books

books books
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Mastering the
Mastering the
Arduino Uno R4 Arduino Uno R4

Mastering the Arduino Uno R4 • Dogan Ibrahim

Programming and Projects
for the Minima and WiFi Programming and Projects for the Minima and WiFi
Based on the low-cost 8-bit ATmega328P processor, the Arduino Uno Prof Dogan Ibrahim has a BSc
R3 board is likely to score as the most popular Arduino family member (Hons) degree in Electronic
Engineering, an MSc degree in
so far, and this workhorse has been with us for many years. Recently, the
Automatic Control Engineering,
new Arduino Uno R4 was released, based on a 48-MHz, 32-bit Cortex-M4 and a PhD degree in Digital Signal
processor with a huge amount of SRAM and flash memory. Additionally, Processing and Microprocessors.
a higher-precision ADC and a new DAC are added to the design. The Dogan has worked in many
new board also supports the CAN Bus with an interface. organizations and is a Fellow of
the Institution of Engineering and
Technology (IET) in the UK and
Two versions of the board are available: Uno R4 Minima, and Uno R4 is a chartered electrical engineer.
WiFi. This book is about using these new boards to develop many diffe- Dogan is an author of over 100
rent and interesting projects with just a handful of parts and external technical books and over 200
modules, which are available as a kit from Elektor. All projects described technical articles on electronics,
microprocessors, microcontrollers,
in the book have been fully tested on the Uno R4 Minima or the Uno R4
and related fields. Dogan is a
WiFi board, as appropriate. certified Arduino professional and
has many years of experience with
The project topics include the reading, control, and driving of many compo- almost all types of microprocessors
nents and modules in the kit as well as on the relevant Uno R4 board, and microcontrollers.
including
All programs discussed in this
> LEDs > Motors guide are contained in an archive
> 7-segment displays > DAC you can download free of charge
(using timer interrupts) (Digital-to-analog converter) from the Elektor website. Head to
elektor.com/books and enter the
> LCDs > LED matrix
book title in the search box.
> Sensors > WiFi connectivity
> RFID Reader > Serial UART
> 4×4 Keypad > CAN bus
> Real-time clock (RTC) > Infrared controller and receiver
> Joystick > Simulators Elektor International Media
> 8×8 LED matrix www.elektor.com

… all in creative and educational ways with the project operation and
associated software explained in great detail.

Dogan Ibrahim

Cover Mastering the Arduino Uno - UK.indd Alle pagina's 13-09-2023 11:20
 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4
Programming and Projects for the Minima and WiFi

Dogan Ibrahim

Mastering the Arduino Uno R4 - UK.indd 3 13-09-2023 11:13

 ● This is an Elektor Publication. Elektor is the media brand of
Elektor International Media B.V.
PO Box 11, NL-6114-ZG Susteren, The Netherlands
Phone: +31 46 4389444

● All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form, including photocopying, or
storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication, without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licencing Agency
Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's permission to
reproduce any part of the publication should be addressed to the publishers.

● Declaration
The author, editor, and publisher have used their best efforts in ensuring the correctness of the information contained
in this book. They do not assume, and hereby disclaim, any liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by
errors or omissions in this book, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident or any other cause.
All the programs given in the book are Copyright of the Author and Elektor International Media. These programs
may only be used for educational purposes. Written permission from the Author or Elektor must be obtained before
any of these programs can be used for commercial purposes.

● British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

● ISBN 978-3-89576-578-0 Print

ISBN 978-3-89576-579-7 eBook

● © Copyright 2023: Elektor International Media B.V.

Editors: Alina Neacsu; Jan Buiting MA
Prepress Production: D-Vision, Julian van den Berg
Print: Ipskamp Printing, Enschede (NL)

Elektor is the world's leading source of essential technical information and electronics products for pro engineers,
electronics designers, and the companies seeking to engage them. Each day, our international team develops and delivers
high-quality content - via a variety of media channels (including magazines, video, digital media, and social media) in
several languages - relating to electronics design and DIY electronics. www.elektormagazine.com

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 Contents

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 The Arduino Uno R4 against Uno R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.3 The Arduino Uno R4 Minima hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.4 The Arduino Uno R4 Projects Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 2 ● Arduino Uno R4 Program Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.2 Installing the Arduino IDE 2.1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3 Software-only programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3.1 Example 1: Sum of integer numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3.2 Example 2: Table of squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.3.3 Example 3: Volume of a cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.3.4 Example 4: Centigrade to Fahrenheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.3.5 Example 5: Times table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.3.6 Example 6: Table of trigonometric sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.3.7 Example 7: Table of trigonometric sine, cosine and tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.3.8 Example 8: Integer calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.3.9 Example 9: Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.3.10 Example 10: Floating point calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.3.11 Example 11: Binary, octal, hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.3.12 Example 12: String functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.3.13 Example 13: Initializing an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.3.14 Example 14: Character functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.3.15 Example 15: Solution of a quadratic equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.3.16 Example 16: Lucky day of the week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.3.17 Example 17: Factorial of a number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.3.18 Example 18: Add two square matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Chapter 3 ● Hardware Projects with LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

