CVE 07 L- HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Major in Structural Engineering III -GA

Southern Luzon State University
Lucban, Quezon

AYAG, CHRISTIAN LLOYD

DELA PENA, KIM WILMER
IRLANDA, JOHN LLOYD
LUCES, JOHN LLOYD D.
RATIO, MARK CLARENCE

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION

I. INTRODUCTION
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids with no
energy exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work (pump or
some other device). The relationship among these three forms of energy was first
stated by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), based upon the conservation of energy
principle. Bernoulli’s theorem pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three
assumptions: steady flow, incompressible fluid, and no losses from the fluid friction.
The validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be examined in this experiment.

II. PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Bernoulli’s theorem provides a mathematical means to understanding the mechanics
of fluids. It has many real-world applications, ranging from understanding the
aerodynamics of an airplane; calculating wind load on buildings; designing water
supply and sewer networks; measuring flow using devices such as weirs, Parshall
flumes, and venturimeters; and estimating seepage through soil, etc. Although the
expression for Bernoulli’s theorem is simple, the principle involved in the equation
plays vital roles in the technological advancements designed to improve the quality of
human life.

III. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation
when it is applied to a steady flow of water through a tapered duct.

IV. METHOD
In this experiment, the validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be verified with the use of a
tapered duct (venturi system) connected with manometers to measure the pressure
head and total head at known points along the flow.

V. EQUIPMENT
The following equipment is required to complete the demonstration of the Bernoulli
equation experiment:
F1-10 hydraulics bench,
F1-15 Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment, and
A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.

VI. EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

The Bernoulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of
manometers tapped into the venturi to measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic
probe that can be traversed along the center of the test section to measure the total
head. The test section is a circular duct of varying diameter with a 14° inclined angle
on one side and a 21° inclined angle on other side. Series of side hole pressure
tappings are provided to connect manometers to the test section
Manometers allow the simultaneous measurement of the pressure heads at all of the
six sections along the duct. The dimensions of the test section, the tapping positions,
and the test section diameters are shown in Figure 2.2. The test section incorporates
two unions, one at either end, to facilitate reversal for convergent or divergent testing.
A probe is provided to measure the total pressure head along the test section by
positioning it at any section of the duct. This probe may be moved after slackening the
gland nut, which should be re-tightened by hand. To prevent damage, the probe
should be fully inserted during transport/storage. The pressure tappings are
connected to manometers that are mounted on a baseboard. The flow through the
test section can be adjusted by the apparatus control valve or the bench control valve

VII. THEORY
Bernoulli’s theorem assumes that the flow is frictionless, steady, and incompressible.
These assumptions are also based on the laws of conservation of mass and energy.
Thus, the input mass and energy for a given control volume are equal to the output
mass and energy:

These two laws and the definition of work and pressure are the basis for Bernoulli’s
theorem and can be expressed as follows for any two points located on the same
streamline in the flow:

where:
P: pressure,
g: acceleration due to gravity,
v: fluid velocity, and
z: vertical elevation of the fluid.
In this experiment, since the duct is horizontal, the difference in height can be
disregarded, i.e., z1=z2
The hydrostatic pressure (P) along the flow is measured by manometers tapped into
the duct. The pressure head (h), thus, is calculated as:

Therefore, Bernoulli’s equation for the test section can be written as:

The total head (ht) may be measured by the traversing hypodermic probe. This probe
is inserted into the duct with its end-hole facing the flow so that the flow becomes
stagnant locally at this end; thus:

The conservation of energy or the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed as:

The flow velocity is measured by collecting a volume of the fluid (V) over a time period
(t). The flow rate is calculated as:
The velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area of is
determined as:

For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass through the test section should be
also satisfied (Equation 1a), i.e.:

