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INTERNATIONAL AS
CHEMISTRY (9620)
Unit 1: Inorganic 1 and Physical 1

Friday 18 January 2019 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• the Periodic Table/Data Sheet, provided as an Insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate.
2
Instructions 3
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions. 5
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 6
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 7
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 8
• All working must be shown. TOTAL
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 70.

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box

0 1 This question is about atomic structure.

0 1 . 1 Define the term mass number.

[1 mark]
the average amount of one mole

Number of protons and neutrons (in the nucleus of an atom)

0 1 . 2 Complete Table 1 for two of the fundamental particles in an atom.

[2 marks]
Table 1

Relative mass Relative charge

Neutron 1 0

Electron 1/1837 -1

A sample of calcium consists of 40Ca, 42Ca and one other isotope.

0 1 . 3 Predict whether the atomic radius of 40Ca is larger than, smaller than or the same as
the atomic radius of 42Ca

Explain your answer. same

[2 marks]
40 Ca has a larger atomic radius
Atomic radius of 40Ca compared to 42Ca
Same number of protons and electrons
Explanation

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0 1 . 4 The relative abundances of two of these calcium isotopes are shown in Table 2. box

Table 2

Mass number of isotope 40 42

Relative abundance / % 96.80 0.19

Determine the relative abundance of the third calcium isotope.

The sample of calcium has a relative atomic mass of 40.12

Use your answer and the data in Table 2 to determine the mass number of the third
isotope.

Give the mass number to the nearest integer.

[4 marks]

Relative abundance

Mass number

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 5 Calculate the mass, in kg, of one atom of 42Ca

The Avogadro constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

[1 mark]

Mass kg

0 1 . 6 In a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, a 42Ca+ ion with a kinetic energy (KE)
of 1.164 × 10–13 J takes 9.130 × 10–7 s to reach the detector.

1
KE = mv 2
2
d
V=
t
m = mass / kg
v = velocity / ms–1
d = length of flight tube / m
t = time of flight / s

Use the equations and your answer to question 01.5 to calculate the length, in m, of
the flight tube.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

(If you could not answer question 01.5 you should assume a mass of 3.08 × 10–25 kg
This is not the correct answer.)
[3 marks]

Length m

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0 2 The boiling points of some of the Group 5 hydrides are shown in Figure 1. box

Figure 1

0 2 . 1 Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why NH3 has a higher boiling point
than PH3
[3 marks]
because N is very electronegative/more electronegative than hydrogen therefore

it creates dipole dipole forces which are much stronger than the weak van der waals

forces in PH3 so it needs more energy to break these forces hence why it has a

higher boiling point

NH3 has H bonding between molecules

PH3 has vdw forces between molecules
Hydrogen bonds are stronger or strongest IMF

0 2 . 2 Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why AsH3 has a higher boiling point
than PH3
[2 marks]
stronger van der waals forces due to having more electrons which makes the

van der waals stronger so needs more energy to break the forces

AsH3 is a bigger molecule or has more electrons

So more or stronger vdw between molecules

Question 2 continues on the next page

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0 2 . 3 Draw a diagram to show the shape of the AsH3 molecule.
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.

The electronegativities of As and of H are almost equal.

With reference to your diagram, explain why the AsH3 molecule is polar.
[2 marks]

Shape is pyramidal or tetrahedral

AsH3 has lone pair of electrons in the molecule (causing
separation of charge or dipole)

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0 2 . 4 The equation shows the reaction of one AsH3 molecule with one H+ ion. box

AsH3 + H+ → AsH4+

State the type of bond formed between the AsH3 molecule and the H+ ion.

Explain how the bond is formed.

[2 marks]
hydrogen bond
Type of bond
hydrogen ion bonds with the lone pair on As
How bond is formed
Coordinate bond or dative covalent bond
Lone pair on As donated to H+

0 2 . 5 The reaction of phosphorus with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution

produces PH3

Balance the equation.

[1 mark]

P4 + NaOH + H2O → NaH2PO2 + PH3

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0 3 . 1 Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction for which the energy
change is the standard enthalpy of formation of nitric acid, HNO3(l).
[1 mark]

Some standard enthalpy of formation values (∆fHϴ) are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Substance H2O(l) NO2(g) O2(g)

ΔfH ϴ / kJ mol–1 –286 +34 0

0 3 . 2 State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of O2(g) is zero.
[1 mark]
t’s an element (in its standard state) or by definition

The following equation shows how nitric acid (HNO3) is formed in the Ostwald
Process.

2H2O(l) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) → 4HNO3(l) ∆H = −254 kJ mol–1

0 3 . 3 Use the standard enthalpies of formation in Table 3 to calculate the standard enthalpy
of formation of nitric acid.
[3 marks]

Standard enthalpy of formation kJ mol–1

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0 3 . 4 Give the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitric acid. box

Use oxidation states to explain why the reaction in question 03.3 involves the
oxidation of nitrogen.
[2 marks]

Oxidation state of nitrogen in nitric acid

Explanation

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0 4 When 4.33 g of sodium chlorate(I) are added to an excess of hydrochloric acid, all the
sodium chlorate(I) reacts as shown in the equation.

