2019

12 PHYSICS
th

IMPORTANT PROBLEMS - SOLVED

NUMERICALS
PHYSICS - PART 1
CHAPTER 1 : ELECTRIC CHARGE & FIELD
CHAPTER 2 : ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE
CHAPTER 3 : CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 76 MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM SOLVED

 BASED ON LATEST BOARD EXAMS TYPES OF PROBLEMS
 INCLUDES PROBLEMS FROM PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD EXAMS

www.studysmartcbse.com
 NUMERICALS – PHYSICS
MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS CHAPTERWISE
ELECTROSTATICS
LECTROSTATICS

1. A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge density
of 100 𝜇 C/m . Calculate the
(i) Charge on the sphere
(ii) Total electric flux passing thorough the sphere [Delhi 2008]

2. A dipole is present in an electrostatic field of magnitude 10 N/C.. If the work done in

rotating it, from its position of stable equilibrium to its position of unstable equilibrium,
2 × 10 J,, find the magnitude of the dipole moment of this dipole.
[All India 2010C]

3. Two identical metallic spherical shells A and B having charges +4 Q and −10 Q are kept a
certain distance apart. A third identical sphere C is first placed in contact with sphere A
and then with sphere B, then spheres A and B are brought in contact and then separated.
Find the charge
ge on the spheres A and B.
[All India 2011C]

4. Calculate the amount of work done in turning an electric dipole of dipole moment
3 × 10 C − m from its position of unstable equilibrium to the position of stable
equilibrium, in a uniform electric field of intensity 10 N/C.
[Foreign 2011]

5. A hallow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross

cross-section 25 cm is placed in a three
dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is
given E⃗ = 50 xı̂, where E is in NC and x is in metres. Find:
(i) Net flux through
hrough the cylinder
(ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder

[Delhi 2013]

6. Two charges of magnitudes +4Q and −Q are located cated at point (a,0) and (-3a,0)
(
respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘2a’
with its centre at the origin?
[All India 2013]
 7. A hollow cylindrical box of length 0.5 m and area of cross
cross-section 20 cm is placed in a
three dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure.

The electric field in the region is given by E⃗ = 20x ı̂, where E is in NC and x is in meters.
Find:
(i) Net flux through the cylinder
(ii) Charge enclosed in the cylinder
[Delhi 2013]

8. Two charges of magnitudes −3Q and +2Q are located at points (a,0) 0) and (4a,0)
(4a,
respectively. What is the electric flu
fluxx due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘5a’
with its centre att the origin?
[All India 2013]

9. Given a uniform electric field E⃗ = 2 × 10 𝚤̂N/C,, find the flux of this field through a square
of side 20 cm, whose plane is parallel to the y-z plane. What would be the flux through
the same square, if the plane makes an angle of 30° with the x-axis?
[Delhi 2014]
10. An electric dipole of length 4 cm, when placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with a
uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 4√3Nm. Calculate the potential energy of
the dipole, if it has charge ±8 nC
[Delhi 2014]
11. Given a uniform electric field E⃗ = 4 × 10 𝚤̂N/C.. Find the flux of this field through a square
of 5 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the YY-ZZ plane. What would be the flux through
the same square if the plane makes a 30° angle with the x-axis?
[Delhi 2014]
12. A 500 mC charge is at the ccentre
entre of a square of side 10 cm. Find the work done in moving
a charge of 10 mC between two diagonally oppo
opposite
site points on the square.
[Delhi 2008]
13. Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the vertic
vertices of
a triangle as shown.
Here q = 1.6 × 10 C [Delhi 2008]
14. Two charges +𝑞 and −
−𝑞 are located at points A (0, 0, -2) and B (0, 0, 2) respectively.
How much work will be done in moving a test charges from point P (4, 0, 0) to Q (-5, 0,
0)?
[Delhi 2009]

15. Two parallel plate capacitor, X and Y,, have the same area of plates and same separation
between them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium of
∈ = 4.

(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor iff equivalent capacitance of the combination
is 4 𝜇𝐹.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y?
[Delhi 2009]
16. Three identical capacitor C , C , and C of capacitance 𝜇𝐹 each are connected to a 12 V
battery as shown.

Find:
(i) Charge on each capacitor
(ii) Equivalent capacitance of the network
(iii) Energy stored in the network of capacitors
[Delhi 2009]
17. The equivalent capacitance of the combination of two capacitors between A and B in the
given figure is 4𝜇𝐹.

(i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.

(ii) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V battery is connected across terminals A
and B.
(iii) What will be the potentia
potential drop across each capacitor?
[Delhi 2009C]
18. A capacitor of 200 pF is charged by a 300 V battery. The battery is then disconnected and
the charge capacitor is connected to another uncharged capacitor of 100 pF. Calculate the
difference between the final ener
energy
gy stored in the combined system and the initial energy
stored in
n the single capacitor.
[All India 2010, Foreign 2012]
19. Four capacitors of values 6µF, 6µF, 6µF and 2µF are connected to a 6V battery as shown in
the figure. Determine.

(i) Equivalent
nt capacitance of the network.
(ii) The charge on each capacitor.
[Delhi 2010C]
20. Figure shows two identical capacitors 𝐶 and C , each of 2 𝜇𝐹 capacitance, connected to a
battery of 5V. Initially switch ‘S’ is closed. After some time, S is left open and dielectric
slabs of dielectric constant K = 5 are inserted to fill completely the space between the
plates of the two capacitors. How will the (i) charge and (ii) potential difference between
the plates of the capacitors be affected after the slabs are inserted?

[Delhi 2011]
21. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volts. The charge
stored in it is 360 𝜇C.. When potential across the capacitor is reduced by 120 V, the charge
stored in it becomes 120 𝜇C.
(i) Calculate the potential V and the unknown capacitance C.
(ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if the voltage applied had increased
by 120 V?
[Delhi 2013]

22. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volts. The charge
stored in it is 300 𝜇C.. When potential across the capacitor is reduced by 100 V, the charge
stored in it becomes 100 𝜇C.. Calculate the potential V and unknown capacitance. What
will be the charge stored in the capacitor if the voltage applied had increased by 100 V?
[Delhi 2013]

23. Calculate the amount of work done to dissociate a system of three charges
1µC, 1µC and − 4 µC placed on the vertices of an equil
equilateral
ateral triangle of side 10 cm.
[All India 2013C]
24. Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure, when each capacitor
is of 1 µF.. When the ends X and Y are connected to a 6 V battery, find out (i) the charge
and (ii) the energy stored iin the network.

[All India 2015]

25. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which enclose
encloses an electric dipole?
[Delhi 2015]
26. Two capacitors of unknown capacitances C and C are connected first in series and then
in parallel across a battery of 100 V. If the energy stored in the two combinations is 0.045
J and 0.25 J respectively, determine the value of C and C . Also calculate the charge on
each capacitorr in parallel combina
combination.
[Delhi 2015]
27. (a) Given the electric field in the region E⃗ = 2xı̂, find the net electric flux through the
cube and the charge enclosed by it.

(b) A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point
charge is placed at its centre C and another charge +2Q is placed outside the shell at
a distance x from the centre as shown in the figure. Find (i) the force on the charge at
the centre of shell and at the point A, (ii
(ii) the electric
ic flux through the shell.

[Delhi 2015]
 28. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and same separation
between them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium of
𝜀 = 4.

(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the combination is

4 µF.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii) Estimate the ratio of electrostati
electrostatic energy stored in X and Y.
[Delhi 2016]

29. Two protons in a molecule is separated by a distance 3 × 10 m.. Find the electrostatic
force exerted by one proton on the other. [Delhi 2008C]

30. Three charges 10 𝜇C, 5µ µC and −5𝜇C are placed in air at three comers A, B and C of an
equilateral triangle
riangle of side 0.1m. Find the resultant force experienced by charge placed at
corner A. [Foreign 2011]

31. A charge q is enclosed in a cube. What is the electric flux associated with one of the faces
of cube?

32. The following figure shows a surface S which encloses -2q 2q charge. A charge +q is kept
outside the surface S. Calculate the net outward/inward flux from the surface S.