VIII. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

 Place the apparatus on the hydraulics bench, and ensure that the outflow tube
is positioned above the volumetric tank to facilitate timed volume collections.
 Level the apparatus base by adjusting its feet. (A sprit level is attached to the
base for this purpose.) For accurate height measurement from the
manometers, the apparatus must be horizontal.
 Install the test section with the 14° tapered section converging in the flow
direction. If the test section needs to be reversed, the total head probe must be
retracted before releasing the mounting couplings.
 Connect the apparatus inlet to the bench flow supply, close the bench valve
and the apparatus flow control valve, and start the pump. Gradually open the
bench valve to fill the test section with water.
 The following steps should be taken to purge air from the pressure tapping
points and manometers:
o Close both the bench valve and the apparatus flow control valve.
o Remove the cap from the air valve, connect a small tube from the air
valve to the volumetric tank, and open the air bleed screw.
o Open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometers to purge
all air from them, then tighten the air bleed screw and partly open the
bench valve and the apparatus flow control valve.
o Open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the
manometers (you may need to adjust both valves to achieve this), and
re-tighten the screw when the manometer levels reach a convenient
height. The maximum flow will be determined by having a maximum (h1)
and minimum (h5) manometer readings on the baseboard.
If needed, the manometer levels can be adjusted by using an air pump to pressurize
them. This can be accomplished by attaching the hand pump tube to the air bleed
valve, opening the screw, and pumping air into the manometers. Close the screw,
after pumping, to retain the pressure in the system.
 Take readings of manometers h1 to h6 when the water level in the manometers
is steady. The total pressure probe should be retracted from the test section
during this reading.
 Measure the total head by traversing the total pressure probe along the test
section from h1 to h6.
 Measure the flow rate by a timed volume collection. To do that, close the ball
valve and use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes to accumulate a known
volume of fluid in the tank, which is read from the sight glass. You should
collect fluid for at least one minute to minimize timing errors. You may repeat
the flow measurement twice to check for repeatability. Be sure that the total
 pressure probe is retracted from the test section during this measurement.
 Reduce the flow rate to give the head difference of about 50 mm between
manometers 1 and 5 (h1-h5). This is the minimum flow experiment. Measure
the pressure head, total head, and flow.
 Repeat the process for one more flow rate, with the (h1-h5) difference
approximately halfway between those obtained for the minimum and maximum
flows. This is the average flow experiment.
 Reverse the test section (with the 21° tapered section converging in the flow
direction) in order to observe the effects of a more rapidly converging section.
Ensure that the total pressure probe is fully withdrawn from the test section, but
not pulled out of its guide in the downstream coupling. Unscrew the two
couplings, remove the test section and reverse it, then re-assemble it by
tightening the couplings.
 Perform three sets of flow, and conduct pressure and flow measurements as
above.

IX. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Raw Data Table
Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21°
Pressure Head Total Head
Test Section Volume (Litre) Time (sec)
(mm) (mm)
h1 325 271
h2 297 191
h3 325 156
30.236 60
h4 128 113
h5 261 215
h6 341 296
h1 392 220
h2 392 281
h3 388 336
24.2565 60
h4 360 350
h5 410 368
h6 381 372
h1 341 341
h2 337 342
h3 335 341
14.4356 60
h4 338 341
h5 339 342
h6 337 340

Raw Data Table

IX-2. CALCULATIONS
Position 2: Tapering 21° to 14°
Pressure Head Total Head
Test Section Volume (Litre) Time (sec)
(mm) (mm)
h1 236 242
h2 246 291
h3 205 500
25.085 60
h4 108 500
h5 169 268
h6 264 268
h1 500 474
h2 449 476
h3 388 430
22.8582 60
h4 419 441
h5 446 455
h6 455 462
h1 245 303
h2 325 312
h3 337 324
13.1652 60
h4 343 332
h5 346 337
h6 348 341
For each set of measurements, calculate the flow rate; flow velocity, velocity head,
and total head, (pressure head+ velocity head). Record your calculations in the
Result Table.
Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21°
Calculated Measured
Distanc Flow Flow Static Dynamic
Test Test Velocit Total Head Total Head
e into Area Rate
y (m/s)
Head Head (m)
No. Section (m³/s) (m) (m)
duct (m) (m²) (m)

h1 0 4.90E-04 1.028 0.325 0.054 0.379 0.271

h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 3.360 0.297 0.575 0.872 0.191
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 5.04 4.581 0.325 1.070 1.395 0.156
1
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 E-04 5.599 0.128 1.598 1.726 0.113
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 6.379 0.261 2.074 2.335 0.215
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 1.028 0.341 0.054 0.395 0.296
h1 0 4.90E-04 0.825 0.392 0.035 0.427 0.220
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 2.695 0.392 0.370 0.762 0.281
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 4.04 3.675 0.388 0.688 1.076 0.336
2
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 E-04 4.492 0.360 1.028 1.388 0.350
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 5.117 0.410 1.335 1.745 0.368
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.825 0.381 0.035 0.416 0.372
h1 0 4.90E-04 0.491 0.341 0.012 0.353 0.341
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 1.604 0.337 0.131 0.468 0.342
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 2.41 2.187 0.335 0.244 0.579 0.341
3
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 E-04 2.673 0.338 0.364 0.702 0.341
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 3.045 0.339 0.473 0.812 0.342
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.491 0.337 0.012 0.349 0.340
 Trial 1
2.500

2.000

1.500
Head
(m)

1.000

0.500

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

TRIAL 2
2.000
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
Head
(m)