3.2 Project 1: Blinking LED – using the on-board LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.3 Project 2: Blinking LED – using an external LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.4 Project 3: LED flashing SOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.5 Project 4: Alternately blinking LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.6 Project 5: Chaser-LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.7 Project 6: Chasing LEDs 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.8 Project 7: Binary counting LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.9 Project 8: Random flashing LEDs - Christmas lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.10 Project 9: Button controlled LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.11 Project 10: Controlling the LED flashing rate - external interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

3.12 Project 11: Reaction timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.13 Project 12: LED color wand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

3.14 Project 13: RGB fixed colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.15 Project 14: Traffic lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

3.16 Project 15: Traffic lights with pedestrian crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

3.17 Project 16: Using the 74HC595 shift register – binary up counter . . . . . . . . . . . 100

3.18 Project 17: Using the 74HC595 shift register - random flashing 8 LEDs . . . . . . . 103

3.19 Project 18: Using the 74HC595 shift register - chasing LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

3.20 Project 19: Using the 74HC595 shift register - turn ON a specified LED . . . . . . . 105

3.21 Project 20: Using the 74HC595 shift register - turn ON specified LEDs . . . . . . . 107

Chapter 4 ● 7-Segment LED Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.2 7-Segment LED display structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.3 Project 1: 7-Segment 1-digit LED counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4.4 Project 2: 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4.5 Project 3: 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display counter -

timer interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

4.6 Project 4: 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display counter -

blanking leading zeroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

4.7 Project 5: 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display - reaction timer . . . . . . . . 128

4.8 Project 6: Timer interrupt blinking on-board LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Chapter 5 ● Liquid Crystal Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

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5.2 The I2C bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.3 I2C ports of the development board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.4 I2C LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.5 Project 1: Display text on the LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

5.6 Project 2: Scrolling text on the LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.7 Project 3: Display custom characters on the LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.8 Project 4: LCD based conveyor belt goods counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.9 Project 5: LCD based accurate clock using timer interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5.10 Project 6: LCD dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Chapter 6 ● Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

6.2 Project 1: Analog temperature sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

6.3 Project 2: Voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

6.4 Project 3: On/off temperature controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

6.5 Project 4: Darkness reminder – using a light-dependent resistor (LDR) . . . . . . . . 164

6.6 Project 5: Tilt detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.7 Water level sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.7.1 Project 6: Displaying water level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.7.2 Project 7: Water level controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

6.7.3 Project 8: Water flooding detector with buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

6.8 Project 9: Sound detection sensor — control the relay by clapping hands . . . . . . 175

6.9 Project 10: Flame sensor - fire detection with relay output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.10 Project 11: Temperature and humidity display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.11 Project 12: Generating musical tones - melody maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Chapter 7 ● The RFID Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.2 Project 1: Finding the Tag ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.3 Project 2: RFID door lock access with relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Chapter 8 ● The 4×4 Keypad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

8.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

8.2 Project 1: Display the pressed key code on the Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

8.3 Project 2: Integer calculator with LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

8.4 Project 3: Keypad door security lock with relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Chapter 9 ● The Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

9.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

9.2 The supplied RTC module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

9.3 Project 1: RTC with Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

9.4 Project 2: RTC with LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

9.5 Project 3: Temperature and humidity display with time stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

9.6 Using the built-in RTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

9.6.1 Project 4: Setting and displaying the current time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

9.6.2 Project 5: Periodic interrupt every 2 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Chapter 10 ● The Joystick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

10.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

10.2 The joystick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

10.3 Project 1 - Reading analog values from the joystick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Chapter 11 ● The 8×8 LED Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

11.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

11.2 The supplied 8×8 LED matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

11.3 Project 1: Displaying shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Chapter 12 ● Motors: Servo and Stepper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

12.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

12.2 The servo motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

12.2.1 Project 1: Test-rotate the servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

12.2.2 Project 2: Servo sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

12.2.3 Project 3: Joystick-controlled servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

12.3 The stepper motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

12.3.1 Project 4: Rotate the motor clockwise and then anticlockwise . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Chapter 13 ● The Digital To Analog Converter (DAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

13.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

13.2 Project 1: Generating a square wave with 2 V amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

13.3 Generating sine wave – using the analogWave library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

13.3.1 Project 2: Generate a sine wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

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13.3.2 Project 3: Sine wave sweep frequency generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

13.3.3 Project 4: Generate sine wave whose frequency changes with potentiometer . 245

13.3.4 Project 5: Generate a square wave with frequency of 1 kHz and

amplitude of 1 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Chapter 14 ● Using the EEPROM, the Human Interface Device, and PWM . . . . . . 248

14.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

14.2 The EEPROM memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

14.3 Human Interface Device (HID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

14.4 Project 1: Keyboard control to launch Windows programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

14.5 The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

14.5.1 PWM channels of the Arduino Uno R4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

14.5.2 Project 2: LED dimming using PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Chapter 15 ● The Arduino Uno R4 WiFi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