SOLUTIONS

1. Given, diameter, D = 2..5 m

∴ radius R = 1.2525 m
𝜎 = 1 00𝜇 C/m = 100′ 10 C/m
(i) Charge on the sphere
q = (4πR ). 𝜎 = 4 × 3.14 × (1.25) × (100 × 10 )
= 1.96 × 10 C
(ii) Total electric flux passing through the sphere,
 𝑞 1.96 × 10
𝜙 = = = 2.2 × 10 NC m
𝜀 8.85 × 10

2. Electric field intensity 𝐸 = 10 N/C

Work done (W) = 2 × 10 𝐽
Work done in rotating the dipole from stable equilibrium position to unstable
equilibrium position.
𝑊 = 𝑝𝐸(cos 0° − cos 180°) = 2𝑝𝐸
W 2 × 10
∴ Dipole moment
moment, p = = = 10 cm
2E 2 × 10

3. When C and A are placed in contact, charge of A equally divides in two spheres. Therefore
charge on each A and C = +2Q
Now, C is placed in contact with B, then charge on each B and C becomes
2𝑄 + (−10𝑄)
= −4𝑄
2
When A and B are placed in contact then charge on each, A and B becomes
2𝑄 + (−4𝑄)
= −𝑄
2

4. For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is θ = 180°.

For stable equilibrium θ = 0°
Required work done
𝑊 = 𝑝𝐸(cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 )
= 3 × 10 × 10 (cos 180180° − cos 0°)
= −6 × 10 J

5. (i) From question, it is clear that the electric field E⃗ = 50 xı̂ is directed along the x-axis.
x
Hence, there is no electric flux through the curved surface.

Electric field on the left face of the cylinder,

E = 50 ı̂ (∵∵ x = 1 m)
∴ Electric flux through this face
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗ = −E × A
= 50 × 25 × 10 m (∵ A = 25 cm )
= −0.125
125 NC m
Electric flux through the other face
𝜙 =E×A (∵ E = 50 × 𝚤̂, x = 2 m)
= 100 × 25 × 10
= 0.25 NC m
Net flux through the cylinder = 𝜙 + 𝜙
= 0.25 − 0.125
125 NC m
 = 0.125 NC m
(ii) Let q be the charge enclosed by the cylinder.
According to Gauss’s theorem
q
ϕ=
ϵ
∴q=ϕϵ
= 0.125 × 8.854 × 10 C
= 1.11 × 10 C
6. It is clear that the sphere of radius 2a encloses charge +4Q only

Therefore, electric flux

1 4Q
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗ = . 4Q =
𝜖 ϵ

7. (i) Given: E⃗ = 20x ı̂

A = 20 cm = 20 × 10 m

Since the electric field E⃗ = 20x ı̂ is directed along the x-axis,

axis, there is no any flux across
curved surface.
Flux through the face A of the cylinder
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗
= Es cos 180
180°
= 20 × 0.55 × (−1) × 20 × 10
= −200 × 10 = −2 × 10 NC m
Flux through the face B of the cylinder
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗
= EA cos 𝜃 = 20 × 20 × 10 × 1
= 400 × 10 = 4 × 10 NC m
Therefore net flux through the cylinder
ϕ=ϕ +ϕ
= 4 × 10 − 2 × 10
= 2 × 10 NC m
(ii) According to Gauss’s theorem
Q Q
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗ = or, 2 × 10 =
ϵ ϵ
or, Q = 2 × 10 × 8.854 × 10
 = 1.7708 × 10 C
Hence the charge enclosed by the cylinder is 1.7708 × 10 C

8. If we draw a spherical surface of radius 5a, it will enclose both the charges as shown in
figure.

∴ Net charge enclosed by the spherical surface is −3Q + 2Q = −Q

∴ By Gauss’s theorem, electric flux
1 Q
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗ = (−Q) = −
∈ ∈

9. When the plane is parallel to the y-z plane:

ϕ = E⃗. A⃗
Here: E⃗ = 2 × 10 ı̂N/C
A⃗ = (20 cm) ı̂ = 4 × 10 𝚤̂m
∴ 𝜙 = (2 × 10 ı̂). (4
4 × 10 𝚤̂)
⟹ 𝜙 = 80 NC m
When the plane makes a 30° angle with the x-axis,
axis, the area vector makes a 60° angle with
the x-axis.
ϕ = E⃗. A⃗ ⟹ ϕ = EA cos θ
⟹ ϕ = (2 × 10 )(4 ( × 10 ) cos 60° ⟹ ϕ = 80/2
⟹ ϕ = 40 NC m

10. Torque on a dipole which is placed in an uniform electr

electric
ic field (E) is given by,
τ = PE sin 𝜃 = (𝑞𝑙
(𝑞𝑙)E sin 𝜃...(1)
Here, l is the length of the dipole, Q is the charge and E is the electric field.
Potential energy,
( )E cos 𝜃 …(2)
U = −PE cos 𝜃 = −(𝑞𝑙)E
𝜏 𝑞𝑙E sin 𝜃
Dividing (2) by (1), = = − tan 𝜃
𝑈 −𝑞𝑙E cos 𝜃
−τ −𝜏
⟹U= ⟹U=
tan θ tan 60°
−4√3
⟹U= ⟹ U = −4J
√3

11. When the plane is parallel to the yy-z plane:

E⃗
Electric lux, ϕ =
A⃗
 Here: E⃗ = 4 × 10 𝚤̂N/C
A⃗ = (5 cm) 𝚤̂ = 0.25 × 10 𝚤̂𝑚
∴ ϕ = (4 × 10 𝚤̂). (25 × 10 𝚤̂)
⟹ ϕ = 10 NC m
When the plane makes a 30° angle with x-axis,
axis, the area vector makes a 60° angle with the
x-axis.
E⃗
ϕ= ⟹ ϕ = EA cos 𝜃
A⃗
10
⟹ 𝜙 = (4 × 10 )(25 × 10 ) cos 60° ⟹ 𝜙 =
2
⟹ 𝜙 = 5 NC m

12. Work done in zero because the potential difference two diagonally opposite points of a
square with a 500 µC charge at the centre is zero.

13. Potential energy of the system

1 q(2q) (+2q ( q)(−4q) (−4q)(q)
U= + +
4πε r r r
1 q
= × [2 − 8 − 4 4]
4πε r
(1.6 × 10 )
= 9 × 10 × × (−10) = −2.304 × 10 joule
0.1
Hence, the work done required to dissociate the system of three charges,
W = U = 2.304 × 10 J

14.

Potential at point P,
𝑞 1 −𝑞 1
𝑉 =− + =0
4𝜋𝜀 (4 ( − 0) + 0 + (2 − 0) 4𝜋𝜀 (4 − 0) + 0 + ((2 − 0)
Potential at Point Q,
−𝑞 1 𝑞 1
𝑉 = . + . =0
4𝜋𝜀 (−5
( − 0) + 0 + (2 − 0) 4𝜋𝜀 (−5 − 0) + 0 + (−2 − 0)
 Thus, work done in moving a test charge from points P to Q,
𝑊 = 𝑞 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
= 𝑞(0 − 0)
= 0.

