3.

0 Design of Beams [10

10 hrs.]
Limit State Method

Limit state design is originated from ultimate or plastic design.

According to limit state design, reinforced concrete members have to be analyzed with regard
to following limit state:
1. Limit State of Collapse
2. Limit State of Serviceability
Limit State of Collapse
It corresponds to maximum load carrying capacity with respect to:
(1) Flexural (2) compression (3) Shear, and (4) torsion
Limit State of Serviceability
It corresponds to development of excessive deformation
deformatio with respect to
(1) Deflection, (2) cracking, and (3) vibration
When the stress in tensile steel exceeds its yield stress at a given section, it is assumed to be
in its ultimate or collapse stage. The failure occurs as soon as the concrete strain in
ion becomes equal to its ultimate strain, which is 0.0035.. Analysis of such a section
compression
is carried out using Limit State Design (or, Ultimate Strength) method.
3.1. Assumptions for Limit State Method
(1) The plane section normal to the axis remains plane after bending
(2) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compressive fiber is taken as 0.0035 in
bending regardless of the strength of concrete.
(3) The relationship between stress and strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be
parabolic, as shown in Fig. The maximum compressive stress at extreme compressive

fiber is taken as or 0.446fck. Here, note that 0.67 times of the characteristic
strength is taken for the design purpose, which is 0.67fck. And, 1.5 is the partial safety
factor for strength.
(4) Tensile strength of concrete is ignored
(5) The stress in reinforced is derived from representative stress
stress-strain
strain curve for the type of
strength, fy, with
steel used. Design strength of steel is achieved by dividing characteristic stre

partial safety factor 1.15. It means is the design strength of the given
steel.
(6) The maximum strain in tension reinforcement in the section at failure should not be less

than , i.e.
 Where,
fy = Characteristic strength
th of steel
Es = Young’s modulus of steel
εs = strain in steel at failure
Extra:

Fig. Stress-strain
Stress relationship of concrete

Fig. idealized stress-strain

strain relationship of concrete to be used for design purpose
 Fig. Idealized Characteristic and Design curve for MS (Fe250) Bars

Fig. Idealized Characteristic and Design curve for Deformed (Fe500) and Fe415) Bars
3.2 Analysis and design of singly reinforced, doubly reinforced, and T beams
There are 2 types of beams with respect to the allocation of the reinforcement bars:
(1) Singly Reinforced Beam: Beam which consists of only tensile reinforcement bars
(2) Doubly Reinforced Beam: Beam which consists of both of tensile and compressive
reinforcement bars
And with respect to the cross-section
cross types, there are 3 types of beams as:
(1) Rectangular beam (singly or doubly reinforced)
(2) T-shaped
shaped beam (singly or doubly reinforced)
(3) L-shaped
shaped beam (singly or doubly reinforced)
 Concept

Fig. Cross-section,
Cross section, strain and stress block parameters
Fig. shows the cross-section
section of singly reinforced beam with strain and stress distribution
blocks.

Fig. Close-up
Close view of compressive part of the beam
As shown in the figure, upper block ‘mnpq’ is rectangle and the lower block ‘pqs’ is parabolic
curve. It should be noted that if b be the base of parabolic curve and h be height, as shown in Fig.
then:

Fig. Semi-parabola
Its area is and its centroid is at the distance from from the height. Then total
compressive force applied in compressive part, C, can bee derived with the following procedure.
In the figure,
x1= distance from neutral axis (NA)
( ) to the end of rectangle block ‘mnpq’ or the base of semi-
semi
parabola It is called as depth of the parabolic portion of stress block
x2= ‘pq’depth from extreme compressive fiber to the end of rectangle block ‘mnpq’. It is called
as depth of the rectangular portion of stress block.
block
It should be noted that the value of pq is also 0.446fck.
In the (a) strain diagram of Fig. since two triangles
es Δghj and Δgkl are similar; equating the ratios
of their respective sides we get,

Then, the depth of rectangular portion of the stress block, x2, can be calculated from the strain
block Δghj as:

Force of compression, C1, in parabolic curve can

can be calculated by multiplying the area of
parabolic stress with the width of section, b:

Note that is the base and x1 is the height of parabolic curve. Then the area of parabolic

portion of stress block becomes as . Then, it gives

compressive force, C1, of parabolic portion as shown in equation (3).
Similarly force of compression. C2, in rectangular curve can be expressed as:

Then total design compressive force, C,, which can be resisted by concrete, can be obta
obtained by
adding C1 and C2:
Similarly, total design tensile force with respect to tensile reinforcement bars, T,, can be calculated as:

Note that equation (5) and (6) are very important formulae to calculate the compressive force with
respect to concretee and tensile force with respect to tensile bars respectively.
As indicated in Fig, a,, is given as the distance of the line of action of Compressive force, C, from the
extreme compressive fiber. It should be understood that the moment taken at extreme fibe fiber, due to,
C,, should be equal to the addition of moments due to C1 and C2 taken at same level. Then,

Substituting the value of C, C1, C2, x1 and x2 form above equations, we get

For simplifying, we round up the value of a=0.4167x as a=0.42x, then

Neutral axis depth, x,, of the equation (6) can be obtained by equating the total compressive force, C,
and total tensile force, T, of the equation, i.e. equating equation (5) and (6).

Note that equation (7) is very important formula to find the effective
effec depth, x,, for analysis type of
problems.

Lever arm, Z, can be calculated as: , where (equation 7), therefore:

Above liver arm formula is important to calculate the moment of resistance with respect to concrete
and tensile reinforcements.
Finally, moment of resistance, Mor,, with respect to concrete and tensile reinforcement can be
calculated.
Moment of resistance with respect to concrete is
Moment of resistance with respect to tensile bars is

Equation (10) can be modified by substituting the value of x as, :

Rounding the value 1.015 as 1.0,, the above equation can be written as