15.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

15.2 The LED matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

15.2.1 Project 1: Using LED matrix 1 - creating a large + shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

15.2.2 Project 2: Creating images by setting bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

15.2.3 Project 3: Using LED matrix 2 - creating a large + shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

15.2.4 Project 4: Animation - displaying a word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

15.3 Using the WiFi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

15.3.1 UDP and TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

15.3.2 UDP communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

15.3.3 TCP communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

15.3.4 Project 5: Controlling the Arduino Uno R4 WiFi on-board LED from
a smartphone using UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

15.4 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

15.4.1 Bluetooth BLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

15.4.2 Bluetooth BLE Software Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Chapter 16 ● Serial Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

16.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

16.2 Project 1: Receiving ambient temperature from an Arduino Uno R3 . . . . . . . . . 281

Chapter 17 ● Using an Arduino Uno Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

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17.1 Why simulation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

17.2 The Wokwi simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

17.2.1 Project 1: A simple project simulation - flashing LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

17.2.2 Project 2: Displaying text on LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

17.2.3 Project 3: LCD seconds counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Chapter 18 ● The CAN bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

18.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

18.2 The CAN bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

18.2.1 CAN bus termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

18.2.2 CAN bus data rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

18.2.3 Cable stub length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

18.2.4 CAN bus node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

18.2.5 CAN bus signal levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

18.2.6 CAN_H voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

18.2.7 The CAN_L voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

18.2.8 Bus arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

18.2.9 Bus transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

18.2.10 CAN connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

18.3 Arduino Uno R4 CAN bus interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

18.3.1 CAN bus transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

18.4 Project 1: Arduino Uno R4 WiFi to Arduino Uno R4 Minima CAN bus
communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

18.5 Project 2: Sending the temperature readings over the CAN bus . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Chapter 19 ● Infrared Receiver and Remote Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19.2 The supplied infrared receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19.3 The supplied infrared remote control transmitter unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

19.4 Operation of an infrared remote control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

19.5 Project 1: Decoding the IR remote control codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

19.6 Project 2: Remote relay activation/deactivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

19.7 Project 3: Infrared remote stepper motor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

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 Preface

"Arduino" is an open-source microcontroller development system that incorporates system

hardware, an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and a large number of libraries.
Arduino is supported by a large community of programmers, electronic engineers, enthu-
siasts, and academics. There are several distinctive designs of the basic Arduino board.
Although they are intended for diverse types of applications, they can all be programmed
using the same IDE, and, in general, programs can be transported ("ported") between dif-
ferent boards. This is probably one of the reasons for the popularity of the Arduino family.
Arduino is also supported by a large number of software libraries for many interface devices
that can easily be included in your programs. Using these libraries makes programming
relatively easy and speeds up the programming time. Using libraries also makes it easier to
test your programs since most libraries have already been fully tested and working.

The Arduino Uno R3 board probably ranks as the most popular Arduino family member
to date and has been with us for many years. Based on the low-cost 8-bit ATmega328P
processor, the Uno R3 has been used by students and hobbyists in many beginning and
intermediate-level, low-speed projects requiring small to medium amounts of memory.
Perhaps one of the attractive points of the Uno R3 was its powerful IDE and the simplicity
of using it to develop projects in relatively short times.

Recently, the new Arduino Uno R4 was announced. This new board is compatible with the
earlier Uno R3 but offers highly improved specifications compared to Uno R3. The new
Arduino Uno R4 is based on a 48 MHz 32-bit Cortex-M4 processor with a large amount of
SRAM and flash memory. Additionally, a higher-precision ADC and a new DAC are added to
the design. The contemporary design also supports the CAN bus interface. Two versions of
the board are available: Uno R4 Minima, and Uno R4 WiFi.

This book is about using these new boards to develop many different and interesting pro-
jects. The projects given in the book have been fully tested with just a handful of parts
and external modules, which are available as a kit from Elektor. The block diagrams, circuit
diagrams, full program listings, and complete program descriptions are given for all the
projects in the book. You should find it easy to build the project hardware and then follow
the software descriptions given for the projects. It should also be relatively easy to modify
the hardware and software for your own project applications.

I hope that you enjoy reading the book and at the same time learn how to use the Arduino
Uno R4 Minima or the R4 WiFi models in your innovative projects.

Dogan Ibrahim
London, 2023

Publisher's Notice: All programs discussed in this Guide are contained in an archive file
you can download free of charge from the Elektor website. Head to www.elektor.com/
books and enter the book title in the Search box.

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Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4

1.1 Overview
The Arduino project started out as a tool for students at the Interactive Design Insti-
tute, Ivrea in Italy back in 2005. The aim of this project was to provide low-cost and easy-
to-use hardware and software to beginner students and hobbyists to create simple projects
using sensors and actuators. The name "Arduino" comes from the bar named Arduin of
Ivrea where the project's founders used to meet for drinks. The name of this bar came from
the Margrave Arduin of Ivrea, who was King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

The initial Arduino project team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis. In 2003 Hernando Barragan created the development
platform Wiring as a master's thesis at the Institute Ivrea. Wiring was an open-source
electronics platform consisting of a programming language, an integrated development
environment (IDE), and a single-board microcontroller. This project was developed under
the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. The Wiring platform included a printed
circuit board with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE, and some library functions. Later
in 2005, Massimo Banzi, David Mellis, and David Cuartielles extended the Wiring platform
by adding support for the ATmega8 microcontroller which was cheaper. This new project
was named Arduino. The project was so successful that after developing less expensive
versions, by mid-2011 over 300,000 copies of Arduino were produced commercially and by
2013 this number increased to over 800,000.