15. (i) Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by,

𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝐴
𝐶= ∴ 𝑋=
𝑑 𝑑
𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 4𝜀 𝐴
𝑌= =
𝑑 𝑑
Or, 𝑌 = 4𝑋
Now, X and Y are in series combination and their equivalent capacitance is 4𝜇𝐹.
1 1 1 1 1
∴ = + = +
4 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋 4𝑋
1 5
or, =
4 4𝑋
or, X = 5µF.
𝑌 = 4 × 5 = 20 𝜇𝐹
(ii) Total charge, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉
= 4 × 10 × 12
= 48 × 10 C
∴ Potential difference between the plates of capacitor
𝑄 48 × 10
𝑋= = = 9.6 𝑉
𝐶 5 × 10
Potential difference between the plates of capacitor
𝑄 48 × 10
𝑌= = = 2.4 𝑉
𝐶 20 × 10
(iii) Energy stored = 𝐶𝑉
∴ The ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y.
𝐶𝑉 (5 × 10 )(9.6)
= =
𝐶 𝑉 (20 × 10 )(2.4)
1 4 16 4
= × = = = 4: 1
4 1 4 1

16. (i) Here 𝑉 = 12 𝑉 and 𝐶 = 𝐶 = 𝐶 = 6 𝜇𝐹 = 6 × 10 𝐹.

Charge on capacitor 𝐶 is
𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑉 = 6 × 10 × 12 = 72 × 10 = 72 𝜇C.
Since capacitor 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series
∴ Equivalent capacitance
1 1 1
= +
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
1 1 1 2 1
= + = =
𝐶 6 6 6 3
∴ 𝐶 = 3 𝜇𝐹
Charges on capacitor 𝐶 and 𝐶 is
𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑉 = 3 × 10 × 12 = 36 × 10 = 36 𝜇𝐶
∴ Charge on each capacitor 𝐶 and 𝐶 is 36 𝜇𝐶.
(ii) Since 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series
 ∴ Equivalent capacitance 𝐶 = 3 𝜇𝐹
Now 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel
∴ Equivalent capacitance 𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 6 + 3 = 9 𝜇𝐹
(iii) Energy stored = 𝐶𝑉
1
= × 9 × 10 × (12)
2
1
= × 9 × 10 × 144 = 648 × 10
2
= 6.48 × 10 J.

17. (i) ∵ 20 𝜇𝐹 and C are in series

1 1 1
∴ = +
4 20 𝐶
1 1 1 5−1 1 4 1
⟹ − = ⟹ = ⟹ =
4 20 𝐶 20 𝐶 20 𝐶
∴ 𝐶 = 5 𝜇𝐹.
(ii) ∵ 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉, 𝑞 = 4 × 10 × 12 = 48 × 10 = 48 𝜇𝐶.
48×10-6
(iii) 𝑉 = = = 2.4 𝑉
20×10-6
𝑞 48×10-6
𝑉 = = = 9.6 𝑉
𝐶 5×10-6
∴ Potential drop across 20𝜇𝐹 capacitor = 2.4 V
And potential drop across 5𝜇𝐹 capacitor = 9.6 V.

18. Given, C = 200 pF = 200 × 10 F

V = 300 V
The energy (initial) stored by the capacitor is
1
𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉
2
1
= × 200 × 10 × 300 = 9 × 10 J
2
The charge on the capacitor when charged through 300 V battery is
Q = CV
= 200 × 10 × 300 = 6 × 10 C
When two capacitor are connected, let V’ be the common potential difference. By charge
conversion, charge would distribute but total charge would remain constant.
Thus, Q = q + q′
As potential difference is same,
𝑞 𝑞′
Therefore =
𝐶 𝐶′
𝑞 𝑞′
=
200 100
𝑞 = 2𝑞′
Thus, 𝑄 = 2𝑞 + 𝑞 = 3𝑞′
𝑄 60 nC
So, 𝑞 = = = 20 nC
3 3
And 𝑞 = 2𝑞 = 40 nC
𝑞 𝑞′
Thus, inal energy𝑈 = +
2𝐶 2𝐶′
 1 (40 × 10 ) 1 (20 × 10 )
= × + ×
2 200 × 10 2 100 × 10
= 4 × 10 + 2 × 10 = 6 × 10 J
Difference in energy = final energy – initial energy
=𝑈 −𝑈
= 6 × 10 − 9 × 10 = −3 × 10

19. (i) All capacitors of 6𝜇𝐹 are in series then equivalent capacitance
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶′ 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 6𝜇𝐹
or, 𝐶 = = = 2𝜇𝐹
𝑛 3
C’ and 2𝜇𝐹 capacitor are in parallel combination.
Equivalent capacitance
𝐶 . = 𝐶 + 2𝜇𝐹 = 2𝜇𝐹 + 2𝜇𝐹 = 4𝜇𝐹
(ii) Since, C’ and 2𝜇𝐹 are in parallel combination, therefore same potential difference
6V is applied on them.
Charge on C’
𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑉 = (2𝜇𝐹) × 6𝑉 = 12𝜇𝐶
The charge across the each capacitor of 6𝜇𝐹 capacitor is same and equal to charge
across the combination i.e., 12 𝜇𝐶.
Charge on 2𝜇𝐹 capacitor
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 = (2𝜇𝐹)(6𝑉) = 12 𝜇𝐶

20. Two identical capacitors 𝐶 and 𝐶 gets fully charged with 5V battery initially.
So, the charge and potential difference on both capacitor becomes
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉
= 2 × 10 × 5V = 10 µC
And 𝑉 = 5V
On introduction of dielectric medium of 𝐾 = 5.
For 𝐶 (Continue to be connected with battery) potential difference of 𝐶 , (𝑉 ) = 5V
Capacitance of 𝐶′ = KC = 5 × 2µF = 10 µF
Charge q = C V = (10µF)(5V) = 50µC
For 𝐶 (Disconnected with battery)
Charge 𝑞 = 𝑞 = 10 𝜇𝐶
Potential difference
𝑉 5
𝑉 = = =1V
𝐾 5

21. (i) Charge stored in capacitor Q = CV

From question,
Q = CV = 360 × 10 … (𝑖)
C(V − 120) = 120 × 10 … (𝑖𝑖)
Dividing eq. (i) by (ii)
V
=3 ⟹ V = 3V − 360
V − 120
⟹ 2V = 360 ∴ V = 180V
 Voltage V of the capacitor is 180V and unknown capacitance C =
360 × 10
= = 2 × 10 F
180
(ii) When the voltage across the capacitor increases by 120V,, the new voltage will be
180V + 120V = 300
300V
Therefore, new charge stored in the capacitor
Q = CV = 300 × 2 × 10 = 600 𝜇C

22. Let C farad be the capacity of the unknown capacitor. Charge stored in the capacitor
Q = C × V = 300 × 10 … (𝑖)
When the potential is reduced by 100 volts, the new potential will be (V – 100) volts and
charge
= C × (V − 100)) = 100 × 10 … (𝑖𝑖)
Dividing eq. (i) by (ii), we have
V 300
= =3
V − 100 100
or V = 3V − 300
∴ V = 150 volt
Putting this value in eq. (i), we have
C × 150 = 300 × 10
∴ C = 2 × 10 F
When the voltage is increased by 100 volts, the new voltage will be
150 V + 100 V = 250250V
∴ New charge Q = CV
= 2 × 10 × 250 C = 500 µC C

23. Work done (w) = change in electrostatic potential energy (U − U )

1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
U = + +
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1 × 1 1 × −4 1 × −4
= 9 × 10 + + × 10
0.1 0.1 0.1
U = 9 × 10 (1 − 4 − 4
4) × 10 = −0.63J
U =0
Hence, W = U − U = 0 − (−0.63) = 0.63J
 24. The equivalent circuit is given below.

