Outline
Line Equations
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Functions
Graph of a Function
Horizontal and Vertical Line Test
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Cartesian Coordinate System
.
. To begin, we draw two
perpendicular coordinate lines
that intersect at 0-points of
each lines. These lines are
called coordinate axes: The
horizantal line is called x-axes
and the vertical line is called
y-axes.
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Cartesian Coordinate System
.
. To begin, we draw two
perpendicular coordinate lines
that intersect at 0-points of
each lines. These lines are
called coordinate axes: The
horizantal line is called x-axes
and the vertical line is called
y-axes.
Points in the plane can be
identified with ordered pair of
real numbers.
P ↔ (a , b )
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Cartesian Coordinate System
.
. To begin, we draw two
perpendicular coordinate lines
that intersect at 0-points of
each lines. These lines are
called coordinate axes: The
horizantal line is called x-axes
and the vertical line is called
y-axes.
Points in the plane can be
identified with ordered pair of
real numbers.
P ↔ (a , b )
This coordinate system is called the rectangular coordinate system or
Cartesian coordinate system.
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Line Equations
.
Let P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) be
P2 (x2 , y2 )
two points on the plane. Then,
there is a unique line which
contain these points. The slope
∆ y = y1 − y2
of this line is
θ ∆y y2 − y1
P1 (x1 , y1 ) m= =
∆x x2 − x1
∆x = x1 − x2
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Line Equations
Definition (Slope)
The slope m of a line is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided
by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct
points on the line.
∆y vertical change
m= =
∆x horizontal change
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The slope of a vertical line is undefined, since ∆x is zero for a vertical
line.
The slope of a horizontal is zero, since ∆y is zero for a horizontal line.
Horizontal line has slope 0
Vertical line has no slope
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Line Equations
The equation of a line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) and has slope
m is
y − y0 = m(x − x0 )
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Line Equations
The equation of a line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) and has slope
m is
y − y0 = m(x − x0 )
The equation of a horizontal line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) is
y = y0 (since the slope of a horizontal line is zero).
The equation of a vertical line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) is
x = x0 .
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Line Equations
The equation of a line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) and has slope
m is
y − y0 = m(x − x0 )
The equation of a horizontal line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) is
y = y0 (since the slope of a horizontal line is zero).
The equation of a vertical line passing through the point P (x0 , y0 ) is
x = x0 .
Note: The slope of the line defined by the linear equation ax + by + c = 0
is
a
m=−
b
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Line Equations
Example: Find the equation of the following lines.
1. the line passing through the points P (1, 2) and Q (5, 3).
2. the horizontal line passing through the point P (2, −1).
3. the vertical line passing through the point P (2, −1).
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Line Equations
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Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Let L1 and L2 be two lines with slopes m1 and m2 , respectively. Then, we
say that
L1 and L2 is parallel (L1 //L2 ) if m1 = m2 .
L1 and L2 is perpendicular (L1 ⊥ L2 ) if m1 .m2 = −1.
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Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Example: Find the equation of the line passing through P (−1, 2) and
parallel
perpendicular
to the line 2x + y = 4.
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Functions
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique(single)
element y ∈ Y for each element x ∈ D. The relation is denoted by
y = f (x ).
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Functions
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique(single)
element y ∈ Y for each element x ∈ D. The relation is denoted by
y = f (x ).
The element x is the input of the function and y is the value of the
function f at x.
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Functions
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique(single)
element y ∈ Y for each element x ∈ D. The relation is denoted by
y = f (x ).
The element x is the input of the function and y is the value of the
function f at x.
The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the
function.
The set of all values of f (x ) is called the range of the function.
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Functions
Example: Determine each of the following are functions.
a) y = x 2 + 1
b) y 2 = x + 1
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Functions
Example: Find the domain and the range of the following functions.
a) f (x ) = 5x − 3
√
b) f (x ) = 4−x
1
c) f (x ) =
1 − x2
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Graph of a function
Definition
Given a function f : X → Y , the graph of f is the set
Gf = (x , f (x )) | x ∈ X .
.
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Graph of a function
Definition
Given a function f : X → Y , the graph of f is the set
Gf = (x , f (x )) | x ∈ X .
.
Example: Graph the piece-wise defined function
−x if x < 0
2
f (x ) =
x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
if x > 1
1
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Vertical Line Test
The vertical line test is a visual way to determine a curve is a grap of a
function or not.
Vertical Line Test: No vertical line can intersect a graph of a function
.more than once.
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One-to-one Functions
Definition
A function f is one-to-one if every element of the range of f exactly one
element of the domain of f.
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) implies x1 = x2 ⇔ f is one-to-one
x1 , x2 implies f (x1 ) , f (x2 ) ⇔ f is one-to-one
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One-to-one Functions
Definition
A function f is one-to-one if every element of the range of f exactly one
element of the domain of f.
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) implies x1 = x2 ⇔ f is one-to-one
x1 , x2 implies f (x1 ) , f (x2 ) ⇔ f is one-to-one
Example: 1) f (x ) = 3x + 5
Example: 2) f (x ) = |x |
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Horizontal Line Test
The horizontal line test is a test used to determine whether a function is
one-to-one or not.
Horizontal Line Test: No horizontal line can intersect a graph of a 1-1
.function more than once.
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Sum, Difference, Products, Quotients and Composite
Function
. (f ± g )(x ) = f (x ) ± g (x )
. (f .g )(x ) = f (x ).g (x )
!
. f f (x )
. (x ) = for x ∈ Df ∩ Dg and g (x ) , 0.
g g (x )
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Sum, Difference, Products, Quotients and Composite
Function
. (f ± g )(x ) = f (x ) ± g (x )
. (f .g )(x ) = f (x ).g (x )
!
. f f (x )
. (x ) = for x ∈ Df ∩ Dg and g (x ) , 0.
g g (x )
Definition
If f and g two functions, the composite function f ◦ g is defined by
(f ◦ g )(x ) = f (g (x )).
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Sum, Difference, Products, Quotients and Composite
Function
. (f ± g )(x ) = f (x ) ± g (x )
. (f .g )(x ) = f (x ).g (x )
!
. f f (x )
. (x ) = for x ∈ Df ∩ Dg and g (x ) , 0.
g g (x )
Definition
If f and g two functions, the composite function f ◦ g is defined by
(f ◦ g )(x ) = f (g (x )).
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√
Example: If f (x ) = x and g (x ) = x + 1, find f ◦ g .
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Inverse Function
Definition
Suppose that f is one-to-one function on a domain D with range R. The
inverse function f −1 defined by
f −1 (y ) = x if f (x ) = y .
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Inverse Function
Definition
Suppose that f is one-to-one function on a domain D with range R. The
inverse function f −1 defined by
f −1 (y ) = x if f (x ) = y .
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