NaClO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → Cl2(g) + H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

0 4 . 1 Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium chlorate(I) in 4.33 g

[1 mark]

Amount mol

0 4 . 2 Calculate the volume, in dm3, of chlorine produced at 30 °C and 100 kPa

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

(If you could not answer question 04.1 you should assume a value of 6.24 × 10–2 mol
This is not the correct answer.)
[4 marks]

Volume dm3

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0 4 . 3 Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 2.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid needed to react box

exactly with 4.33 g of sodium chlorate(I).

Give your answer to three significant figures.

(If you could not answer question 04.1 you should assume a value of 6.24 × 10–2 mol
This is not the correct answer.)
[2 marks]

Amount of HCl = 2 x 0.0581 = 0.116(2) mol

Vol = 0.116/2.50 = 46.5 cm3

Volume cm3

0 4 . 4 Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of sodium chloride in this
reaction.
[2 marks]
58.5/147.5
(58.5 x 100)/147.5 = 39.7%

Atom economy %

0 4 . 5 State how solid sodium chloride can be obtained from the mixture of products.
[1 mark]
Evaporation
precipitation test

0 4 . 6 Suggest one precaution a chemist should take when making chlorine gas.
[1 mark]
explosion Use a gas mask or a fume cupboard

11

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0 5 A student carried out some test-tube reactions on some potassium halides.

The student’s description of the experiments is shown. It contains some mistakes.

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0 5 . 1 Identify the mistake in the method in Experiment 1. box

Give a reason for your answer.

[2 marks]

Mistake Wrong acid used or should have used sulphuric (or nitric) acid

(white) ppt of AgCl would also be formed (and would interfere with the
Reason observation)

0 5 . 2 Identify the mistake in the observations in Experiment 2.

Write an equation for the reaction.

[2 marks]
no yellow solid formed
Mistake

Equation
H2SO4 + 2H+ + 2Br– SO2 + 2H2O + Br2

0 5 . 3 The method and observations for Experiment 3 were correct.

Write an equation for the reaction.

[1 mark]

Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2

0 5 . 4 In a fourth experiment, a few drops of silver nitrate solution were added to some
potassium fluoride solution.

State what the student would observe in this experiment.

[1 mark]
Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2

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0 6 A flask contains a sample of gas at a constant temperature.

Figure 2 shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for this gas.

Ea is the activation energy for the decomposition of this gas.

Figure 2

0 6 . 1 Which letter represents the average energy of the molecules?

Tick () one box.
[1 mark]

0 6 . 2 Define the term activation energy.

[1 mark]
the energy needed to start and activate a reaction

Minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur

or minimum energy needed for particles to react on collision

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0 6 . 3 State how the value of Ea for the decomposition of this gas could be altered. box

[1 mark]
Add a catalyst

0 6 . 4 Draw a curve on Figure 2 to show the distribution of molecular energies in the same
sample of gas at a higher temperature.
[2 marks]

0 6 . 5 The volume of the flask was halved.

State and explain the effect of this change on the rate of decomposition of this gas.
[3 marks]
Increases
Effect
Particles closer together
Explanation More frequent collisions

Turn over for the next question

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0 7 This question is about the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

0 7 . 1 Write an equation, including state symbols, for the first ionisation energy of
magnesium.
[1 mark]

0 7 . 2 Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than the first ionisation
energy of magnesium.
[2 marks]
because aluminium has electron on p orbital which means the electrons are further

away from the nucleus so weaker attraction between nucleus and electron so need

less energy to loose the electron so lower ionisation energy

Electron removed from a (3)p orbital

Which is higher in energy (so more easily lost)

0 7 . 3 Identify the element in Period 3 with the largest atomic radius.

Explain your answer.

[3 marks]
phosphorus Sodium
Element
Smallest number of protons
Explanation
All electrons in period 3 elements enter the same (3rd) principal energy
level OR elements in period 3 have similar shielding

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0 7 . 4 Silicon has the highest melting point of the elements in Period 3. box

Explain this statement in terms of structure and bonding.

[3 marks]
has many covalent bonds between the atoms making it a giant covalent

structure therefore it needs lots of energy to break these strong covalent bonds

so it has the highest melting point

Turn over for the next question

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0 8 This question is about some reactions of chlorine.

0 8 . 1 A sample of chlorine gas is heated in a sealed tube to a constant temperature.

An equilibrium is established.

Cl2(g) 2Cl(g)

Explain why an increase in pressure increases the amount of chlorine molecules in

the equilibrium mixture.
[2 marks]
the system will work to counteract the change and therefore it will increase the

amount of chlorine produced

More (gaseous) particles on RHS

Equilibrium moves to reduce pressure/ oppose the increase in

pressure

0 8 . 2 When the mixture in question 08.1 is heated to a higher temperature, the equilibrium
established contains fewer chlorine molecules.

Deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for this reaction.

Give a reason for your answer.
[2 marks]

Sign of enthalpy change Positive or +

Equilibrium moves to oppose the increase in temperature
OR breaking bonds to turn chlorine molecules into atoms is
Reason endothermic

0 8 . 3 A student bubbled chlorine gas into cold sodium hydroxide solution.

Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Give one use for the product that contains chlorine in oxidation state +1
[2 marks]

Equation

Use

END OF QUESTIONS 6

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