Charging Current at load end

𝐼𝐶1 = 𝑗(𝜔𝐶/2)𝑉𝑅 = 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉𝑅

Line Current

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝐶1
Sending end voltage

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝐿 (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋)
Now,

Charging current at sending end

𝐼𝐶2 = 𝑗(𝜔𝐶/2)𝑉𝑠 = 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉𝑠

Hence, Sending end current

𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐶2
Thus, sending end current and voltage is calculated as above and from these parameters the
performance of line is evaluated.

Part 1: Resistive Load.

Procedure

Experiment #3 Page 26 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Figure 3.1: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #3.1

Table 3.1: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #3.1

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2

6 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13

7 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24

8 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

9 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

10 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

11 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10

12 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21

Experiment #3 Page 27 of 37
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13 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32

14 Black R-Line Output II.11 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

15 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

16 Black B-Line Output II.33 Light Bulb Banana Sockets (L) III.3

17 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

18 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

19 Black Light Bulb Banana Sockets (N) III.3 Ground II.34

STEPS:
1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 3.1) and (Table 3.1).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 3.1.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 3.1.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #3.1

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #3 Page 28 of 37
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Part 2: Capacitive Load.

Procedure

Figure 3.2: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #3.2

Table 3.2: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #3.2

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2

6 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13

7 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24

8 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

9 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

10 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

Experiment #3 Page 29 of 37
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11 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10

12 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21

13 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32

14 Black R-Line Output II.11 Capacitive Load III.4

15 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Capacitive Load III.5

16 Black B-Line Output II.33 Capacitive Load III.6

17 Black Capacitive Load III.4 Ground II.34

18 Black Capacitive Load III.5 Ground II.34

19 Black Capacitive Load III.6 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.

2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 3.2) and (Table 3.2).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record
it the (Table 3.2.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 3.2.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #3.2

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #3 Page 30 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Part 3: Inductive Load.

Procedure

Figure 3.3: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #3.3

Table 3.3: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #3.3

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2

6 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13

7 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24

8 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

9 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

10 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

Experiment #3 Page 31 of 37
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11 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10

12 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21

13 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32

14 Black R-Line Output II.11 Inductive Load III.7

15 Black Y-Line Output II.22 Inductive Load III.8

16 Black B-Line Output II.33 Inductive Load III.9

17 Black Inductive Load III.7 Ground II.34

18 Black Inductive Load III.8 Ground II.34

19 Black Inductive Load III.9 Ground II.34

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 3.3) and (Table 3.3).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 3.3.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 3.3.1: Metering Readings for Experiment #3.3

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Conclusion
1- Explain results of the Short Transmission Line Characteristic with different Loads (Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive).
2- Draw the Phasor Diagram (𝑉𝑆 , 𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 ) of the different loads (Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive).
3- Define the Ferranti Effect, and what is it effect on the transmission line.

Experiment #3 Page 32 of 37
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Experiment #4
Study of the Open Circuit at Transmission Line
Objective
• To study the characteristics of Open Circuit test at transmission line.

Procedure

Figure 4: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #4

Table 4: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #4

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.2

6 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.13

7 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.24

Experiment #4 Page 33 of 37
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8 Black Line-to- Line Capacitance I.3 Series Resistance I.15

9 Black Line-to- Line Capacitance I.14 Series Resistance I.26

10 Black Line-to- Line Capacitance I.25 Series Resistance I.4

11 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

12 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

13 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

14 Black Line-to- Line Capacitance I.9 Series Resistance I.19

15 Black Line-to- Line Capacitance I.20 Series Resistance I.30

16 Black Line-to- Line Capacitance I.31 Series Resistance I.8

17 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.10

18 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.21

19 Black Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32 Line-to-Ground Capacitance I.32

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched OFF and that nothing is turned ON.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 4) and (Table 4).
4. Switch ON the MCB (I.3), Switch ON the Earth Leakage (I.5).
5. Take the reading of the Input Metering Unit (II.35) and Output Metering Unit (II.36), and record it
the (Table 4.1).
6. Switch OFF the MCB (I.3), Switch OFF the Earth Leakage (I.5).

Results
Table 4: Metering Readings for Experiment #4

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Experiment #4 Page 34 of 37
Power Transmission Line Trainer

Conclusion
1- Draw the Phasor Diagram (𝑉𝑆 , 𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 ), with the line-to-line capacitors, and line-to-ground
capacitors.
2- Discuss the different of voltage and current on Open Circuit test.
3- Compare between the Open Circuit test and Short Circuit test.

Page 35 of 37
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Experiment #5
Study of the Short Circuit at Transmission Line
Objective
• To study the characteristics of Short Circuit test at transmission line.

Procedure

Figure 5: Connection Diagram of Wiring Cables for Experiment #5

Table 5: Connection Table of Wiring Cables for Experiment #5

Cable From To
Color
# Name Code Name Code

1 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (R) I.4 R-Line Input II.1

2 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (Y) I.4 Y-Line Input II.12

3 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (B) I.4 B-Line Input II.23

4 Black Three -Phase Power Supply (G) I.4 Ground II.34

5 Black Series Inductance I.5 Series Inductance I.7

6 Black Series Inductance I.16 Series Inductance I.18

7 Black Series Inductance I.27 Series Inductance I.29

Experiment #5 Page 36 of 37
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8 Black R-Line Output II.11 Y-Line Output II.22

9 Black Y-Line Output II.22 B-Line Output II.33

STEPS:

1. Ensure that all equipment is switched off and that nothing is turned on.
2. Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all devices are installed and properly positioned.
3. Connect the wiring cables of the circuit as shown in (Figure 1.B) and (Table 1.B).
4. Switch ON the MCB (), Switch ON the Earth Leakage ().
5. Take the record of the multimeter, and record it the table.

Results
Table 5: Metering Readings for Experiment #5

Input Output
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 P

Conclusion
1- Draw the Phasor Diagram (𝑉𝑆 , 𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 ).
2- Discuss the different of voltage and current on Short Circuit test.
3- Compare between the Open Circuit test and Short Circuit test.

Experiment #5 Page 37 of 37