There are two capacitors in one branch in series. So, the equivalent capacitance of one
branch will be
1 1
+ = 2𝜇𝐹
1 1
The arrangement will be further reduced as

Now, both the capacitors are in parallel, so the equivalent capacitance will be
2 + 2 = 4µF
(i) Voltage, V = 6V
The charge in the network is given by q = CV
Now, 𝑞 = 4 × 10 × 6
= 24 × 10 C = 2424µC
(ii) The energy stored in the network is given by
1 1
𝐸 = 𝐶𝑉 = × 4 × 10 × (6)
2 2
1
= × 4 × 36 × 10 = 72 × 10 J = 72 µJ
2

25. According to the Gauss’s law of electrostatics, electric flux through a closed surface is
given by
Q
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗ = … (𝑖)
ε
Here,
E = electrostatic field
Q = Total charge enclosed by the surface
𝜀 = absolute electric permittivity of free space
In the given case, cube encloses an electric dipole. Therefore the total charge enclosed by
the cube is zero. i.e. Q = 0
Therefore, from (i), we have
Q
ϕ = E⃗. ds⃗ = = 0.
ε

26. When the capacitors are connected in parallel, Equivalent capacitance 𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶

The energy stored in the combination of the capacitor,
1
𝐸 = 𝐶 𝑉
2
 1
⟹ 𝐸 = (𝐶 + 𝐶 )(100 )(100) = 0.25 𝐽
2
⟹ (𝐶 + 𝐶 ) = 5 × 10 … (𝑖)
When the capacitors are connected in series
Equivalent capacitance
𝐶𝐶
𝐶 =
𝐶 +𝐶
The energy stored in the combination of the capacitors
1
𝐸 = 𝐶𝑉
2
1 𝐶𝐶
⟹𝐶 = (100) = 0.045𝐽
2𝐶 + 𝐶
1 𝐶𝐶
⟹ (100
(100) = 0.045𝐽
2 5 × 10
⟹ 𝐶 𝐶 = 0.045 × 10 × 5 × 10 × 2
= 4.5 × 10
⟹ Now, (C − 𝐶 ) = (𝐶 + 𝐶 ) − 4𝐶 𝐶
⟹ (C − 𝐶 ) = 25 × 10 − 4 × 4.5 × 10 = 7 × 10
⟹ 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 7 × 10
⟹ 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 2.64 64 × 10 … (𝑖𝑖)
By solving equations (i) and (ii)
𝐶 = 35 𝜇𝐹 and 𝐶 = 15 𝜇𝐹
When the capacitors are connected in parallel, the charge on each of them can be
obtained as follows:
Q = C V = 35 × 10 × 100 = 35 × 10 C
Q = C V = 15 × 10 × 100 = 15 × 10 C

27. (a)The electric field has only x component, for faces normal to x direction, the an
angle
between
E and s is ± . Therefore, the flux is separately zero for each face of the cube except
the two shaded ones.

The magnitude of the electric field at the left face is E = 0 (As x = 0 at the left face)
The magnitude of the electric field at the right face is 𝐸 = 2𝑎 (As x = a at the right
face)
Their corresponding fluxes are
ϕ = 𝐸⃗ . 𝑆⃗ = 0
ϕ = 𝐸⃗ . 𝑆⃗ = 𝐸 𝑆 cos 𝜃 = 𝐸 𝑆 (∵ 𝜃 = 0°)
⟹ϕ =𝐸 𝑎
Net flux (𝜙)) through the cube = ϕ + ϕ = 0 + E 𝑎 = 𝐸 𝑎
ϕ = 2a(a ) = 2𝑎
 From, Gauss’s law
q
ϕ = ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝜙𝜀
ε
∴ 𝑞 = 2𝑎 𝜀
(b) (i) The metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface, So electric
field inside a spherical shell is zero thus, the force experienced by the charge at the
centre of the shell C will also be zero.
∵ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗
∵ 𝐹⃗ = 0
At point A,
1 3𝑄/2 3𝑄
𝐹⃗ = 2𝑄 . = , away from shell
4𝜋𝜀 𝑥 4𝜋𝜀 𝑥

(ii) Electric flux through the shell

1
𝜙 = x magnitude of the charge enclosed by the shell
𝜀
1 𝑄 𝑄
𝜙= × =
𝜀 2 2𝜀

28. (i) The capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor having same area of plates and same
separation between them
𝜀 𝜀 A
𝐶=
d
𝜀 4A 𝜀 A
𝐶 = and C =
d d
Thus,
C = 4C … (1)
C C
C = = 4µF … (2)
C +C
Solving eqn (1) and (2) we get
⟹ C = 5µF
⟹ C = 20µF
(ii) The potential difference between plates X and Y can be calculated as follows:
Q = CV
V C
C V =C V = =4
V C
V = 4V … (3)
From given circuit, V + V = 15V … (4)
Solving eqs. (3) and (4) we get
V = 3V and V = 12V
(iii) The ratio of electrostatic energies can be calculated as follows:
Energy stored in a capacitor
Q 1
E= i. e. E ∝
2C C
E C
Hence = =4
E C
29. According to coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force F between two charges q and q ,
which are separated by distance r is
1 q q
F= ×
4πε r
Here, q = q = 1.6 × 10 C, r = 3 × 10 m
(1.
( .6 × 10 )
so, F = 9 × 10 = 2.56 × 10 C (Repulsive)
9 × 10

30. Here, 𝑞 = 10𝜇𝐶 = 10 𝐶

𝑞 = 5 × 10 𝐶
𝑞 = −5 × 10 𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 = 0.1m
1 𝑞 𝑞 9 × 10 × 10 × 5 × 10
Now, 𝐹 = . =
4πε 𝐴𝐵 (0.1)
𝐹 = 45 𝑁(repulsive
repulsive)
1 𝑞 𝑞 9 × 10 × 10 × 5 × 10
Also,𝐹 = . =
4πε 𝐴𝐶 (0.1)
𝐹 = 45 N (attractive
attractive)
The forces 𝐹 and 𝐹 are inclined at angle of 120°. If F is the resultant force on the
charge 𝑞 , then

𝐹= 𝐹 +𝐹 + 2𝐹 𝐹 cos 120°

= 45 + 45 + [2 × 45 × 45(−0.5)]
= 45√1 + 1 − 1 = 45𝑁 𝑁
The resultant force acts on the charge 10𝜇𝐶 charge along AP,, where point P lies on a line,
parallel to side BC of the 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

31. According to Gauss’s theorem,

1
Total electric flux 𝜙 = × total enclosed charge
𝜀
1
= × 𝑞.
𝜀
Since cube has six faces, hence electric flux linked with each face = (1//6𝜙) = 𝑞/6𝜀 .

32. According to Gauss’s law, the net flux is

1 −2𝑞
𝜙 = × net charge enclosed by closed surface =
𝜀 𝜀
(Because +q is outside the surface S, so net flux due to +q is zero)
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in
series across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the
ratio of drift velocity of electro
electrons in the two wires.
[All India 2010]

2. The reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.2V.
When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a resistance of 5Ω Ω as shown in the
circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to 1.8 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.

[All India 2010]

3. In a meter bridge, two unknown resistances R and S when connected in the two gaps,
give a null point at 40 cm from one end. Wha
What is the ratio of R and S?
[Delhi 2010]
4. sIn a meter bridge,, the null point is found at a distance of 40 cm from A. If a resistance of
12Ω is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 50.0 cm from A. Determine
the values of R and S.

[Delhi 2010]
5. Two identical slabs, of a given metal, are joined together, in two different ways, as shown
in figures (a) and (b). What is the ratio of the resistances of the two combinations?
 [Delhi 2010C]
6. The sequence of coloured band in two resistors 𝑅 and 𝑅 is
(i) Brown, green, blue and
(ii) Orange, black, green
Find the ratio
atio of their resistances.
[Delhi 2010C]
7. A network of resistors is connected to a 16 V battery of internal resistance 1 Ω as shown in
the figure.

(i) Compute the equivalent resistance of the network.

