DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER 409 2, (2x +y—3) dy = (x + 2y —3) dx. (Madras, 2000 PT ; 000 ; Andhra, 1998) ¥ S. (2x + Sy + 1) de — (5x + 2y ~ 1) dy =0. (Madurai, 1990 S) dy axthy+g dy i fi : dy__xtyt * ax hes by f° Soe Ber ay PS 6. (4x — Gy — 1) dx + (8y - 2x 2) dy =0. (Kanpur, 1998) 7. (x + 2y)(dx — dy) = dx + dy. (V.T.U., 2001 ; Rewa, 1994) 11.9. LINEAR EQUATIONS A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its differential coefficients occur only in the first degree and not multiplied together. Thus the standard form of a linear equation of the first order, commonly known as Leibnitz’s linear equation’, is d: a +Py=Q where P, Q are the functions of x. sal) To solve the equation, multiply both sides by elPés so that we get dy [Pax tx le ley lPte py = gle ie, 4 elPt a gelPt Integrating both sides, we get yelP= ff elP=.ae we as the required bolton) , Obs. The factore!”é* on multiplying by which the left-hand side of (1) becomes the differential coefficient : of a single function, is called the integrating factor (LF.) of the linear equation (1). = elPix J QF) dx+e. It is important to remember that LF, and the solution is yar. Example 11-10. Solve (x + 1) # ~y=e* x + 1). (Andhra, 1998 ; Mangalore, 1997) Dividing throughout by (x + 1), given equation becomes x oa x 77 Xx my which is-Eeibnitz’s equation. i) 1 dm Po sR ae J park] log (+1) =log @ + 1)-2 xt1 Rs ee Lp. elPée _ eee) J ‘Thus the solution of (1) is y (LF.) = J fe (w+ (LF) dx +e fe J ede te= Example 11-11. Solve (1 +”) dx = (tan~!y —x) dy. (Assam, 1998 ; Karnataka, 1995 ; Bhopal, 1991) ‘This equation contains y? and tan”! and is, therefore, not a linear in y ; but since only x occurs, it can be written as x+1 1 ae eee or. tan’ 2) tan ty—x or %+—* (lt ay mtenhdin 8 Oh which is a Leibnitz’s equation in x, * See foot note p. 224.— HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS gav'y = 1 Thus the solution is x (LF.)= | #8" (uF) dy +e Put tant y=# J ppt ee kay ea é, a a re or xetan'y [tan Ty guar y dy +e 1+y? afttatre=t-¢-J1-eatre (integrating by parts) Sti -ete=(tanty=1ye™ 7 +e or x=tan7}y—1+cet" Problems 11:5 Solve the following differential equations 2 oe 1. cos dy Ee ~ x@sy=tanx, 2.xloge Bey (andre, 1998) 3. 2 +y cot.x= Ax cosee x, ify = 0, when.x = (Bangalore, 1990) Poesy cate ato cee ¢tareduvoda, 1998) Ety cosx T+sin x ety )de a Tex ae Jay gy By | 3 pads gt 7. dr + (2r cot @ + sin 26) d= 0. 9. +27) Bay (Andhra, 1994) 10. V(1 -»2)de=(sin"1y ~») dy. (Madras, 1994 S) 11. y &'de=(y9 + 2x0") dy. (Andhra, 1997) 12. y log ydx-+ (x logy) dy = 0. 18. (1+y?)dx+(x-e7" )dy=0 (Delhi, 1997; Patna, 1997) 14. €°7 sec?y dy =de +x dy 15.rsin@ d0-+(1-27? cos @+.c0s 8) dr=0 (Nagpur, 1997) 11-10. BERNOULLI'S EQUATION The equation x +Py=Qy" \ = where P, Qare functions ofx, is reducible to the Leibnitz’s linear equation and is usually called the Bernoulli's equation*. To solve (1), divide both sides by 9”, so that y dy Put yi" =z sothat (1—n) i" a dy, pylons ae! PERS (2) T Named after the Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705) who is known for his basic wi Fears ta intraarea Fe enarahann Bernoulli A667 L748) and bs nephew Niklaus Hermoul (168 1789) ohana isknown for a contributions to Calculus whil wrofound influence on. the developme: it hie ale oom lity. His aon Daniel Bernoulls (1700-1782) is known for his contributions to tanetie ae of gases and fluid flow.DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER 1 ad 7 Ton det Pe=@ or Ser P nye +y- 4, (xy? +39) dx = dy. (Dethi, 1994) 5 eet, (Andhra, 2000) eee Ae 0 : eee at or:DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER se(dri)-e (VEU, 20008) 9, sey Ys tany=x3 PER see ae ee dy ees eo tex) Wal. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, A differential equation of the form M(x, 9) dx +N («, y) dy = 0 is said to be DeTeft hand member is the exact differential of some function u 9) 1 dua Mdx CN o solution, therefore, is w (x,y) =¢. ze (2) Theorem. The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equati Mdx + Ndy =0 to be exact is onditon or tht: Se aaa UE aM _aN ae oy Ox Condition is necessary : The equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 will be exact, if Mdx + Nad; where u is some function of x and y. a aa But du = dx + dy :. Equating coefficients of dx and dy in (1) and (2), we get M= 9 an or ay But s a = 2N which is the necessary condition for exactness, Condition is sufficient : i ion = ES then Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact. _ } Let Jax =u, where y is supposed constant while performing integration, a ou i. ou aM _aN ‘Then 2 (J atax|= 92 ie. m= aM _ u aN _ Pu _ a (au land “oy dyax ©" dx ~ Axdy © ax | dy Integrating both sides w.r-t. x (taking y as constant). Ne a +f), where f(y) is a function of y alone. Mae + Nay = de {+f 0)} J 8t gy 4 =dutf(yye = [2 ae Stas] +70 dy +f) that Mdx + Ndy = O's exe e