Arduino is an open-source hardware where the designs are distributed under a Creative
Commons license and are freely available. The only point is that the developers are re-
quested the name Arduino to be reserved for the official product and not be used for similar
copy work without permission.

One of the nice features of the Arduino series is that a pre-programmed boot loader is
used on the on-board processor. Users can develop their programs using the IDE and then
upload their programs to the Arduino processor with the help of this boot loader program.
The I/O pins are available at female headers located on either side of the board. This makes
the hardware development very easy as jumper wires can be used to make connections to
the board.

The original Arduino board was manufactured by the Italian company called Smart Projects.
Many versions of the Arduino have been developed over the years by several companies.
Some versions are:

• Arduino Diecimila
• Arduino Uno R2
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino RS232
• Arduino Pro
• Arduino Mega
• Arduino LilyPad

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 Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4

• Arduino Robot
• Arduino Esplora
• Arduino Yun
• Arduino Fio
• Arduino Ethernet
• Arduino Due
• Arduino Nano
• Arduino Uno SMD R3
• Arduino Uno R3
• Arduino MKR Zero
• Arduino Zero
• … and many more

The Arduino family has been so popular that in 2022, its revenue amounted to over US$237
million, including a large portion of online sales via the Internet.

Two new versions of the Arduino have recently been announced: Arduino Uno R4 Mini-
ma, and Arduino Uno R4 WiFi. In this book, you will be developing projects using both
the Arduino Uno R4 Minima and the Arduino Uno R4 WiFi. The new two boards are similar
to the very popular Arduino Uno R3 board but they have been expanded in many ways.

1.2 The Arduino Uno R4 against Uno R3

A comparison of the Uno R3 and Uno R4 is given in Table 1.1. Notice that almost all the
projects and libraries used with the Uno R3 can be used with the Uno R4 without any
modifications. It is recommended however to upgrade any libraries which may have been
modified specifically for the Uno R4.

Feature Arduino Uno R3 Arduino Uno R4

Processor ATmega328P Renesas RA4M1

Word length 8 32

Clock speed 16 MHz 48 MHz

SRAM 2 KB 32 KB

Flash memory 32 KB 256 KB

EEPROM 1 KB 8 KB

Operating voltage 5V 5V

Timers 3 10

Capacitive touch sensing None 27 channels

Temperature sensor None 1

USB connector Type B USB-C

ADC 10-bit 14-bit

DAC None 12-bit

SPI 1 1

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I2C 1 2

Qwiic I2C None 1 (WiFi version only)

Operating voltage 5V 5V

Wi-Fi None WiFi version only

RTC None 1 (WiFi version only)

Human Interface Device None Yes

SWD debug None 1

Bluetooth BLE None WiFi version only

CAN bus support None 1

Op Amp None 1

128x8 LED matrix None WiFi version only

Input voltage 7–12 V 6–24 V

Analog inputs 6 6

PWM pins 6 6

USB USB-B USB-C

Table 1.1: Comparison of the Arduino Uno R3 and Uno R4.

The Arduino Uno R4 features the Renesas RA4M1 processor, which is an Arm 32-bit Cor-
tex-M4 processor, running at 48 MHz. The Uno R3 had an ATmega328P processor with only
a 16 MHz clock. This is a 3 times increase of the clock speed over the Uno R3. Additionally,
Uno R4 has 32 KB SRAM memory compared to 2 KB on the Uno R3. The flash memory of
the R4 is 256 KB, compared to only 32 KB on the Uno R3. As a result, more complex pro-
jects requiring more memory can be developed with the Uno R4. The USB port on the Uno
R3 has been replaced with the currently standard USB-C and the maximum power supply
voltage has been increased to 24 V with improved thermal design. The processor operating
voltage is still 5 V. Arduino Uno R4 provides a CAN bus interface, allowing devices to be
connected and programmed on a CAN bus environment. The ADC converter capacity has
been increased from 12 bits to 14 bits on the Uno R4. SPI and I2C bus interfaces have been
increased from 1 to 2. The Uno R4 supports Human Interface Device (HID) which enables
users to simulate a mouse or keyboard when connected to a computer via a USB cable.
Users can send mouse movements or keystrokes to a computer. Additionally, Uno R4 in-
cludes a true 12-bit DAC converter. The analogWave library was added to make using the
DAC easy. Generating a sine, saw or square wave is as easy as calling a library function.
Of course, you can do much more with it. The Uno R4 PCB is hardware compatible with the
Uno R3. The pinout, voltage, and form factor are unchanged so that the Uno R4 can easily
replace designs that use the Uno R3. The software IDE is also compatible between the Uno
R3 and Uno R4, where an effort was made to maximize backward compatibility of the Ar-
duino libraries so that users can use the existing libraries without any modifications. Some
libraries which depend heavily on the AVR architecture may need to be re-loaded into the
IDE. A public list of such libraries will be provided by Arduino.