(ii) Obtain the voltage drops 𝑉 and 𝑉 . [Foreign 2010]

8. Calculate the steady current through the 2 Ω resistor in the circuit shown.
[Foreign 2010]
 9. In the meter bridge experiment, balance point was observed at J with 𝐴𝐽 = 𝑙.

(i) If the values of R and X were doubled and then interchanged, what would be the new
position of balance point?
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged at the balanced position, how will
the balance point get affected?
[All India 2011]

10. You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47 kΩ ± 10% from a large
collection. What should be the sequence of colo
colour
ur bands used to code it?
[Delhi 2011]
11. In the circuit shown, 𝑅 = 4Ω, 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 15Ω, 𝑅 = 30Ωand E = 10V. Calculate the
equivalent resistance of the circuit and the current in each resistor.

[Delhi 2011]
12. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the
current in the circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points A
and B?

[All India 2012]

 13. In the figure, a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a constant potential
gradient along its length. The null points for the two primary cells of emfs 𝐸 and 𝐸
connected in the manner shown, are obtained at a dista
distance
nce of 120 cm and 300 cm from
the end A.

Find
(i) 𝐸 /𝐸 and
(ii) Position of null point for the cell 𝐸 .
[Delhi 2012]

14. A conductor of length l is connected to a DC source of potential V. If the length of the

conductor is tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping V constant, how will
(i) drift
rift speed of electro
electrons and
(ii) resistance
esistance of the conductor be affected? Jus
Justify your answer.
[Foreign 2012]
15. A light bulb is rated at 120 W for a 240 V ac supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
[All India 2013]
16. A light bulb is rated at 125 W for a 250 V ac supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
[All India 2013]
17. A batteryy of emf E and internal resistance r when connected across an external resistance
of 12Ω produces a current of 0.5 A. When connected across a resistance of 25 ohm is
produces a current of 0.25 A. Determine the (i) emf and (ii) internal resistance of the ce
cell.
[All India 2013C]
18. A uniform wire of resistance 12Ω is cut into three pieces so that the ratio of the
resistances R : R : R = 1: 2: 3 and the three pieces are connected to form a triangle
across which a cell of emf 8 V and internal resistance 1Ω is connected as shown.
Calculate the current through each part of the circuit.

[All India 2013C, Delhi 2013C]

19. An ammeter of resistance 0.80Ω can measure current upto 1.0 A.
(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure current
upto 5.0 A?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt?
[Delhi 2013]
20. A 5V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a
resistance of 39Ω as shown in the figure. Fin
Find the value of the current.

[Delhi 2013]
21. A heating element is marked 210V, 630W. Find the resistance of the element when
connected to
o a 210V dc source.

[Delhi 2013]
22. An ammeter of resistance 0.6Ω can measure current upto 1.0 A. Calculate (i) the shunt
resistance required to enable the ammeter to measure current upto 5.0A (ii) the
combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt.
[Delhi 2013]
23. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-
cross
sectional area 1.0 × 10 m carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of conduction
electros to be 9 × 10 m .
[All India 2014]

24. A potentiometer wire of length 1.0 m has a resistance of 15Ω. It is connected to a 5 V

battery in series with a resistance of 5Ω.. Determine the emf of the primary cell which
gives a balance point at 60 cm.
[Delhi 2014]

25. It is found that when R = 4Ω,, the current is 1 A and when R is increased to 9Ω, the
current reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values of the emf E and internal resistance r.

[Delhi 2015]
26. The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical
cells in series, versus
ersus current is shown below. What is the emf and internal resistance of
each cell?

[All India 2016]

27. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω
respectively are connected in parallel. Calculate the emf an
andd internal resistance of the
equivalent cell.
[Delhi 2016]
28. In the following potentiometer circuit AB is a uniform wire of length 1 m and resistance
10Ω.. Calculate the potential gradient along the wire and balanc
balancing length AO

[Delhi 2016]
29. In the figure shown, an ammeter A and a resistor of 4 W are connected to the terminals
of the source. The emf of the source is 12V having an internal resistance of 2W. Calculate
the voltmeter and ammeter
mmeter readings.

[All India 2017]

30. In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use Kirchhoff’s rules to
determine the potential at point B.

[Delhi 2009, All India 2011]

31. Apply Kirchhoff’s rules to the loops ACBPA and ACBQA to find the value for the current
𝐼 , 𝐼 and 𝐼 in the network.
[All India 2010]

32. Apply Kirchhoff’s rule to the loops PRSP and PRQP to find the value for the current 𝐼 , 𝐼
and 𝐼 in given circuit.

[All India 2010]

33. A battery of 10V and negligible internal resistance is connected across the diagonally
opposite corners of a cubic network consisting of 12 resistors each of 1Ωresistance. Use
Kirchhoff’s rules to determine.
(a) the equivalent resistance of the network aand
(b) the total current in the network.
[All India 2010]
34. Calculate the steady current through the 2Ω resistor in the

[Foreign 2010]

35. Using Kirchhoff’s rules in the given circuit, determine

(i) the voltage drop across the unknown resistor R and
(ii) the current I in the arm EF.

[All India 2011]

36. Using Kirchhoff’s rule, determine the value of unknown resistance R in the circuit so that
no current flows through 4Ω resistance. Also, find the potential difference between
points A and D.

[Delhi 2012]

37. In the diagram below each resistance is of 1Ω.. Find the equivalent resistance between A
and B using Kirchhoff’s law.
38. The length of a potentiometer wire is 600 cm and it carries a current of 40 mA. For a cell
of emf 2V and internal resistance 10W, the null point is found to be at 500 cm. If a
voltmeter is connected across the cell, the balancing length is decreased by 10 cm. Find:
(i) The resistance of whole wire
(ii) Reading of voltmeter
(iii) Resistance of voltmeter

39. Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a battery of 3V. When the
galvanometer in each arrangement do not show any deflection, obtain the ratio R /R .

[All India 2013]

40. In the meterbridge experimental set up, show in the figure, the null point ‘D’ is obtained
at a distance of 40 cm from end A of the meterbridge wire. If a resistance of 10Ω is
connected in series with R , null point is obtained at AD = 60 cm.. Calculate the
t values of
R and R .
[Delhi 2013]

41. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the value of the current I following in the circuit
shown in the figure.

[Delhi 2013C]
42. A potentiometer wire of length 1 m has a resistance of 10Ω. It is connected to a 6V
battery in a series with a resistance of 5Ω. Determine the emf of the primary cell which
gives a balance point at 40 cm.
[Delhi 2014]

43. A potentiometer wire of length 1.0m has a resistance of 15Ω. It is connected to a 5V

battery in series with a resistance of 5Ω. Determine the emf of the primary cell which
gives a balance point at 60 cm.
[Delhi 2014]

44. In a meter bridge shown in the figure, the balance point is found to be 40 cm from end A.
If a resistance of 10Ω is connected in series with R, balance point is obtained 60 cm from
A. Calculate the values of R and S.
[All India 2015]

SOLUTIONS

1. Given that number density in X

= 2 × number density in Y
𝑛 = 2𝑛
As current is common for the entire circuit
i.e., 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒(𝑣 ) = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒(𝑣 )
As, A = A
(𝑣 ) 𝑛 𝑛 1
∴ = = =
(𝑣 ) 𝑛 2𝑛 2

2. When resistance of 5Ω is not connected in the circuit then voltmeter shows emf of cell
(𝐸) = 2.2 V
The terminal voltage across cell when 5Ω resistance (R) connected across it (V) = 1.8V
Let internal resistance = r
𝐸
As we know, 𝑟 = 𝑅 −1
𝑉
2.2 0.4 2 10
∴𝑟=5 −1 = 5× = = Ω
1.8 1.8 1.8 9