0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)
 TRIAL 3
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
Head
(m)

0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)

Position 2: Tapering 21° to 14°

Calculated Measured
Distanc Flow Flow Static Dynamic
Test Test Velocit Total Head Total Head
e into Area Rate
y (m/s)
Head Head (m)
No. Section (m³/s) (m) (m)
duct (m) (m²) (m)

h1 0 4.90E-04 0.853 0.236 0.037 0.273 0.242

h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 2.787 0.246 0.396 0.642 0.291
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 4.18 3.801 0.205 0.736 0.941 0.500
1
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 E-04 4.645 0.108 1.100 1.208 0.500
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 5.292 0.169 1.427 1.596 0.268
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.853 0.264 0.037 0.301 0.268
h1 0 4.90E-04 0.777 0.500 0.031 0.531 0.474
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 2.540 0.449 0.329 0.778 0.476
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 3.81 3.463 0.388 0.611 0.999 0.430
2
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 E-04 4.233 0.419 0.913 1.332 0.441
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 4.822 0.446 1.185 1.631 0.455
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.777 0.455 0.031 0.486 0.462
h1 0 4.90E-04 0.448 0.245 0.010 0.255 0.303
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 1.463 0.325 0.109 0.434 0.312
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 2.19 1.995 0.337 0.203 0.540 0.324
3
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 E-04 2.438 0.343 0.303 0.646 0.332
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 2.777 0.346 0.393 0.739 0.337
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.448 0.348 0.010 0.358 0.341
 TRIAL 1
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
Head
(m)

0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)

TRIAL 2
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
Head
(m)

0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)
 TRIAL 3
0.350

0.340

0.330

0.320
Head
(m)

0.310

0.300

0.290

0.280
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160

Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head Calculated Total Head Series8

(m) (m) (m)

QUESTIONS

1. Comment on the validity of Bernoulli’s equation when the flow converges and
diverges along the duct.

The experiment checks if Bernoulli's equation, which describes fluid behavior,

holds true when the flow of water narrows (converges) or widens (diverges).
Bernoulli's equation assumes certain things about the water's movement, but the
experiment wants to see if these assumptions are always correct.

When water narrows, according to Bernoulli, it should speed up, and pressure
should drop. But in reality, other things like friction might cause energy loss, making
the measured results less than expected. Similarly, when water widens, the pressure
should go up according to Bernoulli. Any difference between calculated and measured
results in this case could also be due to unaccounted energy losses.

2. Comment on the comparison of the calculated and measured total heads in

this experiment.
The experiment consistently finds that the actual measurements of water
behavior are not matching the predictions based on calculations. This raises
questions about how accurately we can rely on Bernoulli's equation in real situations.

If there's a noticeable difference between what we expect (calculated) and

what actually happens (measured), it suggests that there might be other things
affecting the water's movement that we didn't consider.

3. Discuss your results, referring, in particular, to the following:

o energy loss and how it is shown by the results of this experiment, and
o the components of Bernoulli’s equation and how they vary along the
length of the test section. Indicate the points of maximum velocity and
minimum pressure.
 Energy Losses. The experiment shows that some of the energy in the water is
getting lost. Imagine it like some of the oomph in the water is disappearing, maybe
due to friction or heat. Bernoulli's equation doesn't fully account for this.

Bernoulli's Equation Components. Think of Bernoulli's equation as a set of

instructions for predicting water behavior. The experiment helps us see where these
instructions might not be perfect. It shows us the points where the water is moving
fastest and where the pressure is lowest, and if these don't match up with what
Bernoulli says, it hints at the equation's limitations.

Points of Speed and Pressure. We also learn where the water moves super fast
and where the pressure gets really low. If what we measure doesn't match what
Bernoulli predicts, it tells us that something extra is happening—something not
considered in the simple instructions of the equation.

In summary, the experiment teaches us that while Bernoulli's equation is a good

guide, it's not perfect. In certain situations, especially when the water is narrowing or
widening, there are extra things going on that the equation doesn't fully grasp. This
helps us understand how fluid behaves in a more realistic way.
 DOCUMENTATION
» Assembling the equipment

» Setting up the apparatus

Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21° (Trial 1)

» Reading h1-h6

» Measuring the volume

 Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21° (Trial 2)
» Reading h1-h6

» Measuring the volume

Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21° (Trial 3)

» Reading h1-h6

» Measuring the volume

 Position 2: Tapering 21° to 14° (Trial 1)
» Reading h1-h6

» Measuring the volume

Position 2: Tapering 21° to 14° (Trial 2)

» Reading h1-h6

» Measuring the volume

Position 2: Tapering 21° to 14° (Trial 3)

» Reading h1-h6

» Measuring the volume