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 Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4

Compared to other Cortex-based boards such as the Raspberry Pi Pico, which uses the
Cortex M0+, the Cortex-M4 performance is about 6 times better (just to remind you, the
Raspberry Pi Pico clock runs at 125 MHz by default). As a result, the Arduino Uno R4 can be
used in highly complex real-time projects (e.g. digital control, DSP, AI, etc.) requiring large
memory and fast throughput.

As mentioned earlier, Arduino Uno R4 is available in two versions: WiFi and Minima. The
WiFi version is equipped with an Espressif S3 Wi-Fi module, making the board ideal in IoT-
based network and Bluetooth BLE applications, as well as in applications requiring Internet
connectivity. Additionally, a 128×8 LED matrix is included on the board. The Minima version
offers a cost-effective option with no WiFi or Bluetooth connectivity. In this book, all the
projects compile and run on both versions, except that the WiFi and LED Matrix
projects only compile and run on the R4 WiFi version.

In summary, the Uno R4 is a giant leap forward for Arduino as it is a truly remarkable board
that will take your microcontroller project experience to the next level. Perhaps one disad-
vantage of the Uno R4 compared to Uno R3 is its increased price.

1.3 The Arduino Uno R4 Minima hardware

Figure 1.1 shows the Arduino Uno R4 PCB layout. The PCB footpath and the placement of
the headers on the PCB are the same as the Uno R3. In the center of the PCB is the RA4M1
microcontroller. On the left-hand side of the PCB, you can see the Reset button, USB-C
connector for connecting to a PC, and the barrel connector for supplying external power.
At the rear of the PCB, you can see the 6-pin ICSP pins (SPI) and the 10-pin SWD/JTAG
pins. An on-board LED is connected to port 13 as in Uno R3. Additionally, yellow LEDs are
connected to the serial TX and RX pins to indicate serial data transmission, a green LED
indicates power to the board, and a yellow LED indicates the state of the SCK pin.

Figure 1.1: Arduino Uno R4 Minima PCB layout.

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

On the two sides of the PCB, you have the header connectors as in the Uno R3. The headers
have the following pins (see Figure 1.2):

Short header connector:

• 6× 14-bit analog input pins (A0–A5)
• 1× 12-bit DAC (A0)
• 1× Opamp+ (A1), Opamp– (A2), Opamp Out (A3)
• I2C SDA (A4), I2C SCL (A5)
• Vin
• GND
• +5 V
• +3.3 V output (output from the RA4M1 VCC_USB pin)
• RESET
• IOREF (reference for the digital logic V. Connected to + 5 V)
• BOOT (mode selection)

Note: Analog pins A0–A5 can also be used as digital pins.

Long header connector:

• 14 × digital pins (D0–D13)
• External interrupt (IRQ00: D2, IRQ01: D3)
• 6 × PWM pins (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11)
• UART (RX:D0, TX:D1)
• SPI (same as on ICSP header. D13: SCK, MISO (CIPO): D12, MOSI (COPI):
D11, CS: D10)
• CAN (RX:D5, TX: D4 on Minima, RXD13, TX:D10 on WiFi,
Note: external transceiver required)
• GND
• AREF (analog reference voltage, connected to +5 V through a 5.1-kΩ resistor)
• I2C SDA (pullups not mounted)
• I2C SCL (pullups not mounted)

ICSP connector:
• See Table 1.2

SWD/JTAG connector:
• See Table 1.3

Table 1.2: ICSP connector pins (source: Product Reference Manual, SKU: ABX00080).

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 Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4

Table 1.3: SWD/JTAG connector pins

(source: Product Reference Manual, SKU: ABX00080).

Figure 1.2: Header pins (source: Product Reference Manual, SKU: ABX00080).

The recommended operating conditions are shown in Table 1.4. Schottky diodes are used
for overvoltage and reverse polarity protection. Power can either be supplied via the VIN
pin, the barrel jack (DC jack), or via USB-C connector. If power is supplied via VIN, a

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

buck converter steps the voltage down to 5 V. Power via USB supplies about 4.7 V (due
to Schottky barrier forward bias) to the RA4M1 microcontroller. The RA4M1 processor can
operate from +1.6 to +5.5 V and is connected to +5 V on the Arduino board. The digital
GPIOs on the RA4M1 microcontroller can handle currents of IOH = 4 mA and IOL
= 8 mA (assuming middle pin drive) current. Remember that IOL is the current
into the pin (sinking) when the pin is at logic 0, and IOH is the current from the
pin (sourcing) when the pin is at logic 1. Care must be taken not to exceed the
recommended current drives of the GPIO ports. Figure 1.3 shows a simplified power
supply connection of the Arduino Uno R4.

Table 1.4: Recommended operating conditions

(source: Product Reference Manual, SKU: ABX00080).

Figure 1.3: Simplified power supply connections.