3. Null point is obtained at 40 cm from one end.

𝑙 = 40 cm,
∴ 100 − 𝑙 = 60cm
For meter bridge we know,
𝑅 𝑙 40 2
= = =
𝑆 (100 − 𝑙) 60 3
∴ 𝑅: 𝑆 = 2: 3
4. Applying the condition of balanced Wheatstone bridge,
𝑅 𝑙 40 40 2
= = = =
𝑆 100 − 𝑙 100 − 40 60 3
𝑅 2
= … (i)
𝑆 3
12𝑆
The equivalent resistance of 12Ω and 5Ω in parallel is Ω
12 + 𝑆
Again, applying the balanced Wheatstone bridge condition
𝑅 50
= =1
50
12𝑆
⟹ 𝑅= … (ii)
12 + 𝑆
From eqs. (i) and (ii)
2 12𝑆
𝑆=
3 12 + 𝑆
12 + 𝑆 = 18 ∴ 𝑆 = 6Ω

2 2
𝑅 = 𝑆 = × 6 = 4Ω
3 3

5. Let each conductor is of resistance R.

Case I: According to fig. (a) the resistances are connected in series combination, so
resistance
𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 2𝑅
Case II: According to fig. (b), the resistances are connected in parallel combination, so
equivalent resistance
1 1 1 𝑅
= + ⇒ 𝑅 =
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 2
Ratio of the equivalent resistance in two combinations is
𝑅 2𝑅
= =4
𝑅 (𝑅/2)

6. According to colour codes, resistance of two wires are

(i) 𝑅 = 15 × 10 Ω
(ii) 𝑅 = 30 × 10 Ω
∴ Ratio of resistances,
𝑅 15 × 10
= =5
𝑅 30 × 10

7. (i) 4Ω and 4Ω are in parallel combination.

4
∴ Equivalent resistance 𝑅 = = 2Ω
2
Similar, equivalent resistor of 12Ω and 6Ω resistor
1 1 1 1
= + = ⇒ 𝑅 = 4Ω
𝑅 12 6 4Ω
Now, 2Ω, 4Ω, 1Ω and 1Ω are in series combination.
∴ Equivalent resistance of the network
𝑅 = 2Ω + 1Ω + 4Ω + 1Ω = 8Ω
 (ii) Current drawn from the battery
V 16
I= = = 2A
R 8
This current will flow from A to B and C to D. So, the potential difference between AB
and CD is
V = IR = 2 × 2 = 4V
And V = IR = 2 × 4 = 8V

8. In DC circuit, capacitor offers infinite resistance. Therefore, no current flows through

capacitor and through 4 4Ω resistance.
∴ Effective resistance between A and B
2×3
𝑅 = = 1.2
2Ω
2+3
Total resistance of circuit = 1.2 + 2.8 = 4Ω
Current drawn from the cell
𝑉 6
𝐼 = = = 1.5𝐴 𝐴
𝑅 4
∴ Potential difference between A and B
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 1.5 5 × 1.2 = 1.80V
Current through 2Ω resistance
𝑉 1.8
𝐼 = = =00.9𝐴
2Ω 2

9. (i) The balanced condition state

𝑅 𝑙 𝑋 100 − 𝑙
= ⇒ =
𝑋 (100 − 𝑙)) 𝑅 𝑙
When X and R both are doubled then
2𝑋 𝑋 100 − 𝑙
= =
2𝑅 𝑅 𝑙
Balancing point would be at (100 − 𝑙) cm
(ii) On changing the position of galvanometer and battery, the meter bridge continue to
be balanced and hence no change occur in the balance point.

10. Given, resistance = 47𝑘

𝑘Ω ± 10%
= 47 × 10 Ω ± 10%
Ist colour band should be yellow as code for it is 4
IInd colour band should be violet as code for it is 7
IIIrd colour band should be orange as code for it is 3 (multiplier)
IVth colour band should be gold because tolerance is ±10%

11. According to figure 15Ω

Ω, 30Ω and 15Ω are in parallel, their equivalent resistance (𝑅 ) is
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 15 30 15
2+1+2 5
= =
30 30
1
=
6
𝑅 = 6Ω
 Now, 𝑅 (= 6Ω) and 4Ω are in series their equivalent resistance
𝑅′ = 𝑅 + 4Ω
= 6Ω + 4Ω = 10Ω
By junction rule at A
𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐼 … (i)
Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule
(i) In mesh ADB
−𝐼 × 30 + 15𝐼 = 0
𝐼
𝐼 = 2𝐼 ⇒ 𝐼 =
2
(ii) In mesh BDC,
⟹ 30𝐼 − 15𝐼 = 0
𝐼
⟹ 𝐼 = 2𝐼 ⇒ 𝐼 =
2
(iii) In mesh ABE (Containing battery)
−4𝐼 − 15𝐼 + 10 = 0
4𝐼 + 15𝐼 = 10 …(ii)
(iv) In mesh ABCD,
−15𝐼 + 15𝐼 = 0 ∴ 𝐼 =𝐼
𝐼
𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 +
2
5
𝐼 = 𝐼
2
From eq. (ii),
5 10 2
4 𝐼 + 15𝐼 = 10 ⇒ 𝐼 = 𝐴= 𝐴=𝐼
2 25 5
2
⟹ 𝐼 =𝐼 = 𝐴
5

𝐼 1 5
𝐼 = = 𝐴 ∴ 𝐼 = 𝐼
2 5 2

5 2
= × = 1𝐴
2 5

12. For BCD, equivalent resistance

𝑅 = 5Ω + 5Ω = 10Ω
Across BA, equivalent resistance 𝑅
1 1 1 1 3+1+2 6 1
= + + = = =
𝑅 10 30 15 30 30 5
⟹ 𝑅 = 5Ω
Potential difference
𝑉 =𝐼×𝑅
= 0.2 × 5 = IV
∴ 𝑉 = −1V
13. (i) Let potential gradient be k.
∵ 𝐸 − 𝐸 = 𝑘 × 120 … (𝑖)
[Cells are connected in opposite order]
𝐸 + 𝐸 = 𝑘 × 300 … (𝑖𝑖)
[Cells are connected in supporting order]
𝐸 +𝐸 𝑘 × 300 5
= =
𝐸 −𝐸 𝑘 × 120 2
Now, applying componendo and dividendo
(𝐸 + 𝐸 ) + (𝐸 − 𝐸 ) 5 + 2
=
(𝐸 + 𝐸 ) − (𝐸 − 𝐸 ) 5 − 2
𝐸 7
=
𝐸 3
(ii) ∵ = ∴ 𝐸 = 𝐸
From Eq. (i)
3 4
𝐸 − 𝐸 = 𝑘 × 120 ⇒ 𝐸 = 𝑘 × 120
7 7
7
𝐸 = 𝑘 × 120 × = 𝑘 × 210
4
Thus the null point for 𝐸 is obtained at 210 cm.

14. The potential V = constant

Length of the conductor, 𝑙 = 3𝑙
(i) Drift speed of electrons 𝑣 = ∴ 𝑣 ∝
So, when length is tripled, drift velocity gets one-third.
(ii) Resistance of the conductor is given as
𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
As volume remains same,
∴ 𝐴 𝑙 =𝐴 𝑙
𝐴
𝐴 𝑙 = 𝐴 (3𝑙) ∴ 𝐴 =
3
A
i.e., when length is tripled area of cross-section is reduced to .
3
𝑙′ 3𝑙
Hence, 𝑅 = 𝜌 = 𝜌
𝐴′
𝑙
= 9𝜌 = 9𝑅
𝐴
Thus, new resistance will be 9 times of its original value.

