PIPES and FITTINGS

Pipes & Fittings

Cast Iron Soil Pipe

Most popular and generally specified material for drainage
installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
Commercial length: 600 cm
SPIGOT
Diameters: 50-150mm
HUB
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust

2 Types:
SV type - generally used; for building installations

XV type - extra duty; for underground installations

 Pipes & Fittings

4 Varieties:
Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe

Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe

 Pipes & Fittings
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon

Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations

where acid wastes are being discharged

Brittle and cracks easily, thus

horizontal runs have to be
Supported at every 1.50 meter
interval to prevent sagging

Asbestos Pipe
Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties
 Pipes & Fittings
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Cheapest of all types of pipes

Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil movement
without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints. It is thus
suited for house sewer and septic tank installations
may be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or
chemical flow

Vitrified Clay Pipe

One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines
Highly resistant to most acids
Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks easily
when laid on unstable ground
Made in short lengths of 750mm
 Pipes & Fittings
Lead Pipe
The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
Highly resistant to acid
Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to
convey water for human consumption

Galvanized Steel Pipe

Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”)
25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”)

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
More resistant to acid waste
 Pipes & Fittings
Copper Pipe
Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
Easy to install
Smooth interior surface
Classification:
K type- heaviest; recommended for underground installations
L type- lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form;
recommended for residential water supply line and radiant
heating installations
M type- thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small
water supply lines and radiant heating installations

Brass Pipe
Most expensive
Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
 Pipes & Fittings
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
Developed in Germany in 1935
Most are produced from synthetic resins
Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to cut, is
flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and is cheaper than steel
2 Types:
Rigid type (pipes)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

Flexible type (tubing)

The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
 Pipes & Fittings
Considerations in
choosing materials:
Quality and durability.

Resistance to external and internal

contact with foreign matters.

Resistance to acid waste and

other chemical elements that
will pass into it.

Cost of materials and labor.

 Pipes & Fittings
Types of Fittings:
COUPLING/ MALE
SOCKET ADAPTOR

EXTENSION
FEMALE
PIECE/
ADAPTOR
NIPPLE

45°
REDUCER STREET
ELBOW

90°
REDUCING
STREET
ELBOW
ELBOW
 Pipes & Fittings

UNION

CROSS

TEE

PLUG

REDUCING
TEE
DOUBLE
HUB

CAP
 Pipes & Fittings
Other water Service
Fittings & Devices:

CORPORATION
STOP
METER
STOP
CURB
STOP
WATER
METER
CURB
STOP
BOX
Pipes & Fittings
Sanitary Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
 Working Drawings
Piping Symbols for
Plumbing:
DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVE GROUND

DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND

VENT
SD STORM DRAIN

COLD WATER
SW SOFT COLD WATER

HOT WATER
S SPRINKLER MAIN

SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD

 Working Drawings

G G GAS
A COMPRESSED AIR
V VACUUM
S - CI SEWER – CAST IRON
S - CT SEWER – CLAY TILE

S-P SEWER – PLASTIC

 Working Drawings
Plumbing Abbreviations:

ITEM ABBR. ITEM ABBR.

Cast Iron CI Hot Water HW

Centerline CL Laundry Tray LT
Cleanout CO Lavatory LAV.
Cold Water CW Medicine Cabinet MC
Copper COP. Plastic PLAS.
Dishwasher DW Plumbing PLBG.
Floor Drain FD Water Closet WC
Galvanized Iron GAL. I Water Heater WH
Hose Bib HB Water Softener WS
 Working Drawings
Pipe & Fitting Symbols:
Working Drawings
Working Drawings
Working Drawings
 Joints & Connections
General Methods:
Caulking (lead and oakum)
Threading
Welding / Soldering
Rubber Ring method (rubber gaskets)
Hubless connections (steel plates and
clamps and neoprene rubber)
Adhesives
Flanged connections
(screws and bolts)
 Inspection & Test

Water Testing:
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
closing all outlets & filling the system with water
from the main to locate leaks and other potential
problems

Air Pressure Testing:

Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping
system with compressed air (use of soap suds
in locating escaping air)
FUEL GAS PIPING
SYSTEM
 LP Gas
‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas’ saturated hydrocarbons found in
petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)
a.k.a. ‘Bottled Gas’
for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use
Typical LP Gas service
installation:
CYLINDER
- where gas is stored
PIGTAIL
- where high pressure
vapor flows through when
cylinder valve is opened
REGULATOR
-reduces the high pressure
-of gas to the proper
operating gas pressure of
the appliance
 LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of
LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Do not place cylinders below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading
to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)

Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat

When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should

be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.

Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or

ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.

Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,

paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. *
 LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of
LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Location of Cylinders
Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building
having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the
open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials)
vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc.
within 19 feet of a cylinder
Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas
deliverymen
Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement
blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil
corrosion
Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings
leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might
accumulate)
 LP Gas
Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from
vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons;
should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in
driveways or alleys)
Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of
heat
When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there
should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the
vicinity
Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting
Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to
protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder
valve from being used as a handle
 LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of
LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment
Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves
and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should
be rigidly supported
The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to
prevent entry of rain)
All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be
vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other
foreign matter
 LP Gas
Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves
Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond
the reach of people passing by.
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints
should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of
leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,
paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.
Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every
appliance.
Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should
be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a
type resistant to LP gas.
 LP Gas
Location of Appliance
The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be
decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be
set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are
met.
A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided
for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and
ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or
curtailment.
Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of
repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts

A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate

ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling
and top of heater.
 LP Gas
Testing for Leaks
Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it
should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight.
Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or
concealed, this test should precede the work of closing in.
Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be
used to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may
be detected by using soap solution.
Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be
replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary
repair.
 Joints & Connections
Tightness:
Perform Pressure Test on joints and connections of pipes
& fittings to ensure gastight & watertight connections.

Types of Joints:
For bell-and-spigot cast iron
Caulked Joints soil pipe & other similar joints

Face to face
distance

engagement length
 Joints & Connections
Caulking:
Align pipes

Packing Oakum-
Wrap an oakum or hemp around the spigot Neck;
Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub using a yarning iron;
compress firmly (make a 20-25mm clearance from top of bell)
Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell)
Packing with Caulking Iron
 Joints & Connections

For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and

Threaded Joints fittings shall be standard taper pipe
threads
Threads on plastic pipe shall be
factory cut or molded
Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with
water-soluble, non-hardening material
Tape is acceptable for use on threads

Cement Mortar Prohibited on new building sewers

Joints
 Joints & Connections
Solder & Sweat Joints
For joints in copper tubing
Solders and fluxes with lead content
which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in
piping systems used to convey
potable water

Soldering of joints:
Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper)
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Heat the fitting with a propane torch
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Wrap soldered joint with wet rags
 Joints & Connections

Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between

Wiped Joints lead pipe or fittings & brass or copper
pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps
Joints between lead pipe & cast iron,
steel or wrought iron pipe shall be
made by means of a caulking ferrule
or soldering nipple
 Joints & Connections

Asbestos Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same

Cement Sewer composition as the pipe or of other
approved materials, and sealed with
Pipe Joints neoprene rubber rings or joined by an
approved type compression coupling
 Joints & Connections

For soft copper, water tubing shall be

Flared Joints expanded with a proper flaring tool

Burned Lead Shall be lapped and the assembly

shall be fused together to form a
Joints uniform weld at least as thick as the
lead sheets being joined

joints shall be made by the use of

Copper Water approved brass fittings soldered,
Tube or by brass compression type fitting
 Joints & Connections
Solvent Cement
Plastic Pipe Shall comply with appropriate IAMPO
installation standard
Joints

Method:
Measure the face to face distance of the fittings
Cut with sharp knife/hacksaw/handsaw
Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK)
or Acetone
Apply solvent cement to the shoulder fitting and
butt-end of pipe
Insert pipe into the fitting
When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe with sand
then heat using flame torch or hot water, gradually
applying pressure
 Joints & Connections

Special Joints:

Copper Tubing Joints shall be made by use of brass

adaptor fittings
To Screw Pipe Joints shall be properly sweated or
Joints soldered

Slip Joints Used in fixture traps (exposed for

maintenance) and drains

Expansion Used in soil & waste stack

joints shall be free & accessible
Joints
 Joints & Connections

Unions May be used in drainage work when

accessibly located in the trap seal or
Between a fixture & its trap

Use only approved types of fittings &

Plastic Pipe adapters designed for the specific
Connection to transition intended
Other Materials
 Joints & Connections
Flanged Fixture Connections:
Fixture connections between drainage pipes & water
closets, floor outlet service sinks, pedestal urinals, and
earthenware trap standards shall be by means of
approved brass, hard lead, ABS, PVC, or iron flanges
caulked, soldered, solvent cemented or screwed to the
drainage pipe

Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square

Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely

bolted to an approved carrier fitting;
Gasket material shall be graphite-impregnated asbestos,
felt, or similar approved types
 Joints & Connections
Prohibited
Joints & Connections:
For Drainage Systems– any fitting or connection
which has an enlargement, chamber or recess with a ledge,
shoulder or reduction of pipe area, that offers any obstructions
to flow through the drain

An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet bend

or stub shall be considered an obstruction
 Hangers & Supports
Supporting Cast-iron Pipe:
Supports shall be placed at every joint on horizontal runs
unless distance between joints is less than 4 ft.
Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for this purpose
 Hangers & Supports
Vertical runs of cast-iron pipe can be attached to the
building structure with wire staples, vertical pipe brackets
or pie straps

Friction clamps should

support the weight of
cast-iron pipe at each
floor level
 Hangers & Supports
Masonry Anchors/Fasteners:
Lag shields (made from lead) are commonly used to
attach pipe hangers or fixtures to concrete or masonry
 Hangers & Supports
Caulking anchors provide a fastener which is
permanently attached to the concrete or masonry; it is
internally threaded to accept machine screws and bolts
 Hangers & Supports
Toggle Bolts are used
when attaching pipes to
hollow masonry units;
with spring-operated wings
 Hangers & Supports
Plastic Anchors can be installed in smaller holes