Figure 1.4 shows the pin layout of the Arduino Uno R4 Minima board. The component layout
is shown in Figure 1.5 (taken from Product Reference Manual: SKU: ABX00080) with the
component descriptions shown in Table 1.5.

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 Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4

Figure 1.4: Arduino Uno R4 Minima pin layout.

Figure 1.5: Arduino Uno R4 Minima component layout.

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

Table 1.5: Arduino Uno R4 Minima component layout.

1.4 The Arduino Uno R4 Projects Kit

The Arduino Uno Experimenting (SKU 20339) Kit available from Elektor (www.elektor.com)
includes a large number of sensors, actuators, buttons, LEDs, plus a breadboard, stepper
motor, jumper wires etc. In detail, the kit includes the following components:

• 1× RFID reader module

• 1× DS1302 clock module
• 1× 5 V stepper motor
• 1× Stepper motor 2003 drive board
• 5x Green Led
• 5× Yellow LED
• 5× Red LED
• 2× Rocker switch
• 1× Flame sensor
• 1× LM35 sensor module
• 1× Infrared receiver
• 3× Light-dependent resistor
• 1× Remote controller
• 1× Breadboard
• 4× Pushbutton (with four caps)
• 1× Buzzer
• 1× Piezo sounder
• 1× Adjustable resistor
• 1× 74HC595 shift register
• 1× 7-segment display
• 1× 4-digit 7-segment display
• 1× 8×8 Dot-matrix display
• 1× 1602 / I2C LCD module
• 1× DHT11 Temperature and humidity module
• 1× Relay module
• 1× Sound module
• Set of Dupont cables
• Set of Breadboard cables
• 1× Water sensor
• 1× USB cable

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 Chapter 1 ● The Arduino Uno R4

• 1× PS2 Joystick
• 5× 1 kΩ resistor
• 5× 10 kΩ resistor
• 5× 220Ω resistor
• 1× 4×4 keypad module
• 1× SG90 Servo
• 1× RFID card
• 1× RGB module
• 2× jumper cap
• 1× 9 V Battery DC clip-on cable

The kit is supplied in a plastic box with a lid as shown in Figure 1.6 (note: the actual pack-
aging and contents of the kit as received may differ from the photo).

Figure 1.6: The kit supplied in a plastic box.

Figure 1.7 shows the supplied components and the Arduino Uno R4, which is not included
and must be purchased separately. A close-up picture of the included sensors, actuators,
and displays is shown in Figure 1.8. Figure 1.9 shows a close-up picture of the supplied
LEDs, resistors, buttons, buzzers, breadboard and wire jumpers.

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

Figure 1.7: Supplied components.

Figure 1.8: Close-up picture of sensors, actuators, and displays.

Figure 1.9: Close-up picture of the LEDs, resistors, buttons, wires, etc.

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 Chapter 2 ● Arduino Uno R4 Program Development

Chapter 2 ● Arduino Uno R4 Program Development

2.1 Overview
The Arduino code is written in the C++ language, which is currently one of the most popu-
lar languages used to program microcontrollers. Arduino can be programmed using either
the Desktop Arduino IDE or the Arduino Web Editor. The IDE requires the software to
be installed on your PC. This is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that consists
of an editor, compiler, debugger, and tools to upload the compiled code to the processor
on the development board. An Arduino program is called a sketch, which is compiled
into machine code and uploaded to the target processor. Arduino Web Editor enables the
programmer to develop, compile, and upload programs using an online browser with the
advantage that the online tool is always up-to-date and includes the latest libraries and
features. In this book, you will be using the IDE. Interested readers can search for Arduino
Web Editor in Google and create an account to sign in and use it.

The Arduino IDE has been developed over a decade and there are several versions of it.
The latest stable version is 2.1 released in March 2022. Version 1.8.19 has been popular for
many years and is still used by many programmers. New version 2.1.0 is the recommended
version since it is faster and easier to use than version 1.8.19. The author has used version
2.1.0 in all the projects in this book. Readers may prefer to use the same version in their
projects.

In this chapter, you will learn how to install version 2.1.0 of the IDE, which was the latest
version at the time of authoring this book. Simple software-only programs are given in this
chapter to review the principles of programming using the Arduino IDE. In the next chap-
ters, you will be using the newly released Arduino Uno R4 Minima/WiFi development
boards together with the supplied components of the bundle in many real-time project
applications.

Further information on Arduino IDE, Web Editor, and related tools can be obtained from the
links given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Links to Arduino IDE, Web Editor, and related

tools (Product Reference Manual, SKU: ABX00080).

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2.2 Installing the Arduino IDE 2.1.0

The latest version of the Arduino IDE can be installed from the following website:

https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

Select your processor from the DOWNLOAD OPTIONS at the right (Figure 2.1). Click
JUST DOWNLOAD (unless you want to support by contributing). The author installed it on
a Windows 10 laptop and at the time of drafting this book the latest version file name was:
Arduino-ide_2.1.0-Windows_64bit.exe.

Figure 2.1: Select your processor to install.

You now have to install the Board Package for your Arduino Uno R4 Minima. The steps are:

• Start the Arduino IDE.