15. Given: P = 120 W, V = 240 V, R =?

We know that
V
P=
R
V 240 × 240
or R= = = 480Ω
P 120
16. Given: P = 125 W, V = 250 V, R =?
We know that
V (250 × 250)
R= = = 500Ω
P 125

17. Given: I = 0.5 A, R = 12 ohm, I = 0.25 A,

R = 25 ohm, E =? and r =?
E
From formula, I = or E = I(R + r)
(R + r)
= 0.5 × (12 + r) = 0.25 × (25 + r)
Solving we get, r = 1 ohm
And emf, E = 0.5(12 + 1) = 6.5 V

18. Given: R : R : F = 1: 2: 3
And R + R + R = 12Ω

The three resistance are

1 2
R = × 12 = 2Ω, R = × 12 = 4Ω and
6 6
3
R = × 12 = 6Ω
6
Resistance R and R are connected in series
∴ R = R + R = 2 + 4 = 6Ω
This resistance R and R are connected in parallel,
RR 6×6
∴ Net resistanceR = = = 3Ω
R+R 6+6
Again R and the internal resistance of the cell (r) are connected in series, therefore, net
resistance of the circuit
R = R + r = 3 + 1 = 4Ω
Hence, current in the circuit
V 8
I= = = 2A
R 4
From the circuit, it is clear that I/2(= 1A) through resistors R , R and I/2(= 1A) through
resistor R

19. Given: G = 0.80Ω, I = 1.0A

I = 5.0A, S =?
From formula
GI 0.8 × 1
(i)S = = = 0.2Ω
I−I 5−1
(ii) Combined resistance of the ammeter and shunt(R)

1 1 1 G×S
= + or R =
R G S G+S

0.8 × 0.2
= = 0.16Ω
0.8 + 0.2
20. It is clear that the cell and the battery send current in the opposite directions,
∴ Net emf in the circuit = 200 − 5 = 195V
Hence, current in the circuit
V 195
i= = = 5A A
R 39

21. Given: V = 210V, P = 630

630W, R =?
As we know
V 210 × 210
R= = = 70Ω
P 630

22. (i) Given: G = 0.6Ω, I = 1.0A, I = 5A, S =?

We know that
GI 0.6 × 1 0.6
S= = = = 0.15Ω
I−I 5−1 4
∴ Required shunt resistance = 0.15Ω
(ii) Since the ammeter and shunt are in parallel, their combined resistance
G × S 0.6 × 0.15
R = =
G + S 0.6 + 0.15
0.6 × 0
0.15
= = 0.12Ω
0.75
75

23. Drift velocity,

𝐼
𝑉 =
𝑛𝑒𝐴
Where, I is the current, n is charge density, e is charge of electron and A is cross-section
area.
1.5
5
𝑉 =
9 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 × 1.0 × 10
1.5
𝑉 =
14.4 × 10
𝑉 = 10.4 × 10 m/s

24. Total resistance of the circuit,

𝑅 = (𝑅 + 5)Ω = 20Ω

V 5
Current in the circuit, 𝑖 = = A
R 20
∴ Voltage across PQ, V = 𝑖. R = 3.75V
The emf of the cell connected as above is given by:
 𝑙
𝑒= V
L
Here balance point is at,
𝑙 = 60 cm
Total length of wire PQ = L = 1 m = 100 cm
60
∴𝑒= (3.75) = 2.25 V
100

25. When R = 4Ω and I = 1A

We know that, Terminal voltage, 𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟
So, we have, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 4 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟
or E − Ir = 4 … (i)
When, R = 9Ω and 𝐼 = 0.5 A
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 0.5 × 9 = 𝐸 − 0.5𝑟
or, 𝐸 − 0.5𝑟 = 4.5 … (𝑖𝑖)
By solving 𝑒𝑞 (𝑖) and 𝑒𝑞 (𝑖𝑖), we get
𝑟 = 1Ω and 𝐸 = 5𝑉

26. Let E and r be the EMF and internal resistance of all cells respectively and internal
resistance of each cell respectively as cells are identical. As we know, according to the
definition of the terminal potential difference,
V = E − Ir … (i)
E is the EMF and r is the total internal resistance of the circuit.
From eqn(i) when
I=0 ⇒ V=E
From the graph we can see, E = 6V
As there are three cells
∴ E = 3 × e = 6v ⇒ e = 2V
And, when, V = 0
E 6
E = Ir ⇒ r = = = 6Ω
I 1
As the cells are connected in series, so internal resistance of each cell.
r 6
= = = 2Ω
3 3

27. Given: E = 1.5V; E = 2V: r = 0.2Ω, and r = 0.3Ω

The effective emf of two cells connected in parallel can be calculated as follows;
E r +E r 1.5 × 0.3 + 2.0 × 0.2
E = = = 1.7V
r +r 0.5
The effective resistance can be calculated as follows:
r r 0.2 × 0.3
R = = = 0.12Ω
r +r 0.5
28.
For the given potentiometer circuit

V 2 2
Current, I = = = A
R 15 + 10 25
2
V = I × 10 = × 10 = 0.8V
25
V 0.8
Potential gradient
gradient, K = = = 0.8Vm
L 1
1.5
Current I in the lower branch
branch, I = = 1A
1.2 + 0.3
Terminal potential between P and Q
V =1×0 0.3 = 0.3V
Balancing length V = K𝑙
0.3
or, 0.3 = 0.8𝑙 ⇒ m = 0.375m
0.8

29. Given: emf of cell/source E 12 V

Internal resistance r = 2Ω
External resistance R = 4Ω
𝐸 12 12
Current 𝐼 = = = = 2𝐴
𝑅+𝑟 4+2 6
Using V = E − Ir
V = 12 − (2 × 2) = 8V
Thus, reading of the ammeter will be 2 A and of the voltmeter will be 8V.

30. Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at junction D we get,

Current through the path DC
= 1A
Now, applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the path ACDB.
𝑉 +1+1×2−2 =𝑉
When 𝑉 = 0 then 𝑉 = 1V
Hence, the potential at point B, V = 1 V
31.

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in loop ACBPA,

−12𝐼 + 6 − 0.5𝐼 = 0
⇒ 5𝐼 + 120𝐼 = 60 …(i)
In loop ACBQA,
−12𝐼 + 10 − 𝐼 × 1 = 0
⇒ 12𝐼 + 𝐼 = 10 …(ii)
Also from Kirchhoff’s junction rule
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝐼 … ((iii)
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
84 106 22
𝐼 = − 𝐴; 𝐼 = 𝐴
𝐴; 𝐼 = 𝐴
37 37 37

32.

Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule to the loop PRSP,

Σ𝐸 + Σ𝐼𝑅 = 0
−𝐼 × 20 − 𝐼 × 200 + 5 = 0
⇒ 4𝐼 + 40𝐼 = 1 … (i)
For loop PRQP,
−20𝐼 − 60𝐼 + 4 = 0
⇒ 5𝐼 + 15𝐼 = 1 …(ii)
Applying Kirchhoff’s first rule at P
𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 … (iii)( )
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we have
4𝐼 + 44𝐼 = 1 … (iv)
From Eqs.
qs. (ii) and (iii), we have
20𝐼 + 5𝐼 = 1 … (v)
 Solving the equations, we get
11 11000
𝐼 = 𝐴= mA
172 172
4 4000
𝐼 = 𝐴= mA
215 215
39 39000
𝐼 = 𝐴= mA
860 860

33. Let 6I current be drawn from the cell. Since the paths AA’, AD and AB are symmetrical,
current through them is same.
As per Kirchhoff’s junction rule, the current distribution is shown in the figure.

Let the equivalent resistance across the combination be R.

𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = (6𝐼( 𝐼)𝑅
⇒ 6𝐼𝑅 = 10 [∵ 𝐸 = 10𝑉] … (i)
Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule in loop AA’B’C’A
−2𝐼 × 1 − 𝐼 × 1 − 2
2𝐼 × 1 + 10 = 0
⇒ 5𝐼 = 10
𝐼 = 2𝐴
Total current in the network = 6𝐼 = 6 × 2 = 12 A
From Eq. (i), 6𝐼𝑅 = 10
⇒ 6 × 2 × 𝑅 = 10
10 5
∴𝑅= = Ω
12 6

34. No current flows through 4Ωresistor

resistor as capacitor infinite resistance in DC circuits.
Also, 2Ω and 3Ω are in parallel combination
2×3 6
∴𝑅 = = = 1.2 2A
2+3 5
Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule in outer loop AB and cell.
Let I current flows through outer loop in clockwise direction.
−1.2𝐼 − 2.8𝐼 + 6 = 0
⇒ 4𝐼 = 6
3
∴𝐼= 𝐴
2
∴ Potential difference
nce across AB
3
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = × 1.2
2
 𝑉 = 1.8V
3Ω and 2Ω are in parallel combination.
∴ PD across 2Ω resistor is 1.8V
∴ Current I’ through 2Ω
Ω resistor is given by
𝑉 1.8
𝐼 = = = 0.9A
𝑅 2

35. (i) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the closed mesh ABFEA,
We get,
𝑉 − 0.5 × 2 + 3 = 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑉 − 𝑉 = −2
𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = +2V
Potential drop across R is 1V as R, EF and upper row are in parallel.
(ii) Applying Kirchhoff’s first rule at E
0.5 + 𝐼 = 𝐼
Where, I is current through R.
Now, Kirchhoff’s second rule in closed me
mesh AEFB,
Σ𝐸 + Σ𝐼𝑅 = 0
−4 + 2𝐼 − 0.5 × 2 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝐼 − 2 = 0
Or 𝐼 = 1𝐴
The current in arm 𝐸𝐹 = 1A

36. Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in mesh AFEBA

−1 × 𝐼 − 1 × 𝐼 − 6 + 9 = 0
⇒ −2𝐼 + 3 = 0
3
⇒𝐼= 𝐴 … (i)
2

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in mesh AFDCA

−1 × 𝐼 − 1 × 𝐼 − 𝐼 × 𝑅 − 3 + 9 = 0
⇒ −2𝐼 − 𝐼𝑅 + 6 = 0
⇒ 2𝐼 + 𝐼𝑅 = 6 …(ii)
From eqs. (i) and (ii)
3 3
2 × + 𝑅 = 6 ⇒ 𝑅 = 2Ω
2 2
For PD across A and D, along AFD
3 3
𝑉 − ×1− ×1 = 𝑉
2 2
𝑉 − 𝑉 = 3𝑉
37. Let a cell of e.m.f. E be connected between A and B. The currents through the various
arms will be as shown in the fig.

According to Kirchhoff’s second law, in closed circuit ACEA,

0 = I × 1 + I × 1 − (I( − I )1 or I = 2I + I … (i)
In closed circuit CEDC;
0 = I × 1 + I × 1 − (I( − I )1 or 3I = I … (ii)
Putting this value in eqn. (i), we get
I = 2I + I /3 or I = (3/7)I

In a closed circuit E AEBE ,

3I 8I
E = (I − I )1 + (I − I ) = 2(I − I ) = 2 I − =
7 7
If R is the effective resistance between A and B, then E = IR
So, IR = 8I/7 or R = 8/7 Ω

38. (i) Potential gradient of the potentiometer wire

V V
= =
𝑙 6

The balancing length of the cell is obtained at 500 cm. Therefore

V = (Potential gradient of potentiometer wire)
wire)× 𝑙
V 12
×5=2 ⇒ V = = 2.4 volt
6 5
Applying Ohm’s law
V 2.4
V = IR ⇒ R = = = 60Ω
I 0.04
(ii) When a voltmeter is connected across the cell then the balancing point shifts 10 cm
left. This is because a current now flows in the loop PRSQP and hence the potential
drop across PQ decreases.
Here I = I = 0I
 The potential drop across PQ
V = (Potential gradient for potential wire)× 𝑙
2.4
= × 4.9 = 1.96V
6
Thus, the reading shown by voltmeter is 1.96V
(iii) Since the potential drop across PQ is 1.96, therefore the potential drop across MQ
should be (2 − 1.96) = 0.04 volt.
Current I through the resistor of 10W
V 0.04
= = = 0.004A
R 10
Applying Ohm’s law to PQSRP,
2 = 0.004(10 + R ) ⇒ 𝑅 = 490Ω

39. In both the arrangements, since the galvanometer shows no deflection, therefore, the
bridge is balanced. The battery and the galvanometer can be interchanged in a balanced
Wheatstone bridge without effecting the balance point.
Applying Wheatstonebridge principle,
In the first arrangement,
P R 4 6
= ⇒ =
Q S R 9
9×4
or, R = = 6Ω
6
And in the second arrangement
6 R 8×6
= ⇒ R = = 4Ω
12 8 12
R 6
∴ = = 1.5
R 4

40. Meter bridge is based on Wheatstone bridge principle

P R
i. e., =
Q S
When null point D is at 40 cm from end A
𝑙 = 40 cm
And 𝑙 = 100 − 40 = 60 cm
R 40 2
∴ = = … (i)
R 60 3
When a resistance of 10Ω, is connected in series with R ,
𝑙 = 60 cm
𝑙 = 100 − 60 = 40 cm
R + 10 60 3
∴ = = … (ii)
R 40 2
Dividing eqs, (ii) by (i)
R + 10 R 9
× = =
R R 4
∴ 4(R + 10) = 9R
4R + 40 = 9R
or 40 = 5R
∴ R = 8Ω
 3 3
and R = R = × 8 = 12Ω
2 2

41.

From Kirchhoff’s 1st rule or junction rule

For junction f,
I +I = I
or, I = I − I … (i)
()
From Kirchhoff’s 2nd rule or loop rule
In loop ‘abcfa’
−20I + 20 − 30I = 0
or, 2𝐼 + 3𝐼 = 2 … (ii)

In loop ‘fcdef’,
30I − 20 + 20I − 80 = 0
or 3I + 2I = 10 … (iii)
Substituting equation eq. (i) in (ii)
2(I − I ) + 3I = 2
or 5I − 2I = 10 … (iv)
Adding equations (iii) and (iv)
8I = 12
or I = 3/2A
Substituting the value of I in equation (iii) and solving we get,
I = 11/4A
Substituting for 𝐼 and 𝐼 in equation (i)
3 11 5
I = − =− A
2 4 4

42. Total resistance of the circuit,

R = R + 5 Ω = 15Ω

V 6
Current in the circuit, i = = A
R 15
∴ Voltage across PQ, V = 𝑖. R = 4V
 𝑙
emf of the cell, 𝑒 = V
𝐿
Here: balance point is at,
𝑙 = 40 cm
Total length of wire PQ = L = 1 m = 100 cm
40
∴e= (4) = 1.6V
100

43. Total resistance of the circuit,

R = R + 5 Ω = 20Ω

V 5
Current in the circuit, 𝑖 = = 𝐴
R 20
∴ Voltage across PQ, V = 𝑖. R = 3.75 𝑉

The emf of the cell connected as above is given by:

𝑙
𝑒= 𝑉
𝐿
Here balance point is at,
𝑙 = 60 cm
Total length of wire PQ = L = 1 m = 100 cm
60
∴𝑒= (3.75) = 2.25
25 𝑉
100

44. When balance point is at 40 cm, we have

𝑅 40 40 𝑅 2
= = ⇒ =
𝑆 100 − 40 60 𝑆 3
⇒ 3R=2S … (i)
When a resistance of 1010Ω is added in series with R,
Then, equivalent resistance of 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 10
Now, balance point is obtained at 60 cm.
𝑅 + 10 60 60
∴ = =
𝑆 100 − 60 40
𝑅 + 10 3
⇒ = ⇒ 2R + 20 = 3S … (ii)
𝑠 2
Solving eqs (i) and (ii), we get
𝑆 = 12Ωand 𝑅 = 8Ω