• Click to Open the Boards Manager at the top left of the screen (Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2: Open the Boards manager.

• Search for ARDUINO UNO R4 (Figure 2.3) and click INSTALL to install it. At the
time of drafting this book, the version was: 1.0.1.

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 Chapter 2 ● Arduino Uno R4 Program Development

Figure 2.3: Click INSTALL to install the Uno R4 boards.

• Click Boards Manager to close the left window.

• You should be able to select the Arduino Uno R4 board from the board selector
at the top left of the screen (Figure 2.4). Connect your Arduino Uno R4 Minima
(or WiFi) to your PC via a USB-C cable.

• Click Tools  Port and select the serial port connected to your Uno R4.

Figure 2.4: Select: Arduino Uno R4 Minima.

You are now ready to develop programs and upload them to your Arduino Uno R4 Minima/
WiFi processor on your development board.

Before looking at some example programs, it is worthwhile to learn some of the commonly
used menu options offered by the IDE.

File: with this menu option you can open existing programs, save programs, open example
programs, and set the IDE working environment (e.g., Preferences…).

Edit: with this menu option you can cut, paste, select, go to a specified line, change inden-
tation and font size, and find text in a file.

Sketch: with this menu option you can compile your program, upload the compiled pro-
gram to the target processor, include libraries, add files and some other options that you
will not be using.

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Tools: with this menu option you can manage libraries, configure the serial monitor and
serial plotter, select and configure the development board that you will be using, and burn
a new bootloader.

Help: this menu option displays various help items on selected topics. Additionally, it dis-
plays the version number of the currently used IDE (Figure 2.5). e.g., Version: 2.1.0

Figure 2.5: Displaying the IDE version number.

2.3 Software-only programs

In this chapter, simple software-only programs are given to review the basic principles of
programming in C language using the Arduino IDE. The human interface (e.g. display and
keyboard) to these programs is the Serial Monitor of the IDE. The aim here has been to
review the C language programming concepts by developing simple programs, and then
uploading and running them on your development board. Readers who have a good work-
ing knowledge of the C language and who are familiar with the Serial Monitor can skip this
chapter.

2.3.1 Example 1: Sum of integer numbers

Write a program to read an integer number N from the keyboard and then calculate and
display the sum of all the integer numbers from 1 to N.

Solution 1
Figure 2.6 shows the program listing (Program: sumN). Comments are used at the be-
ginning of the program to describe the function of the program. Also, the names of the
author and the program and the date of development of the program are all listed here.
It is strongly recommended by the author to include comments in your programs to make
them easy to follow and also easy to modify in the future.

The setup() function is executed only once at the beginning of the program. Inside this
function, the Serial Monitor is configured to run at 9600 baud (you may choose a different
baud rate if you wish).

The main program runs inside the function loop(). Here, variables i, N, and Sum are
declared as integers and Sum is cleared to 0. The program prompts the user to enter N
which is read using the built-in function parseInt(). The program checks if data is availa-
ble before reading from the keyboard. Then, a for loop is formed where the sum of all the
integer numbers from 1 to N are calculated and stored in variable Sum. The sum is finally

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displayed as an integer using a println() function. Notice that the println() function prints
a carriage return and line feed after displaying the data. The program is stopped by using a
while() statement at the end, otherwise the loop() function will repeat forever.

The steps to test the program are as follows:

• Connect your Arduino Uno R4 development board to the PC and configure the
serial link.

• Type your program as in Figure 2.6 (or load from the Elektor website of the
book) and then save it with a suitable name, e.g., sumN.

• Click Sketch  Verify/Compile to compile the program. The status of the

compilation will be displayed in the bottom panel as Compiling sketch…. If
there are any errors, you should go back to your program to correct the errors.
If there are no errors, then the bottom panel will display as shown in Figure 2.7
(Click Output at the bottom panel to see this message).

• Click Sketch  Upload to upload the correctly compiled code to the processor
on your development board. You should see the message Done uploading at
the bottom part of the screen.

• Make sure the Baud rate is set to 9600. Click Serial Monitor at the top of the
bottom panel. (Figure 2.8). If Serial Monitor is not available, click the Serial
Monitor icon at the top right corner of the display.

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// SUM OF INTEGER NUMBERS FROM 1 to N
// ==================================
//
// This program calculates and displays the sum of integer numbers
//
// Author: Dogan Ibrahim
// File : sumN
// Date : June, 2023
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(5000);
}

void loop()
{
int i, N, Sum = 0;

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Serial.print("How many numbers are there ? ");

while(Serial.available() <= 0);
N = Serial.parseInt();
Serial.print(N);

for (i = 1; i <= N; i++) // Do for 1 to N

{
Sum = Sum + i; // Calculate the sum
}

Serial.println(); // Print new line

Serial.print("Sum of numbers from 1 to "); // Display "Sum = "
Serial.print(N); // Display N
Serial.print(" are: "); // Display " are: "
Serial.println(Sum); // Display the sum

while(1); // Stop the program

}

Figure 2.6: Program: sumN.

Figure 2.7: Successful compilation.

Figure 2.8: Serial Monitor window.

• You should see the text How many numbers are there ? displayed at the
Serial Monitor window. For example, enter 10 where it says: Message (Enter
to send message to 'Arduino UNO R4' Minima…) and press the Enter key
on your PC. You should see 55 displayed which is the sum of integer numbers
from 1 to 10 as shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9: Displaying the sum of numbers from 1 to 10.

You should follow the steps given in this program in order to test the other programs given
in the following sections of this chapter.

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2.3.2 Example 2: Table of squares

Write a program to tabulate the squares of integer numbers from 1 to 10.

Solution 2
Figure 2.10 shows the program listing (Program: squares). The Serial Monitor is initialized
as in the previous example. A for loop is set up in the main program loop, which tabulates
the squares of numbers from 1 to 10. The display items are separated with a tab (i.e. "\t").

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// TABLE OF SQUARES
// =================
//
// This program displays table of squares of integers from 1 to 10
//
// Author: Dogan Ibrahim
// File : squares
// Date : June, 2023
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(5000);
}

void loop()
{
int i, N;

Serial.println("TABLE OF SQUARES FROM 1 TO 10");

Serial.println("=============================");
Serial.println("N\tSQUARE");

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) // Do for 1 to N

{
N = i * i; // Calculate the square
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.println(N);
}

while(1); // Stop the program

}

Figure 2.10: Program: squares.

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 Mastering the Arduino Uno R4

Figure 2.11 shows the output from the program, displayed on the Serial Monitor.

Figure 2.11: Output from the program.

2.3.3 Example 3: Volume of a cylinder

Write a function to return the volume of a cylinder where the radius and height should be
passed as arguments to the function. Use the function in a program to calculate and display
the area of the cylinder whose radius is 10 cm and height 15 cm.

Solution 3
The volume of a cylinder whose radius and height are r and h respectively is given by:

Area = π r2 h

Figure 2.12 shows the program listing (Program: cylarea). Function area receives the
radius and height of the cylinder as floating point numbers and returns the volume to the
main program which then displays the volume on the Serial Monitor.

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// VOLUME OF A CYLINDER
// ====================
//
// This program calculates and displays the volume of a cylinder
//
// Author: Dogan Ibrahim
// File : cylarea
// Date : June, 2023
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
#define pi 3.14159
float r = 10.0;
float h = 15.0;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);

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 Chapter 2 ● Arduino Uno R4 Program Development

delay(5000);
}

//
// Function to calculate the volume
//
float volume(float radius, float height)
{
float vol;
vol = pi * radius * radius * height;
return vol;
}

void loop()
{
float cylinder;

Serial.println("Volume of a cylinder with r = 10 cm and h = 15 cm");

Serial.println("=================================================");

cylinder = volume(r, h);

Serial.print("Volume = ");
Serial.print(cylinder);
Serial.println(" cm3");

while(1); // Stop the program

}

Figure 2.12: Program: cylarea.

Figure 2.13 shows the output from the program where the radius and height are set to 10
cm and 15 cm, respectively at the beginning of the program.

Figure 2.13: Output from the program.

2.3.4 Example 4: Centigrade to Fahrenheit

Write a program to receive the temperature as Centigrade, convert it to Fahrenheit, and
then display it on the Serial Monitor. You should read the temperature from the keyboard.

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Solution 4
Given the temperature in degrees C, it can be converted into degrees F using the following
formula:

F = 1.8 × C + 32

Figure 2.14 shows the program listing (Program: CtoF). Function ToF receives degrees C
as its argument, converts it in degrees F and returns to the main program. The temperature
in degrees Centigrade is read from the keyboard.

//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT
// =====================
//
// This program converts Celsius to Fahrenheit
//
// Author: Dogan Ibrahim
// File : CtoF
// Date : June, 2023
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(5000);
}

//
// Function to convert Degrees C to Degrees F
//
float ToF(float C)
{
return (1.8 * C + 32);
}

void loop()
{
float F;
int C;

Serial.println("Enter temperature as Degreec C: ");

while(Serial.available() <= 0);
C = Serial.parseInt(); // Read Degrees C

F = ToF(C); // COnvert to F
Serial.print(C);
Serial.print(" Degreec C = ");

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 Chapter 2 ● Arduino Uno R4 Program Development

Serial.print(F);
Serial.println(" Degrees F");

while(1); // Stop the program

}

Figure 2.14: Program: CtoF.

Figure 2.15 shows the output from the program where 100 degrees centigrade is converted
into Fahrenheit and displayed on the Serial Monitor.

Figure 2.15: Output from the program.

2.3.5 Example 5: Times table

Write a program to read an integer number and then tabulate the times table from 1 to 12
for the given number.

Solution 5
Figure 2.16 shows the program listing (Program: times). An integer number is read from
the keyboard and stored in variable N. Then a for loop is set up that runs from 1 to 12.
Number N is multiplied by 1 to 12 inside this loop and is then displayed on the Serial Mon-
itor.

//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// TIMES TABLE
// ===========
//
// This program reads an integer number and then tabulates the time table
//
// Author: Dogan Ibrahim
// File : times
// Date : June, 2023
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(5000);
}

void loop()
{
int N, i;

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